Mushrooms are always popular, regardless of the season. Some people like to collect them in the forest on their own, others prefer to buy them in shops and markets. Growing mushrooms at home or in the country can be a very profitable business. Its profitability reaches 40%, and entering the business does not require special knowledge and large investments.

What mushrooms to grow?

First of all, you need to decide which mushrooms you plan to grow. There are several cost-effective options:

• Porcini- one of the most valuable on the mushroom market. Soups, sauces, salads are prepared from it. Is in high demand. But at the same time, growing porcini mushrooms is somewhat troublesome, as they grow best in gardens near the roots of trees. When grown in greenhouses, they need to create conditions similar to natural ones.
• Oyster mushrooms- the easiest type of mushroom to grow. Requires small area for planting, and the monthly yield per square meter can reach 14 kg. The first mushrooms can be obtained in a month. Oyster mushrooms are in high demand because they contain a lot of nutrients, vitamins B, PP, C and H and amino acids.
• Champignons- This type of mushroom is considered one of the most expensive. Requires compost, which is quite difficult to make at home, therefore, you will have to spend money on its purchase.

Business registration

It is necessary to obtain a number of documents that will allow you to legally sell mushrooms:

• Certificate of registration as an individual entrepreneur. OKVED code - A.01.12.31. (growing mushrooms and mycelium). ESHN should be chosen as the tax regime.
• Certificate of registration with the pension fund and tax service.
• Permission and certificates from SES.
• Conclusion of Rospotrebnadzor.
• radiology protocol.
• Quality certificate obtained in Rosstandart.
• Compiled and approved rules for the storage and transportation of mushrooms and products derived from them.

Please note that certificates obtained in the laboratory are valid only as long as you grow mushrooms on the same substrate. When changing the substrate, it is necessary to undergo laboratory tests again.

Room selection

Mushrooms can be grown both indoors and outdoors. The second is relevant if you plan to open a mushroom farm and get a crop all the time, and not just in the warm season. Suitable as a basement, as well as a warehouse, a greenhouse and even an ordinary living room.

Mushroom cultivation requires a dry and clean room with good ventilation. In the cold season, it is also necessary to install additional stoves or radiators to maintain the thermal regime.

It is worth paying attention to the humidity, which should reach 80-90%, depending on the type of mushroom grown. To maintain it, it is necessary to install containers filled with cold water in the room.

Despite the fact that mushrooms do not like bright light, it is still necessary to provide short-term artificial lighting. It will be needed during the ripening of the crop.

It is advisable to divide the room into several zones, based on the main stages:

1. For the preparation and storage of the substrate.
2. For planting mushrooms.
3. For sprouting mycelium.
4. For the direct cultivation and collection of mushrooms.
5. For processing and storage finished products.

The selected room must be pre-treated with a disinfectant solution and then the walls whitewashed.

Purchase of mycelium

Mycelium is a mycelium that looks like thin light threads with a thickness of 10 microns or less. After planting it, the growth of mushrooms begins. When choosing a mycelium, one should pay attention to the variety, type and timing of the ripening of mushrooms, their resistance to diseases of various kinds.

Be sure to check the expiration date of the mycelium, their color and smell. The seller must have a license for the goods.

To get started, buy a small trial batch.

Equipment

For proper organization business on a mushroom farm, it is important to have such equipment and consumables as:

• polyethylene bags for planting mushrooms;
• refrigerator and cold rooms;
• heaters;
• humidifiers;
• racks;
• container for packaging;
• harvest boxes.

Staff

If you have established a serious production in industrial scale, then you should get helpers. To run a mushroom farm you need:

• technologist;
• harvester and packer;
• handyman;
• Sales Manager.

The number of workers depends on the size of the farm and the amount of harvest.

How to grow white mushroom

The technology depends on where you grow mushrooms:

In an open area

First you need to prepare a special solution according to this recipe: break the cap of an adult mushroom and soak it for a day in cold water. Then, on the site, it is necessary to remove the top layer of turf directly near the trees, and pour the cleared place with an infused solution with fungal spores.

It is worth planting mushrooms at the end of May - beginning of June, if you are in the southern regions, in the middle lane, the landing dates fall at the end of August - the beginning of September.

To accelerate growth, you can buy mycelium of porcini mushrooms. It is planted in a small pit, about 20-30 cm deep. It is first filled with a substrate. Substrate can be:

• dry foliage of trees;
• bark;
• various kinds of nutrient mixtures.

The thickness of the layer reaches 7-10 cm. Then a second layer is laid, consisting of humus or ordinary earth, mycelium is laid on it, then another layer of nutrient mixture 3 cm thick. Then everything is sprinkled with a layer of earth 3-5 cm thick.

in the greenhouse

Seeds must be planted in boxes and placed on racks. For planting, special compost is used, consisting of:

• dry crushed straw;
• sawdust;
• sunflower husks;
• chalk or plaster in small quantities.

