Social entrepreneurship: activities and development. Social entrepreneurship: essence and development prospects in Russia

The transition of the Russian economy, like any other, to market relations is inevitably associated with the formation and development of entrepreneurship. So, speaking about the economy in general and about the market economy in particular, one inevitably has to focus on entrepreneurship as an integral part of economic activity. Entrepreneurship in different economic areas differs in form and, especially, in the content of operations and methods of their implementation. But the nature of the activity leaves a significant imprint on the type of goods and services that the entrepreneur produces or provides. An entrepreneur can produce goods and services himself, acquiring only factors of production. It can also purchase finished goods and resell it to the consumer. Finally, the entrepreneur can only connect producers and consumers, sellers and buyers. The general rejection of entrepreneurship is gradually turning into an awareness of the need to create conditions for its fast the most efficient and effective development. There is no doubt that entrepreneurship in Russia is the future.

The purpose of this work is to study the theoretical and practical problems of entrepreneurship.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to study the following tasks:

• Consider the prerequisites for the emergence, formation and development of entrepreneurship;
• To study the essence, functions and principles of entrepreneurship;
• Consider the problems of entrepreneurship;
• Consider the subjects and objects of entrepreneurial activity;
• Analyze the main organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurship;
• Consider business support funds.

1. Prerequisites for the emergence, formation and development of entrepreneurship

The economic reforms being carried out in Russia, for all their inconsistency and inconsistency, were a condition for the formation and development of entrepreneurship. As the experience of countries with developed market economies shows, entrepreneurial activity plays a very important role in the economy, affects economic growth, market saturation with goods, and the creation of additional jobs. In other words, entrepreneurial activity contributes to the solution of many urgent economic, social and other problems.

In the transitional economy of Russia, economic prerequisites are gradually being created for the development of enterprises with various forms of ownership. The private sector is being formed, which is accompanied by the liquidation of old, pre-reform structures, the creation of new institutions market economy, a new financial and credit mechanism.

Russia's transition to a market economy has actualized the problem of entrepreneurship, which is a necessary component of a market economy.

It should be noted that in modern literature on economic theory much attention is paid to the content of entrepreneurship and the assessment of its impact on the economy. Thus, the classic of modern microeconomic theory A. Marshall, speaking of the main feature of a market economy, draws attention to the "freedom of production and entrepreneurship." R. Cantillon drew attention to the phenomenon of entrepreneurship as a phenomenon of the new time that replaced the feudal Middle Ages and proved that in addition to landowners and mercenaries of various kinds, people appeared who, at their own peril and risk, rushed to market exchange in order to make a profit. This approach to the interpretation of the concept of entrepreneurship is quite legitimate.

It should be noted that in economic theory there was another approach to understanding entrepreneurship. So, a hundred years after Cantillon, the theoretical concept of J.B. Say, which is based on such economic concepts as capital, land, labor, factors of production, a combination of factors. Entrepreneurship itself was interpreted as operating the factors of production. This means that the factors of production are extracted in one place where they give a small income, then they are moved, and a new combination of them in another place gives a greater income.

Say's concept is applicable to any form of entrepreneurial activity and therefore has acquired the authority of the classical formula of entrepreneurship. Almost all research on entrepreneurship contains direct or indirect references to Say's concept.

Entrepreneurship is associated with risk. Therefore, an entrepreneur is defined as a person who takes the risk of decisions made on his own initiative. Indeed, in a market environment, any economic entity operates in conditions of uncertainty and therefore risks.

The Austrian scientist J. Schumpeter associated entrepreneurship with innovation. In accordance with this concept, the result of the entrepreneur's activity leads to changes in the material content, forms and methods of labor. It is the impact on the acceleration of economic processes that is a specific property of an entrepreneur.

Speaking about entrepreneurship, one should take into account its relationship with the socio-economic environment. Free enterprise can be formed as a phenomenon in the case of the implementation of four groups of interrelated prerequisites: political, economic, legal and psychological.

The group of political prerequisites assumes the political stability of society in the country and its democratization. Free enterprise as a mass phenomenon can take place if the government enjoys the confidence of the people.

Economic Prerequisites Group Means Transformation state enterprises into joint-stock companies and the emergence in the country of various economic structures with various forms of ownership.

The group of psychological prerequisites includes the elimination of the misunderstanding of social justice as equality - equality of opportunity.

A group of legal prerequisites suggests that free enterprise can function successfully if a country has a set of laws that support entrepreneurs, and do not outlaw their activities.

The beginning of the formation of entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation is considered to be the adoption in 1992 of the decision Russian government destroyed the institutions of administrative regulation of production. Thus, the State Planning Committee, which developed centralized plans and forecasts for socio-economic development, was abolished. ceased to exist State Committee for material and technical supply, which, in accordance with the national economic plan, provided all sectors with the means of production.

So, for example, Russian small business (the main part of entrepreneurship) was born on July 18, 1991, when the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 446 introduced criteria for classifying enterprises as small, defined general terms and Conditions and rules for their operation.

At the beginning of the reforms, there was a powerful breakthrough of people into private entrepreneurship, primarily in its small forms. In 1992, about 190 thousand new small enterprises were created, 1.4 times more than in 1991. This process played a decisive role in the emergence of the private sector in Russia, the filling of which was mainly due to small enterprises. By 1995, about 65% of all Russian private enterprises were small.

Created over the years legal framework governing business activities. The goals and objectives of the state policy in the field of support and development of entrepreneurship are determined. Mechanisms for the implementation of targets have been developed and structures have been created that bring them to life. A network of service organizations has been formed that provides enterprises with educational, informational, consulting, Financial services.

The achieved level of entrepreneurship development is clearly reflected by state statistics: by the end of 2000, the number of small enterprises amounted to about 891 thousand, approaching the level of 1994. By the end of 2006, the total number of permanent employees in small enterprises was about 12.0 million people or 12% of the total number of employees in Russian enterprises. At the beginning of 2008, the number of small enterprises is already 1.137 million units, which indicates the progressive development of the small business sector.

Entrepreneurship is not going smoothly. There are still quite a few people in Russia who do not perceive entrepreneurship, they trust the former totalitarian system centralized management, while the most conservative circles dream of restoring command and control structures and making entrepreneurship illegal.

2. Essence, functions and principles of entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship is the subject of many disciplines. Hence the multiplicity of its interpretations and definitions. The essence of entrepreneurship, as an economic category, is due to its nature and features as a specific type of economic behavior, the ability of economic entities to respond to a potential source of benefit.

Entrepreneurship is an initiative, associated with economic risk and aimed at finding the best ways to use resources, an activity conducted with the aim of generating income and increasing property.

By its economic nature, entrepreneurship is inextricably linked with the market economy and is its product. As a property of economic activity, it externally manifests itself in the desire to extract additional benefits in the process of exchange. Meanwhile, exchange itself is not yet a source of entrepreneurship. It becomes such when it becomes an integral part of a single economic turnover, and production for exchange becomes the defining function of economic entities. Commodity production is historically and genetically the starting point of entrepreneurship. Exchange, firstly, stimulates the search for new opportunities, i. initiative. Secondly, it is in the process of exchange that the entrepreneur sees a source of possible benefit, which is both a motive and an assessment of the success of his initiative. Thirdly, when faced with similar persons in the process of exchange, the entrepreneur perceives his activity as competitive. Fourth, as a mechanism for meeting social needs, exchange determines the social nature of entrepreneurial activity.

The essence of the phenomenon of entrepreneurship is revealed in its functions: economic and social.

Economic function of entrepreneurship lies in the fact that it ensures continuous institutional change and development of the entire economic system of society, constantly updates the environment with innovations, breaks the old routine structures, opens the way for various transformations. The economic function of entrepreneurship contributes to increasing the efficiency of production, the quality of products and services, and the introduction of the achievements of scientific and technological progress.

Social function of entrepreneurship lies in the fact that it softens the spontaneous impact of the market by addressing the issues of social security of people and collectives. This function contributes to the growth of the cultural and educational level of the population, protects its low-income strata from inflation, etc.

Considering in more detail the explicit functions of small, medium and large businesses, it can be seen that in basic terms they coincide. The differences lie in the potential for each type of business to implement these functions in the most efficient way. For example, the function of organizing production, which provides for an assessment of the economic situation, the development of an action plan, the organization of administrative management and control over the implementation of the plan, is most effectively implemented by large enterprises due to superiority internal organization and the resulting economies of scale. For these reasons, it is large, and not small, enterprises that derive the main benefit from scientific and technological progress, since they can relatively quickly increase their fixed capital and use the most productive methods and production technologies.

