Stamped forging. Forged items. Types of rims

How to buy products?

1. Open the required section on the site and select products according to standard sizes.

2. When you click on the size, the calculator is activated, where you can calculate the required product and completeness.

3. If you need a calculation according to your sizes - enter your sizes

4. After calculations in the calculator, put the product in the basket.

5. Place an order by entering information about yourself and the delivery address.

6. Receive an invoice and an offer contract for the manufacture of goods.

7. Delivery to the object of the goods is carried out by the transport of our logistics network.

8. Installation of products at the facility by prior arrangement.

For individuals and organizations 1

Attention at a great distance we do not make measurements! All measurements are the responsibility of the customer or contractor. It is required to take into account the clearances for counterparts, hinges, etc. The sizes are given executive on the edges of a cloth.

1. Decide on the model of gates, fences, railings, etc.

2. Decide on the size. If you are satisfied with the standard sizes, choose them. If additional accessories are required, also determine what is required. If you need to manufacture according to your size, recalculate in the calculator.

3. Make a calculation in the calculator for each product. To calculate, you need to click on the required size or select according to your size. In the calculator, select the required components. If you cannot decide what you need, read the instructions on the website or call the office for advice.

4. After the calculations, put the goods in the basket and fill in your data to place an order.

For individuals and organizations 2

5. After the formation of the order, we create an invoice and an agreement for you in electronic form.

6. Payment can be within the framework of the invoice from 60% of the initial payment or immediately 100%. Second payment on completion. Attention! The goods will be sent to the customer subject to 100% payment on the invoice.

7. The goods are brought to your site by transport companies from our logistics network. It is required to accept the goods and carry out unloading by the customer. Driver alone. Delivery on schedule transport company. There is no office pickup.

8. If the installation is ordered, the team leaves on the day of the preliminary agreement. The amount for installation on the site is preliminary. Not included in invoice payment. Calculation for the installation separately, at the installation site with the foreman. The minimum cost of the brigade's departure for installation is 8000 rubles.

General terms and conditions

1. We work at low prices. The minimum order amount is 12000r. The order amount to receive the red price is from 130,000 rubles. Delivery time 2-3 weeks, depending on the workload of production.

2. Delivery of goods to your site throughout Russia. The amount of delivery depends on the volume of the order and the distance from the production.

3. Installation of products. The amount is calculated depending on the volume of the order, the complexity of installation and the distance from the Moscow Ring Road. Installation of products by our company is carried out only in Moscow and the Moscow region. There is no office pickup.

4. Before ordering, you must determine the size of the products. Before ordering, you need to calculate the required dimensions and gaps yourself or get advice from the office on your opening dimensions.

5. Departure of the manager-measurer for the conclusion of the contract is possible. Departure is paid depending on the distance from the office. We do not go to the budget gates.

For construction organizations

We work with construction organizations, contracts and private teams.

If you need advice on installation or sizing, call us, we will advise.

The site contains instructions for assembling various products, as well as for altering standard sizes of gates and fences to fit your opening.

See instructions on the next page.

Having the desire to change appearance car, or simply faced with the need to replace wheels, the car owner is faced with a dilemma of which type of wheels to give preference to. And since modern market literally overflowing with a wide variety of models of eminent and completely unknown manufacturers, we will try to help in solving this issue. So, which discs are better, and what is their difference?

Types of rims

Let's start by looking at different types of car rims, the reliability and strength of which directly depends on the material used in their manufacture, as well as the production method.

stamped discs

Budget cars in the initial configurations are most often equipped with stamped rims made of steel. Such models are made from metal rolled sheets of a certain thickness. In this case, the blanks for the hub and the rim in the hot state are separately subjected to press processing, after which they are formed ready product through welding.
In this case, the use of rolled steel guarantees the disks high strength and ductility, which are the main advantage of such models. With a strong impact, they do not crack, but bend, which allows for restoration or repair, even without the use of specialized tools and equipment.
However, it is impossible to unequivocally state that stamped discs are certainly better than their expensive counterparts, since their low cost and maintainability are opposed by a significant mass, which increases suspension wear, reduces efficiency and ride comfort. It is for this reason that almost all stamped models have special holes to reduce their weight. But even in this case, steel wheels are 2-3 times heavier than alloy wheels.