Chicken, cow or horse droppings can act as fertilizer. The resulting mixture is poured with hot water and infused for 2-3 weeks. During this period, the compost is shaken and watered. Then mycelium is added to the compost and laid out in boxes.

In the room it is necessary to organize subdued lighting, a high level of humidity and provide ventilation.

Oyster mushroom cultivation

There are two options for growing these mushrooms:

First option

It involves the preparation of the substrate, which includes:

• crushed and soaked straw;
• sawdust;
• fresh sunflower husk.

The mixture is crushed and poured with hot water. After cooling, fit into polypropylene bags. The substrate layer and the mycelium layer should be alternated. In this case, the mycelium makes up 3-5% of the total mass of the bag. The polyethylene should have holes for ventilation, about 2 cm in diameter. It is advisable to make holes every 15 cm.

The first month, the blanks are stored in a closed dark room at a humidity of 90% and a temperature of about 25 degrees. After the specified period, everything moves to a cooler place with a temperature regime of 12-18 degrees, where the mushrooms ripen.

The first mushrooms can be obtained in a few weeks, and they grow in waves. With each new wave, the amount of harvested is less.

Second option

It implies the use of wood and stumps for growing crops:

1. They take stumps of deciduous trees, preferably young ones that are not infected with other fungi. You can also use pre-treated cuts from tree trunks.
2. Stumps and cuts are infected with mycelium and kept at high humidity until they are overgrown with mycelium.
3. Then they are planted in the ground to provide constant moisture.

This method is characterized by low productivity and is used extremely rarely.

O real experience cultivation of such mushrooms can be found in the video:

Growing champignons is considered a more complex process. Firstly, this is due to the fact that they require a special compost or substrate, and secondly, it is necessary to strictly observe the microclimate.

The substrate can be prepared independently. For him take:

• fresh dry straw - 12 kg;
• fresh chicken manure or cow or horse manure - 8 kg;
• gypsum or chalk - 0.5-1 kg;
• ammonium sulfate - 200-250 g.

All this is laid out in layers, then insisted for a month, watering daily, every 6-7 days it must be shaken. To determine whether the mixture is ready for planting, the absence of a characteristic ammonia smell will help. As soon as it disappears, you can sprinkle the compost with earth and plant the mycelium.

The temperature regime for champignons is at least 15 degrees, best of all - 20-25. The humidity level is within 70-80%.

The mushroom picker germinates within two weeks, and the first harvest can be obtained in 2-3 months.

Sales of mushrooms

Finished products must be sold as quickly as possible or specially processed for long-term storage. Fresh mushrooms can be sold:

• selling them to restaurants and canteens;
• deliver to markets and shops, supermarkets;
• sell to individual buyers.

Leftovers can be canned or dried.

During Lent and holidays the cost and demand for mushrooms is rising.

How much money do you need to start a business?

Here is a sample business plan for expenses:

1. Premises for rent in 40-60 sq.m. - 7,000 rubles.
2. Purchase of mycelium or mycelium - 10,000 rubles.
3. Purchase of substrate or compost - 20,000 rubles.
4. Packages at the rate of 500 pieces - 5,000 rubles.
5. Plastic boxes, 10 pieces - 1,000 rubles.
6. Equipment for organizing a microclimate - 15,000 rubles.
7. Refrigerators and cold rooms - 40,000-60,000 rubles.
8. Transportation costs - 15,000.
9. Registration and execution of all papers - 20,000 rubles.
10. Utility bills - 30,000 rubles per month.

To open a business, on average, you will need 183,000 rubles. The exact item of expenditure depends on the volume of production and the region.

Business Pros

The main advantages of the mushroom business include:

• mushrooms are unpretentious in care and do not require constant care;
• no special training or skills required;
• use in the production of simple and affordable materials;
• high demand and stable income.

For starters, it's best to try growing mushrooms on a small scale for yourself. Once you understand the cultivation process, you can expand the mushroom farm and enter the market.

When working with mushrooms - planting, harvesting - use gauze bandages, as fungal spores can cause allergic reactions.

Video: Mushrooms - an idea for a private business

You can learn more about growing mushrooms and organizing a mushroom business from the video below:

Growing mushrooms is a fairly cost-effective and simple type of business. It does not require any special knowledge. Its profitability reaches 40%, and it pays off within a year.

