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Production is the central link of the enterprise, in which the final product is created, which has the specified consumer properties.

An industrial enterprise is an independent economic entity created in the manner prescribed by law for the production of products, the performance of work and the provision of services in order to meet public needs and make a profit. It independently carries out its activities, disposes of its products, profits received, remaining after paying taxes and other obligatory payments. Relations of the enterprise with other enterprises, organizations, institutions, state and municipal government and citizens are regulated by law. The production process is a set of separate processes carried out to obtain raw materials, semi-finished products, components of labor tools, objects of labor and consumption, as well as its parts.

Production is engaged in the materialization of scientific developments, the results of discoveries, inventions, the reproduction of material and spiritual benefits. The determining role of the production of products, goods, services is the most complete satisfaction of the needs of man and society as a whole with high-quality means of production, consumer goods and other economic benefits life support. Normally developing production should increase the pace of production, improve the material well-being of the people.

Production, solving the problem of output, simultaneously solves the problem of spiritual benefits, the development of the social sphere.

To social sphere it is customary to attribute economic objects and processes, types economic activity directly related and related to the way of life of people, the consumption of material and spiritual goods by the population, the satisfaction of the needs of a person, family, team and society as a whole. These are institutions of culture, medicine, art, science, education, etc., for which production creates a material and technical base.

The needs of people tend to increase the consumption of products in quantitative and qualitative terms, which pushes production to increase the output of products with enhanced consumer properties. Thus, consumption spurs production and excites the entire reproductive cycle, transforming simple production into extended production.

The main factors of the continuously repeating process of reproduction of material goods include labor force (labor), fixed production assets (fixed capital), material resources, and scientific and information potential.

Recruitment is one of the main problems of the successful operation of the enterprise. The fate of the company depends on the quality of their work. Proper selection of employees and subsequently working with them can remove many potential problems and help create a favorable relationship between the leader and the team.

The daily work with personnel at the enterprise consists in assessing the need for personnel, hiring, training, monitoring, assessing the quality of work of employees, managing them, planning personnel policy, encouraging good work.

Incorrect determination of the need for personnel or selection of them can lead to their inefficient work, for example, due to the fact that they are more suitable for another business. You can hire employees by acquaintance. This can give a better idea of ​​their abilities, attitude to work, self-discipline, responsibility, loyalty and devotion. When hiring and working with personnel, legal requirements must be observed.

When evaluating the quality of the work of personnel, it is necessary to analyze the performance of its work for any period, note successes, make comments on identified shortcomings, identify tasks for the future, give employees the opportunity to speak out on the results of assessing the quality of their work, discuss any complaints or issues of discipline.

Equally important is the choice of partners or business partners. This applies both to their personal qualities and to the assessment of their potential partnership and collectivist qualities in entrepreneurship. Underestimation and overestimation can lead to the collapse of the business, the company, the loss of credibility or problems with the criminal code.

relationship with the state, financial system, specific representatives of the executive branch should be built on strict observance of legal norms.

Behavior in entrepreneurship should contribute to the creation and maintenance of one's own image, credibility with the consumer and in business circles, and an increase in the reputation of a reliable and honest partner. But at the same time, you should always remember about trade secrets.

It is possible to avoid dishonesty of partners and business partners by preliminary finding out information about them, their reputation in the business world, their operations and transactions. It is equally important to draw up a contract correctly, including sanctions for non-fulfillment of mutual obligations.

Personnel are the most important component of the material and production base. They are directly related to the production process, make up the industrial production personnel (PPP), which consists of workers, specialists and maintenance personnel. The main part of the PPP - workers. Under the influence of scientific and technological progress, structural changes are taking place in the distribution of workers and specialists by industry.

The category of workers includes workers who are directly involved in the production process of manufacturing products. In turn, workers are divided into main and auxiliary. The main workers are those who directly carry out the technological processes of manufacturing products. Auxiliary workers include workers servicing the technological processes of the main and auxiliary (manufacturing of technological equipment, non-standard equipment, tools, etc.) production, as well as transport workers, electricians, oilers, tool distributors, workers repairing various equipment.