A socially significant latent function of small business is the function of shaping the environment and the spirit of entrepreneurship, without which a market economy is impossible. In contrast to large-scale small business, in most of its forms, it is accessible to very many people already because it does not require impressive initial investments of capital. Low capital intensity and short terms of construction or reconstruction in comparison with large facilities are important advantages of small economic forms. It is also necessary to highlight the essential function of small business - the function of maintaining and strengthening political and social stability in society. This is achieved through the creation of new jobs by small businesses, as well as by expanding the layer of owners. An important role is played by the social function of small business - the financial filling of the revenue part of local budgets, since its taxation in most Western countries is carried out at the municipal level. Gradually, a similar situation begins to take shape in Russia.

Public functions of big business are specific. First of all, they should include the function of exercising real economic power in the country. The function of foreign economic representation of the national economy can also be attributed to a certain extent to the number of latent social functions of big business. It is big business that is the dominant subject of international foreign economic activity. The role of transnational corporations (TNCs), which dominate the international product markets, is especially great in this area.

A socially significant function of large business is the function of ensuring stable employment, professional and career growth for the vast majority of the population. Due to the virtual lack of opportunities to obtain loans, a high degree of entrepreneurial risk, small enterprises go bankrupt much more often than large ones. Among the public functions of big business is the function of filling the revenue part of the state budget of the country.

However, the function of the multiplier, the driving force of economic growth, is especially socially significant and at the same time latent for entrepreneurship. The economic nature of entrepreneurship is characterized through its principles Keywords: initiative, commercial risk and responsibility, combination of factors of production, innovation.

Entrepreneurship is an initiative activity. The constant desire to search for something new, whether it is the production of new products or the development of new markets, in a word, the search for new opportunities for profit is the hallmark of an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurial initiative is the desire to realize the opportunities provided by the process of market exchange itself, carried out for the mutual benefit of the participants in this process. Entrepreneurship should not be associated with deceit and violence, but with the extraction of benefits through the satisfaction of social needs - with the "spirit of non-violent acquisition."

The initiative requires a certain economic freedom. When the level of regulation of entrepreneurial activity is too high, initiative activity decreases, turning into business stagnation. In this sense, creating conditions for enhancing the initiative of business entities is the key task of the transition to entrepreneurship.

Although risk is an organic component of entrepreneurial activity, entrepreneurship itself is not associated with risk appetite. The focus of the entrepreneur on the treatment of market uncertainty and his own benefit is a decisive factor in his decision-making. It is not human qualities in the form of reckless risk-taking, but the expected reward that drives the entrepreneur to take risks. Therefore, the amount of risk he takes on directly depends on the likely increase in income.

Commercial risk differs from risk in general in that it is based on a sober calculation and consideration of possible negative consequences. The desire for success here is always balanced by economic responsibility. The economic responsibility that accompanies the risk puts before the entrepreneur the task of mastering the risk and managing it. And if the entrepreneur is not able to abolish market uncertainty, then it is quite possible for him to reduce the risk. The most well-known mechanism for reducing risk is insurance, which allows you to transform the risk into insignificant additional costs. The problem, however, is that the innovative nature of entrepreneurial activity makes it extremely difficult to reliably assess the likely risk, thereby narrowing the possibilities for applying insurance specifically in the field of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial initiative, on the contrary, involves the creation of new, previously unseen situations, the probable outcome of which is very difficult, and sometimes impossible, to assess. Consequently, the opportunities for insurance of business activities are reduced. Another way to reduce risk is to share it with other stakeholders. Meanwhile, while helping to reduce risk (possible losses for an individual participant), this method undermines entrepreneurial motivation, since entrepreneurial income will be divided among the participants in the enterprise.

Risk as a property of entrepreneurial activity characterizes not only the specifics of entrepreneurship. It also has a general economic significance. The presence of risk forces the entrepreneur to scrupulously analyze the options for possible alternatives, choosing the best and most promising of them, which leads to progressive shifts in the productive forces and an increase in the efficiency of social production. On the other hand, the presence of risk in entrepreneurial activity requires the application of certain restrictions and regulations in relation to it.

The movement of resources for their more efficient use is only a general formula for a more complex process of increasing the efficiency of resource use. Another, more complex form of increasing the efficiency of resource use is combination of factors of production . Its essence is to find the most rational combination of factors by replacing one factor with another. By varying the factors of production, the entrepreneur not only ensures the transition to a more efficient use of the resource, but also, manifesting itself in new technologies, ensures the progressive course of social productive forces. In the process of industrialization of the economy, combination based on the "principle of substitution" becomes the determining factor in generating income, and the "spirit of rationalism" permeates the entire content of entrepreneurship and is identified with it.

At the same time, it would be an unforgivable omission to reduce the essence of combination only to the issue of efficient use of resources. The entrepreneur also combines in the field of more complex parameters that ensure the stability of the entrepreneurial structure itself. When the market mechanism, for whatever reasons: scarcity of resources, instability of supplies, difficulties in monitoring the fulfillment of obligations, does not provide the proper level, the entrepreneur begins to combine with the elements of the mechanism itself. He removes individual elements from the market sphere and includes them in the structure of his own organization, changing the nature of the mechanism for redistributing resources. Therefore, the content of the combination function is wider than the "principle of substitution", and it itself can act as a factor in the transformation of the resource allocation mechanism.

Being social in nature, entrepreneurial activity is aimed at meeting social needs. But the entrepreneur does not take on property risk out of charitable motives. The material interest expressed in income is the incentive motive for entrepreneurial activity. However, it should be borne in mind that not every income is the result of entrepreneurship. It acts as such only when it appears to be the result of a better use of the factors of production. Therefore, various types of rental income, interest on capital cannot be considered as income from entrepreneurship. In reality, entrepreneurial income is presented in the form of economic profit, which is a direct form of entrepreneurial motivation. Profit is a source of income for the entrepreneur and the development of the company, serves as an indicator of the efficiency of the use of resources and evaluation of investment opportunities, and finally, an assessment of success and a psychological incentive. This suggests that, even without outwardly manifesting itself, profit, nevertheless, occupies a dominant place in the hierarchy of the entrepreneur's goals.

Thus, as a business manager, an entrepreneur strives to provide stable conditions for the implementation and development of his entrepreneurial function. From this side, its task is to balance the multidirectional forces that make it possible to effectively carry out entrepreneurial function in the long run. At the same time, realizing the function of the owner, he must ensure the highest return on the resources used, which is expressed in maximizing profits. The resolution of this contradiction can take a variety of forms, but all of them ultimately come down to ensuring an acceptable rate of profit. Satisfaction with profit means nothing more than a compromise between the various sides of the entrepreneurial function.

However, it would be unfair to focus only on the acquisition motivation of entrepreneurship, losing sight of the creative work it performs.

The main principles that entrepreneurs should be guided by in their activities:

1) Right choice business strategies based on marketing research.

2) Creation of conditions for rapid adaptation to the requirements of the production market, the range and quality of products, the management system of the production and marketing activities of the company

3) Active influence on demand, market and consumer through advertising, pricing policy, an effective system of control over the sphere of commodity circulation

4) An entrepreneur should not be afraid of competition

5) Carry out business planning

6) Do not be afraid to take loans

7) Diversify your production

8) Mechanize and automate your production.

3. Problems of entrepreneurship

During the transition to a market economy, Russia faced many problems that had to be solved as quickly as possible. First of all, it was necessary to define property rights and decide who would be allowed to own enterprises owned by the state, how, by what mechanism and at what prices the transfer of property would be carried out. It was also necessary to create capital markets, banking, financial and monetary systems. It was necessary to develop effective systems for planning and accounting in order to assess the value of firms and most objectively judge the results of their activities. It was necessary to revise existing laws in order to legalize new forms of economic relations, new types of property and new types of transactions.

It was necessary to select and train managers who could work in a market system and compete in their own country and in the world market. It was also necessary to achieve recognition by the population of the new rules of the game.

The challenge was to develop competition and regulatory policy and find a way to deal with the problems that arise from the fact that the mere privatization of gigantic inefficient enterprises creates a system of gigantic inefficient private monopolies.

It was necessary to determine the procedure for the state termination of subsidies to various industries and develop tax systems that could provide funding for government activities.

Finally, it was necessary to decide whether, and if so, when, the closure of uncompetitive firms would be allowed, and to create social assistance services that would take over the solution of social problems arising from the inevitable economic imbalances both during the transition period and after it. completion.

Most of these problems apply to small businesses as well. The problems of the further development of small business in Russia remain basically the same as those noted in the materials of the 1st All-Russian Congress of representatives of small enterprises:

• insufficiency of initial capital and own working capital;
• difficulties in obtaining bank loans;
• increased pressure from criminal structures;
• lack of qualified accountants, managers, consultants;
• difficulties in obtaining premises and extremely high rents;
• limited opportunities for obtaining leasing services;
• lack of proper social protection and personal security of owners and employees of small enterprises, etc.