Super question Even I was interested in the answer)))

The sale of products produced in a personal subsidiary plot is not an entrepreneurial activity in accordance with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation.​
FEDERAL HOUSEHOLD ACT:
​
(in ed. federal laws dated 22.07.2008 N 141-FZ, dated 23.07.2008 N 160-FZ, dated 30.12.2008 N 302-FZ, dated 21.06.2011 N 147-FZ)​
​
Article 2 - The concept of personal subsidiary plot.​
1. Personal subsidiary plot - the form is not entrepreneurial activity for the production and processing of agricultural products. ​
2. A personal subsidiary farm is maintained by a citizen or a citizen and members of his family cohabiting with him and (or) jointly carrying out a personal subsidiary plot with him in order to satisfy personal needs on a land plot provided and (or) acquired for conducting a personal subsidiary plot. ​
3. Agricultural products produced and processed in the course of personal subsidiary farming shall be the property of citizens who are engaged in personal subsidiary farming. ​
4. The sale of agricultural products produced and processed in the course of private subsidiary farming by citizens running a personal subsidiary plot is not an entrepreneurial activity.
In the market, you need to have a certificate from the village council stating that you have a subsidiary plot and you are engaged in the cultivation of a particular product. If we are talking about meat and dairy products, then I think you will need a certificate from a veterinarian.​

Some points to ensure that you do not have claims from the tax authorities. For this you need:

1) A document on the presence of a personal subsidiary plot (PSP) is obtained from the local administration;
- Submit a document issued by the relevant authority local government, the boards of gardening, gardening partnerships, confirming that the products sold were produced by the taxpayer on a land plot owned by him or his family members, used for personal subsidiary farming, dacha construction, gardening and horticulture;
- Put a personal subsidiary plot (LPS) on the account. It is carried out in household books, which are maintained by local governments of settlements and local governments of urban districts. Maintenance of household books is carried out on the basis of information provided on a voluntary basis by citizens who maintain personal subsidiary plots.

The household book contains the following basic information about personal subsidiary plots:
- Last name, first name, patronymic, date of birth of a citizen who was granted and (or) who acquired a land plot for running a personal subsidiary plot, as well as last names, first names, patronymics, dates of birth of those cohabiting with him and (or) jointly carrying out management with him personal subsidiary farming of his family members.
- The area of ​​the land plot of a personal subsidiary farm, occupied by crops and plantings of agricultural crops, fruit and berry plantations.
- Number of farm animals, birds and bees.
- Agricultural machinery, equipment, vehicles owned by the right of ownership or other right to a citizen leading a personal subsidiary plot.

2) With this document, you need to invite a commission of veterinarians to your place, they draw up an Inspection Report, if everything is fine, conclude an Agreement with the veterinarian;
Your farm will be attached to a permanent wet. doctor. When selling products in trade organizations, the attached doctor will issue you veterinary certificates of the established form for delivery to the store, the list of analyzes and the schedule will be written to you in the Contract or they will tell you orally, you do not need to issue a quality certificate and a certificate of conformity for products from household plots, stores (by law) only need a veterinary certificate for the supplied batch products, each delivery must have its own certificate.

3) With these documents, you get a Veterinary Certificate in the regional veterinary service.

4) Having this Veterinary certificate, you can already receive certificates f. No. 2 (for each batch), with which you can take products to retail chains;
This is how Form #2 looks like Show
If you sell products as an individual entrepreneur, then everything is the same, only you still need to pay taxes. In this case, you can get a certificate. If you work as an entrepreneur, then it is absolutely legal for stores to require you to provide a declaration of conformity and a certificate of quality. You are running a business. LPH does not conduct entrepreneurial activity, but sells surplus products obtained on its farm for personal needs. This is the fundamental (legal and legal) difference between private household plots and all forms of entrepreneurial activity. Accordingly, the requirements for accompanying documentation for products from household plots are different.

You can sell a crop grown on your own not only on the market, your products may be of interest to organizations Catering, cafes, restaurants that are in your area. If you yourself do not want to stand in the market and trade your goods, you can give them for sale to individual entrepreneurs working in the market.

If you sell the harvest not directly to the consumer of the products, but by the above methods, then it is advisable to conclude sales contracts or product supply contracts with legal entities and individual entrepreneurs who purchase products from you in order to avoid any disagreements.

The topic gives a good answer about permits. But in any business there are weaknesses.
The products of private household plots are not subject to personal income tax, there is no obligation to register as an individual entrepreneur if the area of ​​the land plot corresponds to the size of the plots allocated for private household plots, approved by the subject of the Federation, and hired labor is not used.
it mandatory conditions, and then options. The owner of private household plots must sell their products to citizens for personal consumption, sometimes it is possible to sell them to shops, restaurants, etc. Everything is at your discretion and the tax office. Of course, the tax authorities will try to prove that your activity is entrepreneurial. Criteria - sales volumes, the number of contracts with legal entities and individual entrepreneurs.
Consequently, in a situation where most or all of the products grown in household plots are sold, purchase and sale transactions are concluded systematically, and individual entrepreneurs or organizations act as buyers, inspectors may well consider entrepreneurial activity.
If a citizen - the owner of private household plots is also registered as individual entrepreneur, then tax inspectors almost always try to include income from the sale of agricultural products grown in private household plots in its income from entrepreneurial activity.