The category of specialists is made up of employees who perform the functions of management, technological and organizational and planning management of production (director, his deputies, shop managers and their deputies, employees of departments and departments of shops, foremen, designers, technologists, economists, planners, rate-setters, etc.), as well as personnel performing the functions of accounting, planning, supply, marketing, staffing, employees of administrative and economic departments, employees involved in consumer services for all employees (elevators, cloakroom attendants, cleaners, etc.).

The mechanization and automation of production processes, the equipping of production with new equipment change the nature of labor and increase the requirements for the qualifications of workers. In a market economy, the requirements for personnel are growing. Only those workers and specialists who know their business, have a conscientious attitude to work, and are concerned not only for their own, but also for the collective final results of the company's activities, can find a stable job. Fixed production assets play an important role in ensuring the efficient operation of production. These are the means of production, the material basis of it. The economic essence of fixed production assets lies in the fact that they do not lose their properties immediately, but gradually, therefore, they fully compensate for their natural form through a series of production cycles.

The most important role in the production process is played by means of labor: power machines and equipment, working machines and equipment, measuring and control instruments, devices and laboratory equipment, computers, other machines and equipment. They, acting on the objects of labor, change their natural-material form and properties, ensure an uninterrupted flow technological process in regulated settings. Given the role of machines, equipment and other tools listed above in the production process, they are called the active part of the production apparatus. The passive part includes buildings, structures, transmission devices, vehicles, as they participate indirectly in the production process. Buildings and structures, for example, create conditions for the effective functioning of active tools.

To account and analyze the work of fixed assets, a system of indicators is used, the most important of which is capital productivity.

Material resources (objects of labor) - raw materials, materials, fuel, all types of energy, etc. - participate in the production cycle once, completely change their material-natural form and immediately transfer their entire value to the finished product. This is the economic essence of the objects of labor (revolving funds). At cost industrial products working capital accounts for 70-90%. Improving their use can significantly reduce production costs.

Scientific and information potential. Informational resources include scientific, technical and economic information used or intended for use in product design, scientific and technological preparation of production and in the manufacture of products. Other production resources (objects of labor) can be used exchange information, tools of labor - price lists. Sources of scientific and technical information can be patent descriptions, industry scientific and scientific and technical journals, reference books, monographs.

Regulatory information is contained in Civil Code Russian Federation, bulletins of normative acts of ministries and departments of the Russian Federation, documents of the Council of Customs Cooperation, codes of civil and private law foreign countries, international agreements and conventions, standards, technical requirements and conditions for the products of individual foreign countries.

Constant reproduction production factors taking into account the increasing requirements for their consumer value, is the driving force behind the developing economy.

Introduction

In recent years in Russian Federation livestock production has sharply decreased and, as a result, imports of meat products have increased to unacceptable levels.

One of the reasons for the decrease in the production of meat products is the deterioration in the quality of feed and the increase in their cost, which is caused by the almost complete stoppage of enterprises producing feed protein due to their uncompetitiveness with the changed price structure. Today, feed protein is almost entirely imported.

However, there is an alternative solution to the problem of improving feed quality. It is known that protein deficiency can be compensated by introducing essential amino acids into the feed, and first of all, the deficiency of the amino acid that is in a relative minimum is eliminated, then the next one, and so on, because. weight gain is determined not by the total protein content, but by the content of the most deficient essential amino acid in it. The order of limitation is determined by the feed components used and the requirements for amino acids in animals and poultry. The amino acid composition of feed ingredients and the requirements for various amino acids have been well studied and known for a long time.

So, for cereal grains and all farm animals and poultry, the limiting amino acids are methionine, lysine, tryptophan and threonine.

Currently in Russia agriculture poultry farming is the leading industry. When feeding poultry, the first limiting amino acid is lysine, the second is methionine, which is produced both in Russia and abroad by chemical synthesis, and is supplied to the Russian market in sufficient quantities.