It is no coincidence that the 2nd All-Russian Conference of Small Businesses, held in March 2001 in Moscow, was called "Reasonable Regulation for Civilized Entrepreneurship". The conference aimed to identify the sources of excessive administrative barriers in the development of entrepreneurship.

The fact is that among the problems hindering the development of small businesses, in second place after the tax burden are excessive administrative barriers. They not only hinder the development of entrepreneurship, but also create another state problem, forcing small businesses to go into the shadow economy.

At the beginning of 2003, the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade, on behalf of the President of the Russian Federation, conducted an inventory of the control functions of state bodies and found out how many people are directly related to supervision. As a result of the inventory, it turned out that there is no general system of state control in Russia. 43 federal ministries and departments have 65 inspection organizations. Only 55 of them employ 1065 thousand people. More than 423 of them are endowed with the right of direct state control, the rest serve them. There is no doubt that these numerous inspectors are focusing on small businesses, restricting, shackling, and often stopping their activities.

Experts who analyze the turnover of the shadow economy estimate it at least 40% of the gross national product. At the same time, there has been a gradual decrease in the share of the shadow economy in Russia in recent years.

1) high level of taxation;

2) unavailability of credit resources;

3) administrative barriers.

Small businesses in Russia face great difficulties in their activities. The main problem is the insufficient resource base, both logistical and financial. In practice, we are talking about creating a new sector of the economy. For decades, we did not have such a sector to any significant degree. This, in particular, meant the absence of trained entrepreneurs. The bulk of the population, who lived "pay to pay", could not form a reserve of funds necessary to start their own business. It is clear that the extremely strained state budget cannot become a source of these funds. It remains to hope for credit resources. But even they are insignificant and, moreover, extremely difficult to implement with constant inflation.

The situation can hardly seriously change in the right direction, unless we finally move from words to deeds in public support for constructive small business. There is no reason to count on a significant increase in the material, technical and financial resources available for this, at least in the near future.

Therefore, it is necessary to create mechanisms for preferential lending, taxation, various kinds of preferences, including those related to foreign economic activity. Their point is to ensure that the needs of the people are better served while creating the conditions for the consistent development of entrepreneurship.

The next problem is the legislative framework that small businesses can now rely on. So far, to put it mildly, it is imperfect, and in many very significant provisions it is completely absent. The difficulty is that, firstly, there is no single legislative framework for today's activities of domestic small businesses, and secondly, the existing disparate regulations are far from being fully implemented.

At present, small business is in conditions that are very remote from those that should be inherent in market relations. On the contrary, there is a tendency to surround it more and more with the old framework of the planning-administrative system with its almost all-embracing planning and strict regulation with the help of limits, funds, etc.

There is no system for carrying out an in-depth analysis of the activities of small businesses, there is no proper accounting of the results of their work, there are practically no reports on those indicators that entitle these enterprises to enjoy tax benefits.

Limited access for small businesses to high technology, since their purchase requires significant one-time financial costs.

Another problem is staffing. Unfortunately, there are far fewer qualified entrepreneurs than the economy really needs.

Despite the seriousness of the problems associated with small business, domestic small business has prospects for further development.

First of all, it is necessary to protect small businesses from bureaucracy, make the registration procedure as simple as possible, reduce the number of regulatory bodies and inspections, and continue the process of reducing the number of licensed activities and products. It is necessary to eradicate corruption, which is not only dangerous from a moral point of view, but also impedes economic growth, significantly raises prices, and distorts competition.

It is necessary to significantly reduce the tax burden on small businesses. This is especially important for start-up entrepreneurs, primarily in such activities as innovation, manufacturing, construction, repair and construction, and medical.

Attention should be focused on the concentration of all financial resources intended to support small businesses (the federal budget, regional budgets, the Federal Fund for Support of Small Business, various extrabudgetary sources) in the most important priority areas, and create a system of credit guarantees for it.

For newly created small businesses, the widespread use of leasing and franchising is necessary. If the franchising system is gaining more and more positions in our country, then leasing is only in its infancy. The further development of these forms of activity should be facilitated by large enterprises.

More energetic work is needed to develop the infrastructure of small businesses, develop the banking system, and various funds to support small businesses. Small businesses should be able at any moment to receive advice and free assistance on opening and functioning, on problems marketing strategy, protecting their interests, on any other issue.

Much work remains to be done in the field of training and advanced training of entrepreneurial personnel. About 8 million people, or almost 12% of the total employed population in the country, work in the small business sector, and this number will increase from year to year. More and more young, energetic people come to small business. A particularly relevant task vocational training leaders of such companies.

In recent years, the number of applications for new licenses has decreased, which has undoubtedly made life easier for small businesses. At the same time, 80% of all issued licenses cost entrepreneurs more than the fee established by law, and 77% of all licenses and decisions held by the head of firms were issued for a period of less than the five years prescribed by law.

In accordance with federal law dated August 8, 2001 No. 128-FZ “On Licensing Certain Types of Activities”, local authorities do not have the right to introduce any permits other than those listed in the Law on Licensing.

Thus, despite a fairly large number of problems and obstacles, small businesses in Russia have reserves for further development.

4. Subjects and objects of entrepreneurial activity

The main subject of entrepreneurial activity is the entrepreneur. However, the entrepreneur is not the only subject; in any case, he is forced to interact with consumer as its main counterparty, as well as with state, which in different situations can act as a helper or adversary. Both the consumer and the state also belong to the category of subjects of entrepreneurial activity, as well as employee(unless, of course, the entrepreneur does not work alone), and business partners (if the production is not isolated from public relations) (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1 Business entities

In the relationship between the entrepreneur and the consumer, the entrepreneur belongs to the category of an active subject, and the consumer is characterized primarily by a passive role. When analyzing the side of these relationships the consumer acts as an indicator of the entrepreneurial process. This is understandable, therefore, everything that constitutes the subject of an entrepreneur’s activity has the right to be realized only in the case of a positive (positive) peer review consumer. Such an assessment is carried out by the consumer and acts as the willingness of the latter to purchase a particular product. An entrepreneur, when planning and organizing his activities, in no way can ignore the moods, desires, interests, expectations, assessments of the consumer.

An entrepreneur in a market system of relations has no other way to influence the consumer, except to act in unison with his interests. However, this situation does not mean at all that the entrepreneur is obliged to act only in strict accordance with the already identified interests of the consumer. The entrepreneur himself can form consumer demand, create new consumer needs. This is exactly what the proposition about two ways of organizing entrepreneurial activity is reduced to: on the basis of the revealed interest of the consumer or on the basis of "imposing" a new product on him.

Thus, the goal of the entrepreneur is the need to "win" the consumer, to create a circle of his own consumers.

The role of the state as a subject of the entrepreneurial process may be different depending on social conditions, the situation in the sphere of business activity, and the goals that the state sets for itself.

Depending on the specific situation, the state may be:

. an obstacle to the development of entrepreneurship, when it creates an extremely unfavorable environment for the development of entrepreneurship or even prohibits it;

. by an outside observer, when the state does not directly oppose the development of entrepreneurship, but at the same time does not contribute to this development;

. entrepreneurial process accelerator, when the state conducts a constant and active search for measures to involve new economic agents in the entrepreneurial process (often such a purposeful activity of the state causes an "explosion" of entrepreneurial activity and leads to a "boom" of entrepreneurship).

An employee as an implementer of the ideas of an entrepreneur also belongs to the group of subjects of the entrepreneurial process. It is on him that the efficiency and quality of the implementation of an entrepreneurial idea depends.

It is known that each economic entity has its own interests. As for the entrepreneur and the employee, some of their plans are the same (the higher the profit, the higher the salary, for example), and some are polar opposite (the entrepreneur is not interested in high wages, but the employee is). In such cases the parties are forced to search for compromise options, which, in general, forms the basis of the relationship between these two subjects of the entrepreneurial process.

Partnerships (real and potential) play a very important role in entrepreneurship. Each entrepreneur, when planning his activities, when developing a business plan, must take into account the possibility of establishing the necessary partnerships. For example, if you are planning to produce, say, kitchen furniture, then you will naturally try to determine where, from whom and under what conditions, presumably (and whether there is such a possibility), you will be able to purchase everything necessary for organizing production (wood, other components, fittings, equipment, machines, etc.). Without such an approach, business planning is impossible.

Thus, when planning his activities, an entrepreneur considers a partner (partners) as a subject of the entrepreneurial process, on the form of relationships with which the level of efficiency of his activity depends.

The objects of commercial activity are fixed assets and working capital, as well as other tangible and intangible assets and financial resources, the value of which is reflected in the company's independent balance sheet. Shareholders exercise the right to own, use and dispose of the property of the company.

The company has the right to dispose of its property at its own discretion, including selling, transferring to other enterprises for a fee and free of charge, writing off the balance.