You also need to remember that steel is subject to corrosion, which can render the disc unusable in just a couple of years of operation. To avoid this, steel wheels are coated with a special varnish or primer, which, however, are not able to create an ideal protective layer.
Well, another drawback is the outdated design, which rarely harmonizes with the exterior of a modern vehicle.

Alloy wheels

When buying a new car, you should decide which wheels to give preference to. At the same time, most experts recommend choosing, of course, if you have finances.
Alloy models are made using classic casting, when the alloy is poured into a mold prepared in advance. When produced by this method, the boundary between the disc and the rim is completely leveled, which increases the durability and reliability of the entire structure.

The material for alloy wheels in most cases is an aluminum alloy, which may include titanium or magnesium. Cast models are significantly superior in strength to stamped counterparts, since their deformation limit is significantly higher. In other words, to damage such a wheel, the required impact energy must be increased by a factor of 3–5.
On the other hand, the ductility of non-ferrous alloys is lower than that of steel. And this aspect provokes great difficulties, if necessary. In this case, improvised means are not enough. Requires a whole set professional works including hot rolling, argon welding, drawing, etc. Necessary equipment it is expensive, and therefore repairs will not be cheap. In addition, when heated, the alloy of alloy wheels changes the molecular structure. As a result, the wheel loses strength, and often becomes unsuitable for further use.

Alloy wheels, due to their low weight, provide a high level of reliability, safety, comfort and economy, not to mention that they look great. In addition, they are not afraid of corrosion, with the exception of magnesium alloy models, which are gradually destroyed by moisture if the multi-layer coating is missing or damaged.
The advantages of the models under consideration can also be attributed to the geometric accuracy of manufacturing, which improves the handling of the car.

Forged wheels

Immediately, we note that mechanical forging, through which these products are made, has nothing to do with manual forging. In fact, this is the same stamping, in which light-alloy blanks are used instead of sheet iron. The main difference from the creation of steel discs is the use of high temperature and the use of other forms.

Forged wheels are made from non-ferrous alloys, which, compared to cast models, contain a much higher proportion of high-strength components (titanium or magnesium). While casting implies a violation of the molecular structure of the metal, due to its complete melting, this does not happen when forging a heated billet. As a result, discs are stronger, more durable and more reliable. Practice has shown that a strong blow received while driving is more likely to harm the suspension of the car than the integrity of the forged disk.

You can notice the difference between forged and cast products in their mass. The former will be lighter by 10-25%, which allows them to demonstrate better fuel efficiency and comfort, as well as provide less wear on the chassis.
Experts believe that forged wheels have only one drawback, which is expressed in the high cost of the product, which is determined by the peculiarities of the manufacturing process.

What to choose?

In the case when you live in the city and move only on good roads, but do not want to spend extra money, alloy wheels will be the best option. Moreover, the car market today offers many high-quality models at an affordable price, the best of which are products of European, Russian and South Korean production, and the worst, respectively, of Chinese and Turkish.

Those who love speed and are not able to ride otherwise should take a closer look at forged wheels, which have more strength and less weight. In addition, connoisseurs of tuning and people with high incomes adore these products.

As for stamped steel wheels, they are often chosen for driving on poor roads, used as a replacement for cast models in the winter season, and also used to equip cars a la "workhorse". These discs are inexpensive and allow for unaided repairs even in the field.

Forging called the processing of metal in a plastic state, static or dynamic pressure. During forging, both the external shape and the structure of the metal change. The product obtained by forging is called forging. There are two types of forging: free and in stamps.

Forging is performed either by impact (dynamic) action on the metal, where the energy of the falling parts of the hammer is used (mechanical forging), or by slow (static) action, where press pressure is used.

free forging

Free forging is used in serial and small-scale production. Forging operations include drawing, upsetting, bending, punching, piercing, cutting, etc.

When drawing the length of the forging is increased by reducing its cross section. A variation of the hood is a broach, in which the workpiece is turned over after each blow.

Draft- operation, the reverse of the hood. During upsetting, the cross section of the forging increases due to the height.

Holes are pierced using a punch, called a piercing. A through hole or recess is obtained by firmware - (blind firmware). On fig.3 7 diagrams of some free forging operations are given.

Forging is carried out on forging hammers or hydraulic presses.

Hammers- machines of dynamic, shock impact. The duration of deformation on them is thousandths of a second. The metal is deformed due to the energy accumulated by the moving (falling) parts of the hammer by the time they collide with the workpiece. One of the main types of forging hammers are steam hammers.