The effect of the use of essential amino acids, in particular L-lysine, is based on the fact that cereal protein - the main component of feed for farm animals and poultry - has an unfavorable composition of amino acids that form it. One of them - L-lysine- is in short supply and cannot be synthesized in the animal body.

Usually, the deficiency is eliminated by introducing the so-called. "Protein" (protein) additives rich in L-lysine - such as fish and meat and bone meal, soybean and sunflower meal, hydrolysis and fodder yeast. However, the deficiency, as mentioned above, can also be eliminated simply by introducing an appropriate amount of crystalline L-lysine into the feed.

Recently, the consumption of L-lysine has been intensively growing in developed countries - 12-15% growth annually - and today it has approached 500 thousand tons / year. Before the start of economic reforms, the USSR was the largest producer of L-lysine (up to 1/3 of world production in the mid-80s).

Characteristics of the final product of production

Lysine is an essential amino acid that is part of almost any protein, it is necessary for growth, tissue repair, production of antibodies, hormones, enzymes, albumins.

It has now been established that lysine in the body is not only a structural element of protein, but also performs a number of important biochemical functions - it is a precursor of carnitine and oxylysine, promotes the transport of calcium and strontium into cells, etc.

It has been proven that lysine improves appetite, promotes the secretion of digestive enzymes, and prevents dental caries in children.

L-lysine is mainly used as a feed additive due to the low amount of this amino acid in plant foods.

In addition, it was proposed to use lysine preparations as food attractants to disorientate wireworm larvae.

Lysine pantothenate can be used against leukopenia. Salts of phytic acid and lysine, oxylysine have antianemic and anabolic effects. Lysine acetylaspartate can be used to treat myocardium, intoxications of endogenous or exogenous origin, liver diseases, etc.

The cells of microorganisms formed after fermentation, along with the mother liquors, are usually utilized into a protein feed product according to the fodder yeast production technology.

Lysine(2,6-diaminohexanoic acid) is an aliphatic amino acid with pronounced base properties; essential amino acid. Lysine is known as two optically active D- and L-forms. Colorless crystals. Natural L-lysine ( t pl 224--225 ° C, with decomposition) we will dissolve well in water, acids and bases, poorly - in alcohol. Isolated in 1889 from casein hydrolyzate, synthesized in 1902; is part of almost all proteins of animal and plant origin (a large amount of lysine is found in histones and protamines, in a small amount - in cereal proteins. The absence of lysine in food slows down growth in children, in adults leads to a negative nitrogen balance and disruption of the normal functioning of the body The daily requirement for lysine in adults is 23 mg/kg body weight, in infants - 170 mg/kg.

Chemical formula: C 6 H 14 N 2 O 2

The main requirement when calculating GDP and GNP indicators is that all goods and services produced in a year are taken into account only once, that is, that only final products are taken into account in the calculation, and intermediate products that can be bought and resold many times are not taken into account. GDP and GNP reflect the results of activities in 2 areas of the national economy - material production and services; both are defined as the value of the total volume of final production of goods and services in the economy for 1 year (quarter, month). End products are goods and services that are bought by consumers for final use and not for resale. Intermediate products are goods and services that are further processed or resold several times before reaching end user. If we sum up the goods and services produced in the country in all sectors of the economy, then repeated repeated counting is inevitable, significantly distorting the real volume of the gross domestic product produced. Let's take the following illustrative example. For example, grain grown in agriculture, before turning into the final product - bread, goes through four stages of processing:

1. collection, threshing and sorting of grain in agriculture;
2. cleaning, drying and storage in elevators;
3. grinding grain in mills;
4. baking bread at the bakery.

If we assume that the price of grain produced in agriculture is "P" units, then during its processing and processing at the next three stages, this price is included three more times in the production costs at the elevator, mill and bakery, and, ultimately, four times summed up when calculating the volume of production. In fact, the real value created at each stage of grain processing and covering the cost of production and income should appear only in the form wages, depreciation and profit of this particular enterprise. Therefore, to avoid repeated counting, GDP and GNP should act as the cost of final goods and services and include only the value created (added) at each intermediate stage of processing.