Possession and use of property that does not belong to the company on the basis of ownership is carried out on the basis of its lease with or without subsequent redemption, and other legal grounds. The Company owns and uses land and other natural resources in accordance with the procedure established by law.

The company is liable for its obligations with all its property, which, under the current legislation, may be levied.

The authorized capital of the company is formed at the expense of cash, property contributions, income from the sale of intellectual property of shareholders. The authorized capital can be replenished with the personal property of the shareholders, transferred to the company for subsequent sale and transfer of the proceeds to the account of the shareholder's contribution to the authorized capital.

5. Organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurship

According to Civil Code in the Russian Federation there are the following organizational and legal forms of enterprises: business partnerships, companies and production cooperatives.

Business partnerships and companies are recognized commercial organizations with the authorized (share) capital divided into shares (contributions) of the founders (participants). Property created at the expense of contributions of founders (participants), as well as produced and acquired by a business partnership or company in the course of its activity, belongs to it by the right of ownership.

Business partnerships can be created in the form of a general partnership and a limited partnership (limited partnership). Participants in general partnerships and general partners in limited partnerships may be individual entrepreneurs and (or) commercial organizations.

A general business partnership is a closed-type association based on shared ownership with a limited number of participants who are fully liable for the obligations of the partnership with all their property. It may be established by at least two persons. Therefore, in the case when the only participant remains in the existing partnership, it must be liquidated or transformed into another form.

A limited partnership is a closed-type association that includes, along with the participants who bear full property liability for the obligations of the partnership, contributors whose liability is limited to the size of the contribution made.

A limited partnership is created on the same grounds as a general partnership, with the only difference that it must include at least one contributors (limited partners). In the event of the retirement of all depositors, it must be liquidated or transformed into another form.

Business companies may be created in the form of a joint-stock company, a limited liability company or an additional liability company. Members of economic companies and investors in limited partnerships may be citizens and legal entities. State bodies and bodies local government shall not be entitled to act as participants in economic companies and contributors in limited partnerships, unless otherwise provided by law.

A limited liability company is an organizational form of entrepreneurship based on the pooling of the capital of a limited number of participants who are not liable for the obligations of the company.

A limited liability company may be founded by one or more participants, the number of which must not exceed the legally established limit of their number. In their activities, companies of this type are guided by the Memorandum of Association signed by the founders and the Charter approved by them, reflecting the main provisions of the organization and management of the company. The formation of the company's assets is carried out at the expense of the contributions of the founders. And although the capital of a limited liability company is divided into shares, the company is not entitled to issue shares and similar securities. The minimum size of the statutory fund for companies of this type is regulated by law and must be at least 100 minimum monthly wages, and if the volume of the company's net assets drops below the established value, the company is liquidated.

An additional liability company is an organizational form of entrepreneurship based on the pooling of the capitals of a limited number of participants who assume additional property liability determined by them for the obligations of the company.

Joint stock company (JSC) - formation based on the pooling of capital by issuing shares, the participants of which do not bear property liability for its obligations, except in the amount of the value of the shares acquired by them valuable papers society.

A distinctive feature of a joint-stock company is the division of its capital into a certain number of shares distributed among the participants, which, however, does not exclude the creation of a joint-stock company by one person, acting in this case as the holder of the entire block of shares. Given the specifics of the functioning of a JSC, the formation of its capital is regulated by law. The authorized capital of a joint-stock company consists of the nominal value of shares placed among the founders. At the same time, its minimum value is set at 1,000 minimum monthly wages, and open subscription for shares is allowed only after full payment by the founders of the statutory fund. An increase in the statutory fund to cover losses is not allowed, and its reduction is possible only after notification of all creditors. A joint-stock company is also not entitled to pay dividends, both before the full payment of the authorized capital, and in the case when the net assets of the company are less than the authorized capital or may become less after the payment of dividends. However, JSCs can use such an instrument for increasing assets as bonds only after the third year of their existence and for an amount not exceeding the size of the authorized fund. At the same time, the law allows for the possibility of overcoming these requirements, provided that the issue of bonds is secured by third parties.

The main organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurship according to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation have the following gradation. (fig.2)

Fig. 2 Main organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurship

6. Entrepreneurship support funds

At present, the role of small enterprises is growing significantly. Their creation is of great importance, as it contributes to an increase in employment of the population: it ensures the development of production, goods and services. Entrepreneurship support funds are being formed at the federal and regional levels. Regional funds and small business support centers have been established in 73 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Special state bodies carry out financial and credit and other measures to support small businesses.

The development of small enterprises is stimulated by tax incentives for the production of goods and services, preferential loans, provision of equipment under leasing agreements and other measures.

In the Russian Federation, state support for small business is carried out in the following areas:

• formation of infrastructure for support and development of small business;
• creation of preferential conditions for the use by small businesses of state financial, logistical and information resources, as well as scientific and technical developments and technologies;
• establishment of a simplified procedure for registration of small businesses, licensing of their activities, certification of their products, submission of state statistical and financial statements;
• support for foreign economic activity of small businesses, including assistance; development of their trade, scientific and technical, production, military, information relations with foreign countries;
• organization of training, retraining and advanced training of personnel for small enterprises.

Financial support for state and municipal programs to support small business is carried out annually at the expense of the federal budget, the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local budgets, as well as from other sources. The federal budget annually provides for the allocation of appropriations for its implementation.

The following funding measures are envisaged:

• provision of state guarantees to foreign credit institutions that allocates loans to support small businesses;
• provision of state guarantees for loans issued by banks and other credit organizations of the Russian Federation to small businesses;
• allocation of state preferential investment loans;
• allocation of at least 40% of the funds from the State Employment Fund of the Russian Federation to create new jobs in the field of small business.

A number of measures are envisaged for the development of small business.

• Concessional lending. Lending to small businesses is carried out on preferential terms with compensation of the corresponding difference to credit organizations from the funds of small business support funds.
• Insurance. Insurance of small businesses is carried out on preferential terms. Small business support funds, under an agreement with an insurance organization, have the right to compensate it in full or in part for lost income.
• Government order. When forming and placing orders, as well as concluding state contracts for the supply of products and goods (services) for state needs for priority types of products, state customers are obliged to place at least 15% of the total volume of supplies for state needs of this type of product with small businesses.

Works in the Kemerovo region State Fund for Support of Small Business of the Kemerovo Region, The main goal of the Fund is to accumulate resources for financial support of state support programs for small businesses, participation in the financing of regional programs, as well as projects and activities aimed at supporting and developing small businesses.

In addition, to solve the problems of small business development in Kemerovo, an infrastructure to support small business has been created, which includes: Municipal Non-Commercial Fund for Support of Small Business of Kemerovo (MNFSMP) , which unites Kemerovo Business Incubators, the City Business Center, the Training and Consulting Center and the City Innovation Center. The Small Business Support Fund actively cooperates with the Council for the Support and Development of Small Business under the Head of the City, the Kuzbass Chamber of Commerce and Industry, the Kuzbass representative office of OPORA Rossii.

The main activity of the Business Center is the provision of financial support to small businesses through the issuance of loans. A prerequisite for obtaining financial support is the creation of new jobs.

The Training and Consulting Center of the Municipal Non-Commercial Fund for Supporting Small Business in the city of Kemerovo, having gone from teaching the basics of entrepreneurial activity to developing special courses in popular areas of doing business since 1999, today highlighted the direction of coaching as professional support and solving problem situations at the workplace of a businessman as a specialist in specific area on the stated problem.

In turn, Business Incubators were created to solve the following tasks: support for start-up entrepreneurs by providing production space; formation and development of healthy competition in the region; creation of new jobs.

The main task of the City Innovation Center is informational, financial support for the commercialization of an innovative project, which is at the initial stage of creating a prototype. It is planned to create a bank of innovative projects, search for project executors thanks to the Center for Technology Transfer of the State Research Center, business incubation, consulting support for activities innovative enterprises, assistance in the protection of intellectual property.

This will allow, through the development of manufacturing small and medium-sized businesses, to provide additional opportunities to significantly improve the living conditions of people, increase their standard of living, health, educational and intellectual potential, and solve acute social problems of the city's economy. Thus, a comprehensive business support system has been formed in the Kemerovo MNFPMP: from training and consulting to the implementation of a business idea.

Such municipal, non-profit business support funds exist not only in the regional center, but also in almost every city and district of the Kemerovo region (Belovo, Anzhero-Sudzhensk, Osinniki, Kaltan, Berezovsky, etc.)

Conclusion

Entrepreneurship is an indispensable force for economic dynamism, competitiveness and social prosperity. After all, an entrepreneur is always an innovator, introducing new technologies on a commercial basis, new forms of business organization; the initiator of the combination of factors of production in a single process of production of goods and services for the purpose of making a profit; the organizer of production, who sets the tone for the company's activities, determines the strategy and tactics of the company's behavior and assumes the burden of responsibility for the success of their behavior; a person who is not afraid of risk and consciously takes it in order to achieve his goal.