Hydraulic presses - machines of static action; the duration of the deformation is a few seconds. The metal is deformed by the application of a force generated by the fluid supplied to the working cylinder of the press.

Fig.38. Schemes of forging operations: a - two-sided firmware, b-through

stitching, v-stitching, g-cutting, d-axes, e-bending,

w-stamping in backing dies, h-broach

Stamping

Forging is called forging in steel molds-stamps. The performance of stamping is ten times greater than free forging. In addition, stamping achieves significantly greater dimensional accuracy and surface finish than free forging. However, stamping is beneficial only in mass and serial production, because the cost of manufacturing a stamping tool is justified only when a large batch of parts is manufactured. Stamping is hot and cold, bulk and sheet.

Hot forging(forging in stamps). If, during free forging, the metal pressed by the strikers from above and below can freely flow to the sides, then during stamping, the flow of metal is limited by the surfaces of the stamp, and the workpiece takes the form of its shaped cavity (stream).

allowance for machining in hot die forging, about half as much as in free forging. Hot stamping is carried out on hammers and forging machines.

Hammer stamping- the most common method of hot stamping. Stamp ( rice.39 ,a) consists of two parts: upper 1 and lower 2. The lower part is mounted on a stamp holder installed on the shabot, and the upper part is in the woman; fastening of each part of the stamp is carried out by a wedge and a key. Attachment points are made in the form of a dovetail. Both parts have cavities constituting a groove that matches the shape of the forging.

Rice.3 9. Stamping of gear blanks in a single-strand die

For stamping, the workpiece is heated to the forging temperature and placed in the lower cavity 2 of the stamp. Under the impact of the upper part of the die, the metal flows and fills the stream. Excess metal is squeezed out of the stream into the annular cavity and forms the so-called flash (burr) 3 ( rice.39 ,b), which contributes to a better filling of the die cavity, preventing further metal flow in the cavity of the die connector. Burrs are cut on a press in a special cutting die in a hot or cold state. According to the number of strands, the stamps are divided into single-strand and multi-strand.

Single Strand Dies used for the manufacture of simple products and for stamping blanks previously prepared by free forging. This preparation consists in bringing the billet shape closer to that of the finished forging.

Multi-strand dies have blanking, stamping and cutting strands. In the procurement streams, the operations of drawing and bending are performed, in the stamping streams - giving the final shape to the workpiece, in the cutting sections of the stamping from the bar (rolled workpiece).

Procurement streams are located along the edges of the stamp, and stamping in the middle. On the rice.40 a multi-strand stamp is shown, as well as sketches of the original workpiece, its deformation during successive stamping transitions and the finished forging. The workpiece first enters the broaching stream 4, where it is pulled. Then it is deformed in the rolling strand 3 for thickening at the ends, then it is transferred to the bending strand 1, after which it is stamped first in the preliminary strand 2, and then in the final strand 5.

Rice.4 0. Multi-stranded stamp

In recent years, it has been spreading flashless stamping in closed stamps. At the same time, significant metal savings are achieved, there is no need for trimming presses and dies, as well as flash trimming, and the mechanical properties of forgings increase. For hot stamping, crank presses, friction and steam-air hammers are used.

Stamping on horizontal forging machines ( GCM). Unlike hammers, forging machines have a slider that moves horizontally, which is why these machines are called horizontal forging machines. Such machines are used for the manufacture of forgings in the form of hollow or solid rods with a thickening (bolts, rivets, etc.), as well as for the manufacture of ring-shaped forgings (bushings, nuts, rings).

These machines are highly productive, provide greater precision than hammer stamping, and produce almost no waste.

Rice.4 1. The scheme of stamping the ring on the GCM

Stamping on the GCM is usually reduced to the operation of upsetting a heated rolled billet. The stamp has two streams. In the first stream, landing is carried out to obtain the outer contour of the ring ( rice.4 1,a), in the second stream ( rice.4 1b) punch P stitches and ejects the workpiece. The pressure developed by the GCM ranges from 500 to 3000 kN.

Rice.4 2. Scheme of cutting sheet material

Cold stamping it is used for products made of sheet steel, aluminum and its alloys, copper, brass, etc. Simple stamping is reduced to cutting, drawing and bending. Complex stamping is a combination of the above operations.

felling used for the manufacture of flat parts from a sheet; the shape of the contour can be any: circle, square, etc. Holes can also be punched with this method. The die for punching has two main parts ( fig.42): die 4 and punch 1.