"Pannuvladinum" - sresies.

VFS RK 42-1257-04.

Tetracycline

Tetracycline

active substances:

tetracycline 10 mg;
Excipients:

lanolin anhydrous

Description.

Microscopy.

Indications for use.

Blepharitis (inflammation of the eyelids);

Contraindications

Childhood up to 8 years

Side effects

allergic reactions

Hyperemia and edema of veins

Methods of application and doses

Overdose

Not identified

Storage conditions

Shelf life

Terms of dispensing from pharmacies

Over the counter

Chemical scheme of production

In the production of the collection of medicinal plant raw materials "Pannuvadin" chemical transformations do not occur.

Technology system production

Product certification

Tetracycline Lanolin Vaseline Tubalards

toltyruga dayyndau

Өlsheu Өlsheu Өlsheu Zhuu

Balkytu Sterildeu

Sterildeu

Negizdin kuramyna engizu

Homogenizationlau

Sapasyn bagalau

Bolshekteu

Oramdau cardboard pack

Dayyn onim

Hardware scheme of production and specification of equipment

Scheme number	Name of equipment	Number of units	Working part material	Technical specifications
VR-1 Preparation of raw materials
UWB	Shelf dryer		Collection	Overall dimensions 6000x500x2800 cm. Number of shelves 24. Pallet dimensions 1300x1200x30 cm with mesh at the bottom, mesh size 2x2 mm. Electric heating with a thermostat, using a closed-type battery (PBZ-2) - 4 pcs. Power 2 kW. BB-300 type fan - 2 pcs., power 0.3 kW.
KDU-1	Feed crusher universal		Collection	Chopper type KDU-2m. The installed power of the electric motor is 15 kW. Blade rotation speed 2800 rpm. Grinding degree from 1 to 4 mm
KS	Sieve set		stainless steel Steel
TP-1. Receipt of the finished product
Sun 1	Scales		Collection	Scales. Weighing limits 0 -160 kg. Division value 200 g.
Sun 2	Scales		Collection	Scales are technical. Weighing limits 0.1-200 g Scale division 0.1 g.
cm 1	Mixer for vegetable raw materials		Collection	Drum mixer. The installed power of the electric motor is 3 kW. Drum rotation speed 9 rpm.
UMO-1. Packaging, labeling and clearance
Sru-1	Manual packaging and clearance table			Designed for manual packaging and labeling

VR-I. Raw material preparation

VR-I. 2. Grinding and sieving of medicinal

vegetable raw materials

Crushers of the KDU-2m type are used for grinding vegetable raw materials. Sifting pieces of leaves and stems various shapes carried out through a sieve with a hole with a diameter of 3-4 mm.

Before operation, the crusher and the set of sieves are freed from dust and mechanical impurities. Be sure to check the grounding of the equipment and the presence of casings. Operators servicing this equipment must be provided with respirators or gauze bandages that protect the upper respiratory tract, as well as goggles.

a) Grinding and sifting peppermint leaves

4 kg of peppermint leaves with a moisture content of not more than 14% enter production at the stage VR-1.2 “Crushing of medicinal plant materials”. After crushing and sifting, 3.96 kg of crushed peppermint leaves were obtained.

Losses amounted to 1%.

b) Grinding plantain leaves

4 kg of plantain leaves with a moisture content of not more than 14% enter production at the stage VR-1.2 “Crushing of medicinal plant raw materials”. Crushers of the KDU-2m type are used for grinding vegetable raw materials. Sifting pieces of leaves and stems of various shapes through a sieve with a hole with a diameter of 3-4 mm. After crushing and sieving, 3.96 kg of crushed plantain leaves were obtained.