Market relations pose many complex tasks for our society, among which entrepreneurship occupies an important place.

The nature of Russia's entrepreneurial potential is determined by the state of the Russian economy. On the one hand, Russia has demonstrated the ability to quickly form an entrepreneurial infrastructure and the very class of entrepreneurs, especially since these concepts themselves have been perceived extremely negatively in the country for many previous decades.

For the development of entrepreneurship in Russia, a special program is needed, which should include:

1. creation of stable economic legislation;
2. formation of state-public investment, insurance and information funds to assist entrepreneurs;
3. building a regional market infrastructure (training, consulting, certification centers);
4. the introduction of appropriate tax, currency, price and antimonopoly regulation, which would make it unprofitable to deceive partners.

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Social entrepreneurship is a special kind of activity located at the intersection of charity and business. It involves the extraction of profit and its reinvestment in solving or mitigating the most pressing problems in society. Incomes are not distributed among the participants of economic companies, but are invested in such areas as reducing unemployment, strengthening the protection of citizens' rights, environment. Let us further consider in detail what socially-oriented entrepreneurship is.

General information

Social entrepreneurship is a field in which activities are carried out independently of external funding. All work is carried out on the basis of proven business schemes. In this connection, it cannot be said that social entrepreneurship is a form of amateur activity. In this area, not only time-tested, but also new, scientifically based approaches to solving existing and relatively recent problems are used.

Mission

Small businesses and socially oriented organizations can work in a variety of areas. They implement socially-oriented programs as part of their core business. It could be healthcare Agriculture, service, education and so on. Currently, there is no exact definition of social entrepreneurship, since it affects many areas of human life and has a huge number of directions and facets. This activity can be most capaciously described by the following phrase: "To earn money by helping others." Social entrepreneurship is a solution to tangible and concrete problems of social life, contributing to positive sustainable change. It should be emphasized that this work is not a charity. Help is provided according to the principle "give not a fish, but a fishing rod."

History reference

How did social entrepreneurship start? In Russia, as early as the 19th century, there were so-called houses of industriousness. They can be called an example of domestic comprehensive labor assistance. These houses were founded by Father John Sergiev in Kronstadt. His main idea was the idea that often ordinary charity, almsgiving corrupts a person, depriving him of an incentive to work. "Houses" were centers in which work was carried out in three directions at once. Here they were engaged in charity, educational activities and employment. In the middle of the 19th century cooperatives in the UK. They were a source of financing the public needs of the population.

Development of social entrepreneurship

It should be noted that the phenomenon under consideration was noticed abroad much earlier than in Russia. There are several studies that illustrate the diversity of the content and forms of organization of social entrepreneurship. The concept itself was first introduced in the 1960s. 20th century UK. Then the tendencies of public freedom became widespread. On this wave, issues of public importance were widely covered by English-language publications. A more stable use of the concept of social entrepreneurship dates back to the 70s and 80s. This was facilitated by several prominent personalities. So, Gregory Dees pointed out in one of his articles that the reason for the emergence of small business, socially oriented non-profit organizations lies in the inefficiency of individual public institutions. It is worth noting here that in advanced countries with fairly progressive structures, the form of business in question is more common. In this regard, for the emergence of social entrepreneurship, the appearance of a subjective assessment of existing institutions as ineffective by an individual member of society is enough.

Specificity

Michael Young

This man not only created social enterprises around the world. Michael Young is seriously engaged in educational programs. It spawned the College of Entrepreneurship (Social), the 3rd Millennium University, the Institute for Community Studies, and many other institutions. One of the Harvard professors called Young the most successful businessman in the field of public initiatives. Thanks to his activities, many ideas for consumer protection have been implemented. Young has performed and written books. The main idea of ​​his works was the idea of ​​evaluating people not only by education, merit, mental abilities, occupation, but also by the level of their honesty, ability to sympathize, show kindness and generosity.

Modern realities

Currently, commercial companies are more actively involved in social reforms. At the same time, all enterprises have in common the desire to introduce innovative approaches in business. There is a growing interest in social entrepreneurship from the academic community. A special course was opened at Harvard Business School in 1989. The training went directly through the program of social entrepreneurship. Since that time, America's leading business schools have begun to include additional courses in their educational plans. In 2004, about a quarter of Stanford's graduates had degrees in social entrepreneurship. At the beginning of the 21st century, several large companies. Among them:

Russian companies

In the Russian Federation, the contribution of the Our Future Foundation can be called the most significant. It was founded by V. Alekperov, co-owner and president of the LUKoil company. The Fund provides information, financial and consulting assistance to social entrepreneurs, organizes project competitions, analyzes the effectiveness of supported enterprises in terms of specific indicators. In addition to "Our Future", it is worth noting the "School of Farmers" in the Perm Territory, the workshop "Merry Felt", operating under the Women's Society in Rybinsk, the consumer services salon "Berezen" in Tula, LLC "Armor" in Yekaterinburg "Elfo", public association "Care" in Nizhny Novgorod, "Nadezhda" fund in St. Petersburg. In 2010, the concept of "social entrepreneurship" was officially included in the regulations of the Ministry of Economic Development. Due to this, regional authorities began to show more attention to this social phenomenon. Began to develop more actively educational institutions. Among them are, for example, Novosibirsk school"Territory of development".

Conclusion

The social problem that the entrepreneur's actions are aimed at solving is the starting point of his business. If there is no urgent issue requiring intervention, then there will be no special work. There will be a conventional enterprise with traditional goals. Social entrepreneurship is a balance of social tasks and business component. Here, money is not a goal, but a means that allows not only to solve problems, but also to remain independent of constant investments from the outside. From the point of view of world history, social entrepreneurship is considered a fairly young phenomenon. It has existed abroad for just over 30 years, and in Russia for about 10. Nevertheless, despite this, social enterprises today are on a par with charity, non-profit initiatives, and corporate responsibility. At the government level, draft regulations are being worked out, which would clearly describe the mechanism of interaction between enterprises that solve social problems, citizens and government agencies. Today, social entrepreneurship is based on general rules management. At the same time, companies are constantly introducing innovative methods of work. Undoubtedly, this sector should expand.

1. The meaning of social entrepreneurship

Social entrepreneurship is a new innovative way of carrying out socio-economic activities, connecting the social mission with the achievement economic efficiency. It is based on the creation of the so-called social enterprises-those. business enterprises organized for social purposes and for the creation of social good and operating on the basis of financial discipline, innovation and business procedures established in the private sector. In the last decade, this practice has gained extraordinary popularity both in developed industrial countries such as the USA, Great Britain, France, Germany and others, as well as in third world countries, for which a new way of combining economic and social resources is a means to wrest large sections of the population out of deep poverty. According to G. Deese, director of the Center for the Development of Social Entrepreneurship at Duke University (USA), the idea of ​​social entrepreneurship has recently gained popularity, because. "very fitting for our times." This is due to the fact that “many results of the activities of state and charities turned out to be far from our expectations, and most of the institutions of the public sector are increasingly seen as ineffective, inefficient and irresponsible. Social entrepreneurs are needed in order to create new models of socially significant activities “for the new century”.

The concept of social entrepreneurship in Russia is just beginning to circulate. In this sense, it lags behind, for example, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Moldova or Belarus. For the development of social entrepreneurship in Russia, not only the correct self-identification is important, which can come with increased information exchange, but also the development of important socio-economic institutions common in other countries - such as small business, credit cooperation, microfinance, non-profit activities in the socio-economic sphere that can act as "parent structures" for the development of social entrepreneurship. At the same time, an analysis of the already existing experience of functioning of some of the listed forms testifies to the beginnings of the development of social entrepreneurship in Russia. An important prerequisite for social entrepreneurship in this series is microfinance and, in particular, credit cooperation.

2. Microfinance and social entrepreneurship

The content of microfinance technologies is to make it economically feasible for the lender to provide the necessary range of financial services to the low-income population and micro-business in such a way that recipients can use financial services for their own development. Traditional lending technologies, unlike microfinance, do not allow large-scale work with these categories of clients. This is the fundamental difference between microfinance and usury, since the task of the latter is to consolidate the dependence of the borrower by withdrawing the income received almost in full.

The main factor in the efficiency of the modern economy is the achievement of welfare by the society with the priority of the development of the social sphere. Problems in the social sphere accompanied society for many years, starting from primitive times. We consider it appropriate to single out the following stages in the formation of the activities of social entrepreneurs, which for centuries has been aimed at ensuring social stability, general welfare and socio-economic security of all groups of the population.