Very often, it is the issues of selling their products, including their certification, that become a stumbling block for start-up entrepreneurs. What can be especially annoying for a person who is one step away from realizing his dream - creating a profitable environmentally friendly mushroom production. The Center for Environmental Programs is ready to provide support with the sale of finished products to anyone who wants to realize their dream!

Let's try to list all possible sales channels for mushrooms:

1. Retail- with its stores of various formats comes to mind first. A mushroom grower can offer his products for sale to another entrepreneur who has his own small shop. It is also possible to rent a place in the market and sell mushrooms on your own. Large chain stores, most likely, will not let a small manufacturer on their shelves - they are interested in supply volumes from several tons.

Of course, in order to be allowed to trade in food products in our country, you need to draw up the appropriate documentation:

BUT-need to register as a sole trader or as entity;

B- have on hand legally obtained specifications on your products (they will most likely have to be bought);

AT- issue a certificate of conformity for their products at the Center for State Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance;

G-provide quality certificates for each batch of products offered for sale.

2. Wholesale- it is quite possible that your offer will be of interest to a dealer at a wholesale base or the owner of a small network of vegetable stalls. In this case, losing in price, you will save time and effort.

3. Canteens, cafes, restaurants- what used to be called public catering, and now the newfangled word for ferret. Naturally, the owners of catering establishments are interested in the freshness and quality of products and of course they will be happy with your supplies.

4. Selling through friends- you (and possibly your employees) probably have friends who love mushrooms, they have their own friends with the same tastes. By organizing trade "by appointment" and hurrying up with delivery, you will find a large number of consumers of your products.

5. Recycling- The disadvantage of all the above sales channels is the seasonality of demand. As a rule, in Russia there is a huge demand for mushrooms in winter time. Especially during holidays and fasting. In summer, demand is significantly reduced. In order not to experience interruptions in the sale of mushrooms, it is best to be able to offer them to processing industries. After all, mushrooms can be frozen, dried, pickled, salted. They are also used in the preparation of various types of cheeses, pates, dumplings, dumplings and pizzas, after all.

6. And finally, the most convenient option that insures all your risks. You can donate fresh mushrooms to our company. At the same time, you do not need to register as a legal entity or an individual entrepreneur, you do not need to buy technical conditions, you do not need to certify your mushrooms, you do not need to issue a quality certificate. There is even no need to buy something from our company. We will simply accept all the mushrooms at a price of up to 120 rubles. for 1 kilogram without any problems.

* Calculations use average data for Russia

200 000 ₽

Minimum starting capital

27%

Profitability

9 months

Payback period

54 919 ₽

Net profit

The oyster mushroom growing project is distinguished by a low level of risk due to the simplicity of its organization, small initial investments and low current costs. The payback period of the project from the start of production will be 9 months.

Project Summary

The purpose of this project is the cultivation of mushrooms (oyster mushroom) for the purpose of their fresh sale in the city of Rostov-on-Don with a subsequent increase in production capacity and expansion of the assortment range with other types of mushrooms. Oyster mushroom is in constant demand among the population, it is unpretentious to temperature fluctuations, to the level of humidity and light, it is easy to care for, has a fast germination. The cost of growing oyster mushrooms is not high, thanks to which the business has good profitability.

The production has unlimited resources in raw materials (straw, sawdust, corn cobs, seeds, seed husks, etc.) and is located in an ecologically clean area, 15 km from the city, due to which the cost of transporting products without losing its quality for end user minimal.

The process includes 4 main steps:

Purchase of seed material (mycelium);

Substrate preparation (bag with nutrient medium and mycelium);

Cultivation of mushrooms;

Implementation.

The cost of the project will be 202,500 rubles, which will be taken from personal savings. Most of the funds will go to the creation and equipment of a greenhouse on the territory of the summer cottage, which is owned, as well as the purchase of mycelium, fertilizers and other consumables. The payback period of the project from the start of production will be 9 months.

*data for 12 months from the start of sales of the work

The term of the preparatory part of the project will be 2 months. The first harvest is planned to be received in 40-50 days after planting.