Losses amounted to 1%.

c) Grinding herb wormwood

20 kg of wormwood herb with a moisture content of not more than 13% enters production at stage VR-1.2 “Crushing of medicinal plant raw materials”. Crushers of the KDU-2m type are used for grinding vegetable raw materials. Sifting pieces of leaves and stems of various shapes through a sieve with a hole with a diameter of 3-4 mm. After crushing and sifting, 3.96 kg of crushed wormwood herb was obtained.

Losses amounted to 1%.

d) Grinding the grass of Gerard's rush

4 kg of Sitnik Gerard herb with a moisture content of not more than 12% enters production at the stage VR-1.2 “Crushing of medicinal plant raw materials”. Crushers of the KDU-2m type are used for grinding vegetable raw materials. Sifting pieces of leaves and stems of various shapes through a sieve with a hole with a diameter of 3-4 mm. After crushing and sieving, 3.96 kg of crushed herb Sitnik Gerard was obtained.

Losses amounted to 1%.

e) Grinding herb cochia broom

4 kg of cochia broom herb with a moisture content of not more than 14% enters production at the stage VR-1.1 “Crushing of medicinal plant raw materials”. Crushers of the KDU-2m type are used for grinding vegetable raw materials. Sifting pieces of leaves and stems of various shapes through a sieve with a hole with a diameter of 3-4 mm. After crushing and sifting, 3.96 kg of crushed kochia broom herb was obtained.

Losses amounted to 1%.

Large inclusions of stems and roots of plants larger than 10 mm after sifting through sieves with a diameter of 7 mm amounted to no more than 1% of the mass of the processed medicinal raw materials. This fraction in the form of waste is taken out by road to the dump.

Gathering "Pannuvladin"

The collection is packaged with a mass of 10 g in plastic bags according to GOST 12302. Eight plastic bags are placed in a pack of chrome-ersatz cardboard TU 13-0281020-97-90 or cardboard for consumer packaging in accordance with GOST 7933-89. The packs are wrapped with a film of the PC-2 brand (Certificate of Conformity No. KK.646092.01.0107279).

Group and shipping containers in accordance with GOST 17768-90.

Marking. On the pack indicate the Republic of Kazakhstan, Aldiyar-Pharm LLP, TsAAMB LLP, the legal address of the manufacturer, the name of the collection in the state, Latin and Russian languages, the method of application, storage conditions, the amount of the drug in grams, the inscription "Products passed radiation control ”, series, expiration date.

Packages that do not meet the requirements are torn apart. Raw materials are released from packaging, inspected and repackaged.

Product losses during packaging are 3%, i.e. 0.6 kg.

Packing angro 50 kg. Packed in fabric bags according to GOST 19317-73 or flax-jutokenaf according to GOST 18225-72. When packing raw materials in double bags, one bag is first inserted into the other. Bags filled with raw materials must be sewn manually with bast fiber twine in accordance with GOST 17308-85 or linen threads in accordance with GOST 14961-85 stitches at least 2 cm or machine-made with a chain double seam.

When sewing the bag by machine, a comb with a width of at least 5 cm must remain above the seam. When sewing the bag manually, two ears with a length of at least 10 cm must be made in the upper part of the bags. When packing raw materials in double bags, both bags are sewn simultaneously. Bags must be sewn with a cross seam: first they are sewn in one direction, then in the opposite direction - with stitches at a distance of no more than 4 cm. The mass of raw materials packed in a bag must be 50 kg net. Shipping container marking in accordance with GOST 14192-96.

Transportation in accordance with GOST 17768-90.

material balance

Security environment

Air emissions

Release name

Name of emission sources (stages, devices, ventilation units)

The amount of emission per 1 kg of products, kg

Periodicity of emission per day, hour.

Emission sources and gas-air mixture parameters

Emission regulations

Actual emission value

Number of sources

Height, m

Diameter, m

Volume, m3

Temperature, 0 C

Name of indicators of permissible emissions

unit of measurement

The value of the standard

There are no emissions polluting the environment in the production of the medicinal collection "Pannuvadin"

Characteristics of the final product of production

Pannuvladin – d¸ðiëiê ¼ñiìäiê shikiçattardy» zhyynty¹û.