The origins of social entrepreneurship as the first stage of development include the period of antiquity (IV-III centuries BC). It was the ancient Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle who were among the first to consider social issues and a just social order. In the most famous work "The State" (360 BC), Plato (427-347 BC, Athens) considered the socio-economic concept of development, which was expressed in the creation of an ideal state as a welfare state, where everyone does his own thing and benefits not only himself, but also society. Justice, according to Plato, was the fundamental principle of the ideal state.

In the works of Plato's student Aristotle (384 BC, Halkidiki - 322 BC, Chalkis), along with consideration of issues of optimal social structure, we see a slightly different approach to social justice and building social well-being. Aristotle formulated socio-philosophical views based on the study of the political structures of states. He established that a correctly chosen goal and strategy of national development are directly related to the successful development of the state: “Now we have to talk about the state system itself: what and what quality of components should the state consist of, which wants to become a happy state and have an excellent structure. The good under all circumstances depends on the observance of two conditions: one of them is the correct establishment of the task and ultimate goal of any kind of activity, the second is the search for all kinds of means leading to the final goal.

The main goal of the state, according to Aristotle, is the welfare of citizens. Everything in the state is subordinated to this goal. In the fundamental work “Politics” (335–322 BC), Aristotle wrote: “You should not, moreover, think that every citizen is on his own; no, all citizens belong to the state, because each of them is a part of the state. And care for each particle, of course, must mean care for the whole. Thus, the well-being of society is a consequence of the virtuous life of all citizens.

Aristotle called man a political animal, while paying special attention to his social essence. It is known that the solution of social issues, as well as the state system, the ancient Greek scientist associated with the character social structure society. The state, according to Aristotle, should first of all take care of people: “Only those state structures that have in mind the common good are, according to strict justice, correct; those who have in mind only the good of those who rule are all erroneous and represent deviations from the correct: they are based on the principles of domination, and the state is the association of free people.

So, since ancient times, scientists have been thinking about the well-being of citizens, the relationship between man and society, turned to the problem of the optimal state structure and insisted on the need to take into account when building domestic policy by the state those problems that are directly related to the social sphere.

The second stage of the formation of social entrepreneurship includes the time period of the XVII-XVIII centuries. At this time, the ideas of social reform and understanding of the possibilities of social improvement of society were formulated and substantiated. The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) - the creator of the theory of the social contract - in his work Leviathan, or Matter, Form and Power of the Church and Civil State (1651) reflected on the just structure of the state, paying attention to the question of state support poor sections of society and charity.

Noting that this type of assistance is a necessary condition for a just state arrangement, Hobbes wrote: “If many people, due to inevitable accidents, have become unable to support themselves by their work, then they should not be provided with private charity, and the most necessary for existence should be provided to them by the laws of the state. . For just as it would be cruelty on the part of anyone to withhold support from a helpless person, so it would be cruelty on the part of a sovereign state to expose such helpless people to the accidents of indefinite charity.

It should be noted I.T. Pososhkov (1652–1726), the first Russian theoretical economist, who in the socio-economic treatise The Book of Poverty and Wealth (1724, published in 1842) wrote about the immaterial wealth of the country, a set of civil foundations, i.e. • institutions that contribute to the healthy functioning of the economy and society. Pososhkov was the first to raise the question of material wealth not as the money supply located in the country, but as material goods in the hands of the state and the people. “In which kingdom people are rich, that kingdom is also rich,” is his main idea.

A follower of I.T. Pososhkov and the first social entrepreneur can be considered the English sociologist Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832). It was he who, in 1794, drew up a plan to widely attract poor citizens to the factory to service wood and metalworking machines, invented by his brother Samuel. Soon private commercial enterprise the Bentam brothers turned into a universal plan for solving a social problem as a whole. His workhouses, which were intended for the use of the labor of the poor, were to be directed by a central council, established in the capital and organized on the model of the board of the Bank of England: shares worth 5 or 10 pounds gave each member one vote.

In the published version of the plan, one can see: “1. The care of the poor throughout the South of England is entrusted to a single body; the corresponding costs should be covered from one fund. 2. Said body, which is a joint-stock company, will be called the "National Charity Company" or something like that. It was supposed to create at least 250 workhouses, covering approximately half a million people. The draft analyzed in detail the situation of various categories of the unemployed. Note that Bentham was more than a century ahead of other researchers. "People without a job", dismissed quite recently, Bentham distinguished from those who could not find work due to "temporary stagnation", seasonal workers with their "periodic stagnation" - from "displaced hands", which became superfluous due to the introduction machines. The last group consisted of those discharged from the army.

The most important, however, was the “temporary stagnation” group, which included not only those artisans and craftsmen whose professions depended on fashion, but also a larger group of people who lost their jobs due to the general crisis in production. Thus, Bentham's innovative idea assumed a grandiose in scale set of measures aimed at solving such social problems as unemployment, social protection and support for the poor.

The third stage (XVIII-XIX centuries) is marked by the formation of the term "entrepreneurship" as a socio-economic phenomenon and the development of the principles of modern social entrepreneurship. For society as a whole, the development of entrepreneurship created conditions for a more efficient growth of production, saturation of the market with goods and services, an increase in the incomes of the population and the state, employment and social stability.

The word "entrepreneur" originated in France. Literal translation from French: this is the name of a person who decides on a significant project or activity; this is how they characterize courageous and reckless people who stimulated economic progress by finding new and better effective ways work.

Richard Cantillon (1680–1734), a merchant and financier originally from Ireland, who lived in France for many years, was the first to outline the concept of entrepreneurship. In his work “An Essay on the Nature of Trade in General” (1755), he singled out the dominant role of entrepreneurs, who, in his opinion, operate at risk due to the fact that farmers, merchants, artisans and other small proprietors acquire goods at a certain price. , and sell at an unknown price. At the same time, Cantillon characterized entrepreneurship as a type of profitable activity that stimulates economic progress through the search for new and most effective ways to implement a business initiative. He noted that an entrepreneur must have a certain intelligence, that is, various information and knowledge.

The ideas of Say and Schumpeter, the classics of the theory of entrepreneurship, undoubtedly served as the basis for the formation of a modern approach to social entrepreneurship. The French economist Jean-Baptiste Say (1767–1832) defined the entrepreneur as an economic agent who combines the factors of production and shifts economic resources from areas of low productivity and profitability to areas where they can give the greatest result. An entrepreneur, according to Say, is a person who is willing to take risks in order to achieve a goal. His most important distinctive features: a) the combination of factors of production (capital and labor); b) collection of information and accumulation of necessary experience; c) decision making and organization of the production process. Therefore, entrepreneurship is economic activity, carried out through a constant combination of factors, aimed at the efficient use of resources and obtaining the highest results. Say emphasized the creative, experimental, as well as innovative nature of the entrepreneur's activity, which, of course, is the basis for building the principles of modern social entrepreneurship.

The 20th century, which was marked by the unprecedented development of information technologies, played an important role in the further development of social entrepreneurship. The result was the emergence of a new technological order and the widespread dissemination of social innovations. The development of innovative processes, in turn, had a significant impact on the associated social infrastructure

The fourth stage (the first half of the 20th century) is characterized by an already formed industrial base and the massive development of entrepreneurship. The Austrian economist and sociologist Joseph Schumpeter (1883-1950) supported the idea of ​​social innovation, focusing on the function of the entrepreneur as an innovator. He considered the entrepreneur as the main driving force and "basic phenomenon" of the economic development of society, while emphasizing the need for the introduction of innovative technologies and new combinations of use. economic resources: “To produce means to combine the things and forces available in our sphere. To produce something different or different means to create other combinations of these things and forces.

If no new innovative combinations are carried out in the production process, then there is no proper reason to talk about entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship involves a departure from the usual "moving with the flow", requires a creative approach. Therefore, this kind of activity is weakly connected with the personal benefit of the entrepreneur and serves as a means of assessing the social result.

But unlike business, entrepreneurship was less closely associated with making a profit. This fully applies to the concept of social entrepreneurship, the fifth stage (the second half of the 20th century) and the formation of which is associated with the spread of the idea of ​​the participation of citizens in the management of production. This was expressed in the use of methods of social partnership and the establishment of social peace, the method of legal concessions in the field of legislative and collective bargaining regulation of labor and trade union activities.

A prerequisite for the formation of social entrepreneurship was the development of the theory of the welfare state, developed by Ludwig Erhard (Germany) and Gunnar Myrdal (Sweden), in which a significant role was given to social partnership. The system of social partnership has served as a tool for combining economic efficiency and achieving social justice. This system was one of the forms of interaction between state institutions and civil society, including trade unions and associations of employers and entrepreneurs.