Profitability of growing mushrooms (oyster mushroom)

Oyster mushroom is a cultivated mushroom. The market for cultivated mushrooms, unlike the market for wild mushrooms, is easily quantifiable. Until 2014, the largest share of the domestic market (about 85-90%) was occupied by imported products. The volume of Russian production in 2014 was limited to 8.02 thousand tons of mushrooms. However, already in August 2014, mushrooms came under an embargo. Imports began to decline in all positions. Foreign manufacturers began to leave the market, freeing up space Russian entrepreneurs. According to the School of Mushroom Growing magazine, over the first 9 months of 2015, Russian mushroom growers increased their production of oyster mushrooms by 17% compared to the same period last year.

Similar trends are recorded in the production of other mushrooms, in particular, champignons. As a result of the devaluation of the ruble, selling prices for cultivated mushrooms increased. Today, at least 158 ​​thousand tons of mushrooms will be required to cover the shortage in the market and switch to full import substitution. The current market conditions, as well as a weak level of competition, contribute to the opening of our own production.

The production itself is located on the territory of a summer cottage, 15 km from the city of Rostov-on-Don. The area of ​​the greenhouse and the premises in which the process of growing mushrooms takes place is 60 square meters. meters. To grow mushrooms, seed material (mycelium) is purchased from a specialized company, the cost of which is 50-55 rubles. per kilogram. Next, the preparation of the substrate and the process of growing oyster mushrooms take place on site, ensuring the required level of humidity. Raw materials for the preparation of the substrate are prepared independently or partially purchased (the cost of 1 ton of straw is 2 thousand rubles). The term of one production cycle is about 40-50 days. The goods are sold at a non-stationary outlet in the grocery market of Rostov-on-Don.

Since at the initial stage the enterprise is focused on a small volume of production (about 1 ton of mushrooms per month), regular and hired personnel will not be needed for maintenance. the main responsibilities, including the purchase of mycelium, planting, fertilizing and picking mushrooms, are carried out by members of the owner's family. The business owner is directly involved in the main production processes, and also carries out retail at the vegetable market. As a form of ownership, an individual entrepreneur with a simplified taxation system was chosen - 6% of the income received.

Product description (oyster mushroom)

Oyster mushroom is an environmentally friendly product, for the cultivation of which no chemical treatment is used. Unlike other popular cultivated mushrooms - champignons, which grow on rotted manure, oyster mushrooms prefer trees. The popularity of this mushroom is due to the various ways of its preparation. Oyster mushroom can be fried, boiled, salted, marinated. Oyster mushrooms are also actively used as an ingredient in various dishes, added to salads. Oyster mushrooms are especially in demand during the cold season, when the population's own mushroom reserves are exhausted.

Oyster mushroom not only has excellent taste properties, but also is good for health. Oyster mushroom reduces the level of cholesterol in the blood. Oyster mushroom juice prevents the development of Escherichia coli. These mushrooms have a low calorie content (about 38 kcal fresh). Oyster mushrooms contain a large amount of carbohydrates, contain vitamins D2, E, C, B, PP. These mushrooms also contain enzymes that burn fats and glycogens. The pulp of the mushroom contains calcium, iodine, potassium, iron, biotin and thiamine. Other useful property oyster mushrooms are considered to lower blood sugar levels. Eating oyster mushrooms helps prevent the development of diseases such as atherosclerosis, hepatitis, stomach ulcers and cholesteritis. Also, doctors recommend eating oyster mushrooms for people suffering from bronchitis or undergoing chemotherapy.

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The main disadvantage of oyster mushroom its fragility is considered, and therefore this mushroom is difficult to transport over long distances. Fresh unrefrigerated mushrooms are considered a very delicate cargo that requires a special temperature regime and the fastest possible delivery. Also, oyster mushroom has a rather weak mushroom aroma. If oyster mushroom spores enter the lungs, they can cause allergies.

It is planned to ensure the quality of the goods and safety for end users through the purchase of certified mycelium, disinfection industrial premises and equipment, as well as through the use modern technologies production.

Cultivation of oyster mushrooms is a practically waste-free production, since the used substrate is used as a biologically active additive, which is used to feed pigs, as well as fertilizers for gardeners and gardeners. The spent substrate is planned to be sold as an additional source of income.

Sales and marketing in the supply of oyster mushrooms

The main requirement of consumers for products of this type is freshness, which determines the quality. The location of the mushroom farm is 15 km. from the place of sale allows you to organize transportation on your own transport (van "Lada Largus") without loss of quality. Products are sold at food and vegetable markets in Rostov-on-Don. No special packaging for mushrooms is required. Plastic boxes are used for transportation.

The price of products is based on the material costs of production and fuel, as well as the price of competitors, which on average in the city is 150 rubles. per kg. As a competitive advantage, for the first time it is planned to set a retail price of 140 rubles. per kg. Depending on the level of demand and other factors (for example, the devaluation of the ruble), an increase or decrease in selling prices is possible.