Pannuvladin - collection of medicinal plant materials

"Pannuvladinum" - sresies.

VFS RK 42-1257-04.

Tetracycline

Tetracycline

Composition per 1 g of the drug, in milligrams:
active substances:

tetracycline 10 mg;
Excipients:

lanolin anhydrous

Description.

Microscopy.

Vaseline - Homogeneous, odorless ointment mass stretching with threads, from white to yellow. When smeared on a glass plate, it gives an even, non-slip film. When melted, it gives a clear liquid with a slight odor of paraffin or oil.

Lanoloin - A thick, viscous yellow or brownish-yellow mass, with a peculiar smell, melting at a temperature of 36 - 42 ° C. It differs from other waxes by its high content of sterols (in particular, cholesterol). It is well absorbed into the skin and has a softening effect. The composition of lanolin is very complex and has not been fully studied to date. Basically, it is a mixture of esters of macromolecular alcohols (cholesterol, isocholesterol, etc.) with higher fatty acids (myristic, palmitic, cerotinic, etc.) and free macromolecular alcohols. According to its properties, lanolin is close to human sebum. In chemical terms, it is quite inert, neutral and stable during storage. The most valuable property of lanolin is its ability to emulsify up to 180-200% (of its own weight) of water, up to 140% of glycerol and about 40% of ethanol (70% concentration) to form water/oil type emulsions. Additives of a small amount of lanolin to fats and hydrocarbons sharply increase their ability to mix with water and aqueous solutions, which led to its widespread use in the composition of lipophilic-hydrophilic bases.

Numerical indicators. essential oil not less than 0.5%; polysaccharides not less than 3%; loss in mass during drying is not more than 10%; total ash no more than 10%; ash insoluble in 10% hydrochloric acid, not more than 3%; parts of plants that have changed their original color, not more than 1%; particles that do not pass through a sieve with holes of 7 mm, not more than 10%; particles passing through a sieve with a hole diameter of 0.5 mm, not more than 10%; organic impurities not more than 1%; mineral impurities not more than 0.5%; heavy metals not more than 0.001%.

Microbiological purity. The collection must meet the requirements of GF X1, vol. 1, p. 193.

In 1 g of raw materials, no more than 10 7 aerobic bacteria and 10 5 yeast and mold fungi (total), Escherichia coli no more than 10 2 are allowed.

Methods of qualitative reactions and quantitative determination are presented in VFS RK 42-1257-04.

pharmacological properties. Hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory agent:

It has a reparative stabilizing effect on liver cells;

Favorably affects the detoxifying function of the liver;

Helps protect the liver tissue and activate the processes of its recovery;

Improves the outflow of bile through the intrahepatic passages and ducts;

Increases the intensity of the antioxidant system of the liver;

Reduces the activity of liver enzymes in the blood serum.

Indications for use.

Conjunctivitis (inflammation of the mucous membrane of the eye);

Blepharitis (inflammation of the eyelids);

Keratitis (inflammation of the cornea of ​​the eye);

Trachoma (infectious eye disease).

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to the components of the drug

Renal and liver failure

Pregnancy, lactation

Children's age up to 8 years

Side effects

allergic reactions

Hyperemia and edema of veins

Transient blurred vision

Methods of application and doses

Locally, lay for the lower eyelid 3-5 times a day.

Blepharitis: 3-4 times a day for 10 days.

Bacterial keratitis, keratoconjunctivitis: 2-3 times a day for 10 days. If the condition does not improve within 3-5 days, you should consult your doctor.

Meibomite (barley): at night until the symptoms of inflammation disappear.

Trachoma: every 2-4 hours or more often for 1-2 weeks. The duration of the course of treatment of trachoma should not exceed 1-2 months.

Overdose

Not identified

Storage conditions

To store in the place protected from light, at a temperature no more than 15 °C.

Shelf life

Storage after the first opening of the package is no more than 5 weeks.