Particular attention was paid to the analysis of social relations, their role in the development of economic processes. Supported and developed the concepts of social entrepreneurship J.-B. Say and J. Schumpeter, an American scientist of Austrian origin Peter Drucker (1909–2005), focusing on new opportunities and the development of the idea of ​​social innovation. According to Drucker, “the entrepreneur is always looking for change, responding to it, and seizing it as an opportunity.” However, he did not consider any business development as entrepreneurship. Business expansion can be a routine process that does not involve transformation and innovation. An organization must adhere to three principles in its work: continuous product improvement, use of knowledge for its own development, and systemic innovative activity. P. Drucker was the first to not only interpret innovation as purely technical, but also spoke about intra-company and social entrepreneurship. He believed, for example, that Japan's economic success was based precisely on social innovations, on the development of such institutions as higher and secondary education, and labor agreements. Most successful innovations are based not on unique inventions and unknown facts, but on changes that have already taken place and may even be widely known, such as a change in the age structure of the population.

The sixth modern stage (the end of the 20th - the beginning of the 21st century) is characterized by a significant complication of the social structure of society in developed countries, as well as a more distinct manifestation of the conditions for the formation of social entrepreneurship as an area of ​​domestic political activity of the state. The active development of non-profit, non-governmental and voluntary organizations of a philanthropic orientation begins simultaneously with the emergence of social enterprises. The outlines of modern models of social entrepreneurship (Anglo-American, European, Asian) are emerging, each of which is characterized by its own features.

The undisputed leaders in the development of social entrepreneurship are the United Kingdom and the United States. This is due to the need to solve pressing social problems and, first of all, due to the fact that the state social security system lagged noticeably behind the rapid development of market relations, which was accompanied by acute manifestations of the shortcomings of the market economy, causing severe social consequences for certain groups of the population, to which the market no case.

It is impossible not to note the evolution of the definition of social entrepreneurship. All previous history laid the foundations for a general understanding of the need for the state to pursue a policy to ensure the social stability of society as a set of measures aimed at solving problems in the social sphere, which are a kind of indicator of the level of socio-economic development. Unresolved social problems, reduced social protection of citizens, excessive differentiation in the incomes of individual social groups inevitably lead to the deepest stratification of society, a decrease in the level of well-being, create a threat of loss of control over social processes, and also lead to destabilization of the economic and political situation in the country and a slowdown in economic growth. Meanwhile modern economy cannot be effective if it does not fulfill its main purpose - meeting the needs of citizens, ensuring the growth of living standards and national welfare.

Notes

1 Plato. State. M.: Nauka, 2005. S. 576.

2 Aristotle. Politics // Aristotle. Sobr. cit.: In 4 vols. M.: Thought, 1983. V. 4. S. 240.

3 Ibid. S. 254.

4 Ibid. S. 282.

5 Polanyi K. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. SPb., 2002. S. 102.

6 Schumpeter J.A. Theory of economic development. Capitalism, socialism and democracy. M.: Eksmo, 2007. S. 132.

Entrepreneurship is a complex structured phenomenon that has become the object of close attention of researchers in various fields of modern science. However, there is still no unambiguous definition of the concept of "entrepreneurship", an integral scientific approach that allows a comprehensive study of this phenomenon. This involves the development of new theoretical directions for the study of entrepreneurship.

For example, Ignatova I.V. (4) applies a modular approach to entrepreneurship research. It allows you to take into account and group all more or less homogeneous elements and processes within the framework of entrepreneurship. There are three modules:

institutional;

Economic;

Psychological;

This division is due to the specifics of entrepreneurship as a type of activity that includes three components:

1. Firstly, a necessary feature of entrepreneurship is economic freedom and administrative independence of decision-making, the guarantors of which are legislative acts of various levels.

2. Secondly, entrepreneurial activity is focused on achieving commercial success, making a profit, which is associated with the market structure of the economy, during which the continuous renewal of social needs is ensured.

3. Thirdly, in the process of entrepreneurial activity, a person realizes himself, develops entrepreneurial thinking.

The absence of a social module is due to the fact that society is the basis of any activity, in relation to which it acts as a condition, resource and environment that evaluates the results of activity. Society is understood as a complex, voluminous, multi-level, open organic system based on the collective activity of people. No activity can be carried out outside the society. Entrepreneurial activity is no exception, it is implemented by people and for people, while society plays a dual role. On the one hand, it is a resource of entrepreneurship - these are people who have the potential or are actually engaged in entrepreneurial activity, and unmet social needs. On the other hand, the results of entrepreneurial activity have an impact on society through the discovery and implementation of existing and the formation of new social needs. So, the society permeates, determines and evaluates the success of entrepreneurial activity, plays a connecting role between the entrepreneur and society, ensuring the unification of economic interest, efficient use of resources and creative self-realization in the processes of implementation unique ideas in a certain way.

Thus, entrepreneurship is social, it originates in a society that reflects the current social situation, in the form human resources, forms of social relations, culture, etc. Then he uses them, acting as a "black box", where the factors used in the process of entrepreneurship are transformed, at the output of which new social elements, trends, norms, etc. appear. Therefore, entrepreneurship is the transformer of society. Let us consider in more detail each of the stages of the process of transforming society through entrepreneurship.

First stage reflects the impact of society on entrepreneurship. We single out the following social factors:

Sex and age structure of the population;

The level of general and special entrepreneurial education;

Opportunity to increase personal income;

Society's attitude to entrepreneurship;

Developed business services infrastructure specializing in entrepreneurship.

Sex and age structure of the population. It is from the demographic situation that the changes in the needs for goods and services depend, as well as the reaction of the population to these changes and its ability to offer ways to meet new demands. Studies show that countries with zero expected population growth in the coming decades (until 2025) have a total entrepreneurial activity index of 2.2% or less, and countries with an expected population growth of 20% have the highest level of entrepreneurial index. Russia is one of the countries with zero (minus) expected population growth, therefore, it is reckless to expect active entrepreneurial activity in the coming years (until 2025).

The most promising for business is the population aged 25 to 44 years. Countries with the highest development of entrepreneurship have more than a quarter of the population in this age range, countries with a low entrepreneurship index - 22%. It is also believed that women constitute a powerful, as yet underutilized resource for entrepreneurship development. However, in general, women in the field of entrepreneurship face many specific barriers, such as weaker technical education, difficulties in building a business infrastructure, the need to divide their time between family and entrepreneurship, etc.

The level of general and special entrepreneurial education. In this area, the United States has a significant competitive advantage, since more than 80% of the population at the appropriate age receive a special secondary and higher education and are second only to Canada (90%) in this indicator. According to statistics, entrepreneurs have a higher level of education than the national average. Researchers note an interesting phenomenon - among entrepreneurs in the United States, there are more people with incomplete higher education(about one third). At the same time, the best American colleges and universities in the 1990s. began to offer special courses on entrepreneurship. By 2000 their number had reached 125. In recent years, the introduction of educational programs designed to increase the level of knowledge in the field of entrepreneurship has begun in Russia. It should be noted that traditionally Russian entrepreneurs show a very high level of education (the level of activity of respondents with higher education exceeds the average for the sample by 2 times). However, along with Japanese entrepreneurs, Russian entrepreneurs show uncertainty in their knowledge and experience to start a business, respectively 13% and 18% of respondents. At the same time, in the developed countries of Western Europe and America, this figure ranges from 25 to 55% of the number of respondents. This fact explains the low number of people involved in entrepreneurial activity in Russia. It is significant that entrepreneurs from the Dominican Republic, Bolivia, and Peru demonstrate the greatest confidence in their knowledge (a level of more than 70%).

Opportunity to significantly increase personal income. The presence of a sufficiently high correlation between the general entrepreneurial activity and the difference in individual incomes was revealed. For most industrialized countries, the ratio of the total income of the richest 10% of taxpayers to the total income of the poorest 10% of the population is in the range of 5–10, in Russia (according to government statistics) in 2008 it reached 17. on the one hand, they provide the necessary savings for initial investment in start-up companies, on the other hand, they are a good target for ambitious entrepreneurs who want to increase their income level.

The attitude of society towards entrepreneurship. In order to widely use entrepreneurship as a resource for socio-economic development, it is necessary, among other things, to form the ideology of entrepreneurship in society, which is one of the tasks of the state. The whole world knows the American dream of such a "... public order when everyone can fully realize their abilities and thereby achieve the respect of others. In the US, it is prestigious to be an entrepreneur, he is a hero who managed to become independent and independent. R. Reig studied the honor factors of entrepreneurship in the USA and came to the conclusion that the reason for this is the absence of contradictions between entrepreneurial and civic culture. They have been successfully synthesized, which has become a determinant of ennoblement of entrepreneurial activity. If state views on the methods of solving economic problems are compatible with entrepreneurial interests, then a qualitative and quantitative rise in entrepreneurship is ensured. As a result, an entrepreneur in the United States is a national hero and role model.