As a method of increasing sales, it is planned to use advertising on the Internet to attract wholesale companies.

Oyster mushroom production plan

Geographically, the mushroom farm is located 15 km from the city of Rostov-on-Don, due to which the delivery time of mushrooms to the place of sale is no more than half an hour. The process of growing mushrooms takes place in an ecologically clean rural area, on the territory of a summer cottage. Business technology can be divided into several main stages:

At the first stage mycelium is purchased from specialized laboratory firms. The criterion for choosing a supplier is the availability of relevant documents, customer reviews, quality and affordable cost of products (50-55 rubles per kg). The purchase of mycelium is not made one-time, but several times a year, since the shelf life does not exceed 3-4 months. At the initial stage, it is planned to purchase mycelium from different suppliers for a visual comparison of the results and making a further decision.

Second phase implies self-training substrate, that is, a nutrient medium for fungi. Due to the lack of experience in commercial mushroom growing, at the beginning of the activity, it is suggested to prepare the substrate from various components in order to determine the best yield. Among them: wheat, rye, barley straw, oats, flax fires, stalk and corn stalks. The substrate must have aerobicity, the presence of air gaps between the particles, the possibility of rapid assimilation by mycelium.

It is also planned to use additives to increase productivity: sawdust, shavings, tree bark, floor and other plant waste. Pasteurization is used to clean straw from microorganisms. The raw materials are aged in a special chamber, into which water vapor is injected for about 6-8 hours at a temperature of 60°C. The pasteurization temperature must be kept within 55-60°C: a lower temperature does not kill diseases and microorganisms, and a higher one promotes the development of Trichoderma, which will destroy the crop. After that, the temperature decreases, and the raw material remains in the chamber for another two days.

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Next, the substrate is cooled and placed in plastic bags of 10-12 kg and sown with oyster mushroom mycelium at the rate of 150-200 grams per 1 bag. To remove excess moisture, holes are made in the bottom of the bag, after which the bags are placed in the germination chamber.

Third stage is to provide conditions for the cultivation of mushrooms. Direct sunlight is not allowed indoors. For germination, mushroom blocks are placed vertically, and the distance between them is 10 cm. The temperature is about 24 ° C, relative humidity is about 60-65%. The mushroom picker germinates within 10-17 days, after which the bags must be transferred to the fruiting chamber. Mushroom blocks are installed in one row in several tiers, the distance between the rows along the axes is 1 m. A lower temperature level is maintained in the fruiting chamber - about 12-18 ° C, and humidity at the level of 80-85%.

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To maintain high humidity, a special irrigation system is used. Subject to the conditions, the embryos of the fruiting bodies appear for 2 weeks. The harvest from each bag is collected in 3 waves, after which the mycelium is replaced with a new one. Mushrooms are collected by druses (aggregates) at a young age. The optimal cap size is up to 40 mm. The minimum yield from 1 offering wave is 150-200 kg from 1 ton of substrate, 350-400 kg from 2 tons. The total duration of the production cycle is about 2 months.

The final stage involves the implementation of the resulting crop. Mushrooms are perishable products that can be stored in the refrigerator for no more than 5 days. The main channels for the sale of mushrooms are markets, grocery stores, restaurants and catering points, enterprises for feeding farm animals. Due to the relatively small initial production volumes, as an initial marketing option, it is planned to sell one of the vegetable markets in Rostov-on-Don at a non-stationary outlet. The rental price per day with VAT is 250 rubles.

The project will require an area of ​​60 sq. meters. To eliminate the cost of rent, it is planned to organize the cultivation of oyster mushrooms on the territory of their own summer cottage. It is planned to equip 2 separate rooms - an incubator where mycelium will grow, as well as a germination chamber with an exhaust hood. The planned production volume for the production cycle is 2000 kg, for the year (6 production cycles) - about 12000 kg.

The cost of building a greenhouse will amount to 100 thousand rubles. Another 114,500 rubles. required for equipment. Equipment costs are given in Table. one. Construction works scheduled to be completed within 2 months.

Table 1 Equipment Costs

For the operation of the enterprise, members of the owner's family are involved, who, along with the owner, perform the main functions, including planting, fertilizing and picking mushrooms. The family business format is designed to reduce payment costs wages staff. The necessary experience is supposed to be acquired in the course of activities, as well as by reading special literature.

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The current costs are payment for electricity, the purchase of mycelium (50-55 rubles per kg.), The cost of fuel and lubricants. Spending on the purchase of mycelium may increase or decrease due to seasonal fluctuations in demand. Also included in the expenses of the main period are rent per trading place on the market - 250 rubles. per day (average 7600 rubles per month).