Do not use after the expiration date

Terms of dispensing from pharmacies

The SNA uses various macroeconomic indicators to measure the national product. In the domestic SNA, the main macroeconomic indicators are currently: gross domestic product (GDP); gross national income (GNI); gross disposable income (GDI); net national income (NNI).

The most important indicator of the System of National Accounts is gross domestic product- the total value of goods and services produced in the country in all sectors of the economy and intended for final consumption, accumulation and net exports.

This is the central macroeconomic indicator used throughout the world to determine the pace of development of production, characterize the structure of the national economy and establish a number of macroeconomic proportions. It compares the relative levels of economic development of different countries and regions of the world. In addition, GDP is a generalizing indicator of the results of the production of goods and services. It measures in market prices the value of goods and services produced in the economic territory of a given country over a certain period of time.

GDP also includes the value of all goods and services produced by enterprises owned by foreign capital. Thus, the cost of products manufactured in Belarus at the enterprises of the McDonald's company owned by foreigners is included in the Belarusian GDP, since the company is located in the economic territory of the country and is a resident.

Methods for calculating GDP were named according to the processes they reflect: production - the production process; distributive - to the distribution process; end use method - the process of using the national product.

1. Production method based on the summation of the cost,

added at each stage of production of each final product or service.

Final product is a commodity that is purchased for end use and not for further processing, processing or resale.

The production of goods and services covers several stages: at some enterprises, raw materials are converted into an intermediate product (assemblies, parts, components), which they sell to other enterprises that produce finished products. Therefore, the calculation of the cost of each type of final product or service involves the summation of the value added at each stage of their production. Thus, total GDP is defined as the sum of the value added of all producers in a country.

Added value- is the value created in the production process and is defined as the difference between the cost of the firm's products and the cost of resources and components purchased from other firms. Gross value added is the value created in the production process, in gross terms. It does not include the previously created value of consumed raw materials and materials (intermediate product). Value added in monetary terms is the difference between the cost of products produced by a firm and the amount paid to others: to firms for raw materials, materials, components, i.e. for the intermediate product.

Intermediate represents the total value of goods and services produced in a given year and purchased for intermediate consumption, i.e. for further processing or resale.

When determining the value added of products for all sectors of the national economy, the intermediate product is not taken into account; only goods and services that are intended for final consumption are taken into account, i.e. final product. The value added of an individual firm is valuation her work. This is the contribution of the company's employees to overall value the value of the national product.

In order to calculate the national GDP, it is necessary to sum up the value added by all the producers of the country, including depreciation deductions, since the fixed assets of the enterprise participate in the creation of new value of the products produced. Thus, when calculating GDP by the production method, the value added produced by each enterprise is summed up, and then the value added by industry is summed up.

The value of GDP can be determined as the difference between the output of goods and services in value terms for the whole country and intermediate consumption, consisting of the value of goods and services completely consumed in the production process.

GDP calculated by the production method, in addition to value added, includes clean(no subsidies) taxes on products, and imports.

Net taxes represent the difference between the sum of all taxes on production and imports paid by enterprises and subsidies (non-compensated payments from the state budget to enterprises) on production and imports received from the state. Taxes on products include value added taxes, excises and other taxes, the amount of which directly depends on the cost of goods and services produced. Import taxes are taxes on imported goods and services.

GDP should take into account all manufactured products. However, some of it is not sold on the markets and therefore difficult to assess. These are all types of work "for oneself": repairing an apartment by its owner, housework (laundry, cleaning, cooking), all types of self-service, etc. In addition, for example, vegetables purchased in a store are included in GDP, while those grown for oneself on a personal plot - no.

It is also necessary to know that GDP includes the value of goods produced only for a certain period. Transactions with existing assets, such as previously built (before this period) houses, are not included in GDP, as they are not the results of current production. However, if a house is built in the current year, its cost is fully included in GDP. Therefore, GDP does not include the amount of transactions with "second-hand things".

Dynamics of the structure of GDP production during the years of Belarus' transition to market economy presented in table. 8.1.

Table 8.1

Structure of production of gross domestic product, %