In Russia, the situation is different, the entrepreneur is outside the law, he is not a hero. Based on the research of R. Reig, it can be stated that the reason for this is the contradiction between entrepreneurial and civic cultures. Domestic scientists (for example, I.G. Akperov, V.M. Emelyanov, Zh.V. Maslikova and others) testify that Russian entrepreneurs have a particularly pronounced complex of independence and autonomy. Cross-cultural studies have determined that Russian entrepreneurs are more alienated from society and psychologically protected from social disapproval than, for example, German ones. This is due to the development of Russian entrepreneurship in an unbalanced market, without real and consistent support from the state, in a socio-cultural environment of disapproval, and demonstrates an open opposition of business to the state and an extreme manifestation of individualism. At present, the situation has changed somewhat under the influence of the development of market relations and state policy. According to research, about 70% of the Russian population believe that an entrepreneur is respected in society (in the USA - 74%, in Finland, which is the leader in this indicator - 89%). Consequently, the negative attitude towards Russian entrepreneurs on the part of compatriots softened.

Developed business service infrastructure(lawyers, accountants, consultants who specialize in entrepreneurship). New high-growth companies tend to be underfunded and unable to hire full-time, high-skilled professionals and pay high rates, so they rely on third-party services. Comparative studies of the economic and socio-political situation in the leading industrialized countries have shown that such norms and characteristics as the openness of the economy, the country's participation in the international division of labor, the degree of state intervention in the regulation of markets, the level of development of managerial culture have a greater impact on the success of large companies and much less at the level of entrepreneurial initiative.

Thus, the identified factors affect the pace of the spread of entrepreneurship, determine its characteristic features, which must be taken into account when developing measures to develop entrepreneurship in the country.

Second phase- the process of entrepreneurship, transforming the society included in it. In the process of entrepreneurial activity, a psychologically important process occurs: the implementation and development of a person's entrepreneurial abilities. The problem of abilities is one of the most important in psychology. In the context of abilities, predisposition to entrepreneurial activity, leadership qualities of an entrepreneur, his communication skills, risk appetite, etc. are considered.

Entrepreneurs form a collection of heterogeneous groups, they include directors of privatized industrial giants, managers of small firms, chairmen of the boards of large banks, chief physicians of medical institutions, scientists and others. The fundamental differences between groups of entrepreneurs are related to the scale and scope of management, its technical and organizational level, the origin of capital and the nature of reproductive ties, and the degree of responsibility. Big business tends to be more stable, more closely linked to state structures, bears the burden of political rather than economic risk, and transcends national borders. All this sharply distinguishes him from the bulk of small and medium-sized entrepreneurs.

Social aspects of the process of entrepreneurial activity are manifested:

In creating the most efficient jobs;

In providing an opportunity for employees to realize their abilities, to provide a decent life for their families;

In creating a competitive environment, therefore, helping to reduce prices, improve the quality of goods and services, saturate the market with goods, and reduce shortages.

Consequently, entrepreneurial activity contributes not only to the realization of creative potential, but also to ambitions, the achievement of life goals, and as a result, an increase in the level of satisfaction of an individual. The mass nature of entrepreneurship, respectively, will improve the social climate at the level of the entire society.

Entrepreneurship in various areas of life can be the most shortcut to human welfare and prosperity. An increase in the material and cultural standard of living leads to an increase in cash income and savings that can be invested in a project and receive additional income. This factor contributes to the expansion of entrepreneurial activity, the accumulation of capital and an increase in the opportunities for entrepreneurship in solving large-scale problems, that is, it can develop into the ability to solve some social problems at the state level.

Like any process, entrepreneurship has negative social consequences. The desire to maximize profits, as one of the goals, may be reflected in the prices of goods and services, as well as their quality, which will lead to a decrease in the level and quality of life of the population. Therefore, every socially responsible entrepreneur is looking for a compromise between making a profit and the social consequences of their actions. In practice, this means that such an entrepreneur will not be engaged in any activity that brings even high profits (bright examples are drug and arms trafficking - socially unacceptable activities, but highly profitable).

third stage, includes the process of transforming society through entrepreneurial activity. One of the directions for the implementation of this process in practice is the social responsibility of business, which provides for the right of a person to make decisions and take actions according to his opinions and preferences, but he must be responsible for their consequences and cannot shift the blame for the negative results of his decisions and actions to others. Such an understanding of responsibility is expressed, for example, in solving environmental problems, taking care to comply with laws, even if it is possible to circumvent them. Thus, social responsibility is a contract between the entrepreneur and the society in which he operates.

Within the framework of the modular approach, the implementation of the social responsibility of business in three directions is considered in accordance with the selected modules. In the institutional module, the social responsibility of business is implemented through:

Compliance with the legislation of different levels;

Economic module - transparency of taxation, establishment of an appropriate rate of return;

Psychological module - the realization of human abilities.

Accordingly, in order to develop the sociality of entrepreneurship, the state needs to organize activities in the three indicated areas, creating conditions for enhancing the activities of entrepreneurs in solving social problems of society.

The positive effect of the socially responsible behavior of the entrepreneur is manifested in:

Creation of favorable long-term prospects for business;

Positive reaction of employees to the social activity of their enterprise, increase in labor productivity;

Increasing the attractiveness of enterprises for job seekers;

In facilitating the formation of friendly relations with the authorities and lobbying their interests;

Additional attractiveness for investors.

It should be noted that the above are voluntarily assumed responsibilities of companies. In accordance with the law, the entrepreneur is obliged to work, pay taxes and wages, and the state to deal with social problems. Here are the arguments against the participation of the enterprise in solving social problems: violation of the principle of profit maximization; the costs of social involvement are costs for the enterprise that are passed on to consumers in the form of price increases; insufficient level of accountability to the general public in the implementation of social activities; lack of ability to solve social problems.

Various levels of social responsibility are combinations of requirements and expectations from business on the part of society and the state and the benefits / disadvantages of social activity for business. The higher the level of social responsibility of companies, the more voluntarily assumed obligations.

One of the options for a compromise combination of profitability and sociality in entrepreneurial activity is the development of social entrepreneurship, which is an entrepreneurial activity aimed at mitigating or solving social problems. Social entrepreneurship, as a type of entrepreneurship, has the following features:

Willingness to take risks;

Ability to use the situation in the market;

The ability to move away from the narrow understanding of entrepreneurship as commerce and mobilize disparate resources to achieve the main goal.

The difference between them is:

In the introduction of new mechanisms for solving existing social problems;

Improving the level and quality of life of people affected by the activities of the entrepreneur.

At the same time, social entrepreneurship must be profitable, otherwise we are talking about a charitable organization.

Some foreign researchers of the personality of an entrepreneur believe that it is necessary to abandon the search for universal psychological characteristics of an entrepreneur, and those that have already been identified should be attributed to the characteristics of success in any professional activity. For example, R. Hisrich says that there is no such thing as a typical entrepreneurial profile. Entrepreneurs are not born: they develop. To this it should be added that, as in any professional activity, one can talk about the individual style of the entrepreneur's professional activity and its psychological structure. (see 7.3.). However, R. Hisrich, among the factors that significantly distinguish an entrepreneur from the rest of the population, identifies factors that serve as prerequisites for successful professional activity:

Family environment in childhood, meaning the environment of people engaged in entrepreneurial or near-entrepreneurial activities. What can contribute to its success young man further;

Education, as mentioned above;

Work experience, which adds to the success of any professional activity, and an entrepreneur is no exception;

Age (the optimal age for doing business is from 25 to 45-50 years old);

Personal values ​​(the desire for personal self-realization, material well-being, wealth, power, spiritual needs and aspirations, etc.)

Shifting the focus from the study of psychological traits to socio-psychological and socio-economic factors, R. Hisrich believes that the key moment in the formation of an entrepreneurial orientation of a person is social learning through the assimilation of role models of entrepreneurial behavior in childhood.

So, entrepreneurship directs social development towards social progress and contributes to the coordination of the interests of man and society, their "commensurability". It directly participates in the process of reproduction of social life.

The path to socially responsible Russian entrepreneurship does not lie through isolated cases of charity. It is necessary to create in society such a culture and morality that would help motivate business people to take care of the image of their activity, which is morally justified in the eyes of the majority of the population. Unfortunately, today in Russia there are no economic and legal incentives for activities to improve the skills of employees of enterprises, develop a system of non-state, including intra-company social protection, participation of companies in sponsorship and socially significant projects. The formation of such incentives is the task of the legislature, vocational education and the local community, which is gradually developing mechanisms for the ethical regulation of the activities of individuals and professional groups in a market economy, cultural and political pluralism.

In the complex Russian reality, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the Russian mentality and entrepreneurship development, the lack of tax incentives or benefits for socially responsible companies. Essence Awareness social function entrepreneurship, and most importantly - the real actions of the state and entrepreneurship, will create favorable conditions for harmonizing their interests, redistributing the burden of solving social problems of society.