Financial plan for growing mushrooms (oyster mushroom)

The main management responsibilities are assigned to the project owner, who carries out business planning, as well as the functions of providing conditions for the germination of mushrooms, their delivery to the place of sale, and also directly manages sales at the point of sale. Responsibilities for growing, caring for, picking mushrooms are also assigned to members of the owner's family.

For the preparatory period, 202,500 rubles will be required. This amount includes the construction and arrangement of a greenhouse (100 thousand rubles), the purchase of equipment (92.5 thousand rubles). The costs of the main period include the purchase of mycelium, payment for housing and communal services, rent of a retail outlet, fuel and lubricants. Financial indicators of the project are presented in Appendix 1.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of growing mushrooms

The oyster mushroom growing project is distinguished by a low level of risk due to the simplicity of its organization, small initial investments and low current costs. The payback period of the project from the start of production will be 9 months. The discounted payback period is 9 months. Project performance indicators calculated for a five-year period are given in Table. 2

The main prospects include: an increase in the selling price by 10% (up to 150 rubles per kg), an increase in production volumes, an expansion of the range offered, the search for new sales markets and access to wholesale buyers.

Table 2. Project performance indicators

Risks and guarantees

Cultivation of oyster mushrooms is a well-established branch of business. The technology for growing oyster mushrooms is quite simple, moreover, there are many ways to increase the yield without harm to the end consumer. The prevailing market conditions are somewhat conducive to reducing risks. Today in Russia there is a shortage of mushrooms due to the embargo. Imported products left the market, as a result, the cost of domestic mushrooms increased without any negative consequences for demand. Consequently, when the price decreases, demand acquires a significant level of elasticity.

The main risks are indicated in Table. 3.

Table 3. Assessment of project risks and measures to prevent their occurrence or their consequences

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• What are the best mushrooms to grow?
• Recruitment
• Sales of products
  • 1. Market.
  • 2. Shops, supermarkets.
  • 3. Eco-shops, eco-sites.
  • 4. Own website.
  • 5. Wholesale deliveries.

The mushroom growing business came to us after gaining well-deserved popularity in Europe. This is not an illusory investment in financial pyramids, not network marketing, which promises untold profits, with a minimum of effort. This business requires perseverance, accuracy and ability to work, and, of course, certain investments.

How to start a mushroom growing business

To begin with, you should decide on the key questions: what kind of mushrooms will you grow, how much money are you willing to invest in production, are you going to make it a big business, or are you considering this option as additional income.

What are the best mushrooms to grow?

There is no single answer to this question. There are two main, equal options - oyster mushrooms and champignons. Oyster mushrooms are more capricious in growing technology, much more sensitive to changes in humidity and light. Mushrooms are safer and more popular on the market, but at the same time, competition for them is higher and the presentation deteriorates much easier and faster. Shiitake is considered a more exotic option, but it is better to start growing them as an additional product when marketing is established.

Video with calculations for a profitable champignon business with tips and tricks

How much money do you need to start a mushroom business

It all depends on how you intend to work - manually or automatically. There are some of the most common ways. The most widely known is growing in special bags. They have a huge plus over the ridges (ordinary ridges) - you are maximally protected from the spread of infections among the current crop, and between the previous and present. Wherein this method considers one of the inexpensive and simple. Of the minuses - the use of manual labor, primarily for composting. If you have sufficient financial assets, then it is worth investing in briquettes - they are fully mechanized and well protected from the spread of mycelium infections. However, in this case, you should not count on a quick payback. Over the past few years, briquettes have come to the fore in equipment. In Europe they are called "eco-briquettes". They are easy to install and use, are less expensive than the similar Holland Shelf System and allow optimal mechanization of the process. If you work “manually”, then the initial investment in the business, for example, 50 liters of mycelium and related materials, will amount to $ 100. If you do not want to fill the bags yourself, but deal with an already finished product, then you will have to pay about 150-200 dollars for the same volume.

How much can you earn selling mushrooms

With a properly established system, patience, constant search for new distribution channels, this is really profitable business. Profitability grows exponentially to the volume and can reach 200-250%. At the same time, it is worth noting that at the first stages of work there can be both a small loss and a profit of 20-30%. Focus on the fact that the average profitability will be 60-70%. It largely depends on the hardware you are using. If you have little free funds, it is better to start with simple "manual" growing methods. And starting to make a profit, develop and reach new levels. So you reduce the risks of a startup.