When moving down, the punch 1 cuts off part of the workpiece with the sharp edges of the working contour. During the reverse movement, the rest of the workpiece 3 rests against the puller 2 and is removed from the punch.

Hood get hollow products from sheet blanks. The workpiece with a diameter D is placed in the groove of the matrix ( rice.4 3a) and pulled out with a punch into a glass ( fig.43,b). In order not to cut the workpiece, the edges of the punch are rounded.

Rice.4 3. Scheme of drawing from a sheet blank

If the gap a between the matrix and the punch is equal to the thickness of the workpiece, then the wall thickness of the product remains the same; if this gap is smaller, then the walls become thinner. To locally change the shape, for example, to obtain stiffeners, the workpiece is additionally molded in dies.

Cold stamping is done by mechanical crank, hydraulic or friction presses.

To remove hardening, some products are annealed. If they are stamped in several transitions with a large deformation, then they are annealed repeatedly.

Before proceeding with the manufacture of a part, the material from which it should be made is turned into blanks. They try to get blanks so that their shape and dimensions are as close as possible to the shapes and dimensions of the finished part. This allows you to reduce the consumption of materials and electricity, increase labor productivity.

Depending on the nature of the material, the purpose of the part, the required accuracy of its manufacture, etc., blanks are obtained by casting, forging, stamping, upsetting, rolling, drawing, and other methods.

Casting. The molten liquid metal is poured into special molds, after the metal cools down and the molds are split (or destroyed), a billet (casting) of a given configuration and size is obtained.

Blanks are cast from cast iron, steel, non-ferrous metals and alloys in various ways: in sand, metal and shell molds, under pressure, according to investment patterns, centrifugal.

Sand casting quite common, since the cost of such molds is much less than with other casting methods. Sand molds are made from molding sand, which includes sand, clay and special additives.

Metal it is possible to pour into such a mold only once, since after receiving the casting, the mold is destroyed. Therefore, this casting method is inefficient and, in addition, gives less accuracy compared to other casting methods.

Casting in metal molds (molds) is more productive, since it allows multiple pouring of metal into one mold. This provides a higher surface roughness parameter and more accurate workpiece dimensions.

Shell casting- a relatively new method of casting blanks and parts from ferrous and non-ferrous metals, in which the mold is made from mixtures containing thermosetting resins. The molding mixture is applied to the surface of a heated metal model, as a result of which the thermosetting resin is melted and a pre-hardened mold (crust) 5-7 mm thick is formed on the model. Then the model with a slightly hardened shell is placed in an electric furnace, where the final hardening of the mold takes place. After that, the mold is removed from the model and sent for pouring with metal.

Ease of manufacturing shell molds, a significant reduction in machining allowances, and high dimensional accuracy of castings of complex configuration (±0.2 mm per 100 mm length) are the main advantages of this method.

Injection molding especially common in the production of electrical and radio equipment and other similar products. The essence of this method lies in the fact that liquid metal is fed into a metal mold under pressure in special injection molding machines, due to which it fills all its cavities well. Injection molding is used to obtain cast billets of complex shape from non-ferrous alloys with various protrusions, tides and holes.

Investment casting based on the use of models that are made in metal molds by filling them with a paraffin-stearin mixture. The models obtained in this way are covered with a thin layer of a special liquid mass and fine quartz sand, dried and calcined in an electric furnace. In this case, the paraffin stearin mixture flows out of the mold, which is then used to produce precision metal parts.

In this way, very accurate and clean castings are obtained. A feature of this casting method is that it allows you to get not only blanks, but also finished parts of complex shape without further machining.

With centrifugal casting liquid metal is poured into a mold that rapidly rotates around a vertical or horizontal axis. This method is most effective in obtaining ring-shaped blanks, pipes, gears, etc.

Forging and hot stamping. In these processes, the heated metal is treated by impact or pressure, using hammers and forging machines. If the heated metal is processed without special forms (dies), then the process is called free forging, if in stamps - hot stamping.

With hot stamping, much less time is spent on the manufacture of blanks than with free forging. In this case, the blanks are obtained more accurate in shape and size, with smaller allowances for further machining.

Cold stamping. This is the process of obtaining blanks and parts from sheet, strip and strip material by cutting, bending, drawing, flanging in dies on presses.

The cold stamping method is very productive and is widely used in various types of production. With different methods of obtaining blanks, the allowance for their processing will be different.