Mushroom cultivation technology

Everything is really very simple. The mycelium of the fungus (no matter what) is immersed in the soil pre-folded into the container (a mixture of straw and fertilizers, sometimes just straw). The soil can be fertilized with various mixtures that improve growth and protect against diseases. After a certain period of vegetation (it is different for each mushroom), it is worth changing the lighting to a brighter one and harvesting after a while. It is important to maintain optimal (often 85%) room humidity. To begin with, you can simply fill the floor, but if possible, it is better to buy a special humidifier.

Recruitment

Naturally, in this case, you can do a lot yourself. But with large volumes, you cannot do without workers. This will not be a problem, because the process, although it requires care and accuracy, is still not super complex or high-tech. You may need workers for heavy work - stuffing bags, for example, loading, delivery. The same goes for routine care. At the first stage, in the absence of profit, it is advised to hire workers only for hard work, and control the rest yourself. At the same time, the hiring of workers can take place under a civil contract, and not under employment contract which makes things much easier.

Sales of products

1. Market.

An ordinary, classic market where people buy groceries. You can rent raw materials to resellers or buy out a place and sell your person, possibly a family member.

2. Shops, supermarkets.

This type of work is much more stable and a little more profitable. However, supermarkets rarely agree to work with a small volume. It is also worth remembering that in most cases they will be checked for certification to the quality standards of all products.

3. Eco-shops, eco-sites.

Here you can get by with a small amount, but visually the products must be flawless and, of course, fresh.

4. Own website.

Great way to create demand. You are not looking for buyers, but they are looking for you. Create multiple buying opportunities - for wholesalers, for retailers, for small shops.

5. Wholesale deliveries.

In order to donate mushrooms to enterprises, you should join forces with other farmers in your field, since only really large wholesale is accepted there. It will take time, but will bring some stability. However, remember that it is highly undesirable for this to be your only distribution channel, as it depends on other players as well.

Benefits of a mushroom growing business

1. The process is clear, structured and technological. Everything is thought out and researched for you - you just need to follow the instructions exactly.

2. Organic farming, eco-products, are now reaching the peak of popularity. This partially solves the issue of low purchase price. If you sell grown mushrooms simply to the market, then profitability is minimal or even absent (for small volumes). If you establish sales at eco-points, even with small volumes, you will receive sufficient income for development.

Do I need permission to start production?

Does not require licensing and complex production permits. Also, if desired, there is no need to hire additional workers. It can only be your family business, where you bear all the risks yourself, but only you get the profit.

Cons of a mushroom growing business

Naturally, if the cultivation of mushrooms consisted of only pluses, everyone would do this. There are a number of complexities that you must pay attention to before investing in given type business.

1. Like any agricultural process, the cultivation of mushrooms is strongly influenced by external factors. The slightest problem with ventilation, insufficient or excessive lighting and part of the crop can be lost. The process requires clarity, care and well-adjusted actions.

2. Cultivation of mushrooms is classified as an activity of medium danger, that is, it involves the use special clothing and protective equipment to prevent occupational diseases. There are heated discussions about how harmful mushroom spores are when they grow, but one thing we know for sure is that it is better to always close the airways and, if possible, work in closed clothes. The same applies to the workers you hired - you will need to provide them with clothing and respirators.

3. A quick payback is possible only with systematic and large-scale work, or with a pre-established distribution channel for an increased cost of an "organic" product.

In conclusion, we can say that the cultivation of mushrooms is a business with great prospects for those who are ready to work systematically, technologically and actively seek opportunities for regular sales.

How to choose equipment for growing mushrooms

To turn mushroom cultivation into a full-fledged business, you will need to purchase some equipment:

• tool for leveling the soil and loosening it;
• conveyor;
• irrigation system;
• ventilation equipment;
• steam supply system;
• automatic climate control;
• lighting;
• pasteurization device.

If the cultivation of mushrooms will be carried out by the container method, then containers will be required. But it is immediately recommended to place the farm in the basement. In this case, mushrooms will be grown in special bags with a substrate.

OKVED mushroom growing business

It is necessary to indicate the code A01.12.31 - "Cultivation of mushrooms and mycelium (mycelium)".

What documents are needed to open

To open a mushroom growing business, you will need to register as an individual entrepreneur. For this type of activity, the form of private household plots - personal subsidiary plots is not suitable, since there is no registration. The registration authority must provide:

• application made in a special form;
• a photocopy of all pages of the passport of a citizen of the Russian Federation;
• receipt of payment of the state fee for filing and consideration of the application.

You may need to submit additional documents:

• power of attorney, but only if the documents are submitted through a proxy;
• notification of the transition to a simplified taxation system (for a mushroom growing business, this taxation system is the most optimal);

Taxation system for mushroom business

When choosing a taxation system when opening a mushroom growing business, it is necessary to choose a single agricultural tax - UAT. The payment of tax will be 6% of the income received.