How pictures are taken. Image of the earth's surface on a plane. Aerial and space photographs II. Learning new material

In the middle of the XIX century, over the capital of France, the city of Paris, rose balloon, and photographer Nadar first photographed the city from a bird's eye view. The Parisians saw how city blocks, streets, the Seine River, on the banks of which the city grew, look like from above. This is how the first aerial photographs appeared - reduced photographic images of a section of the earth's surface (er - French for "air").

Currently, aerial photographs are taken from aircraft and unmanned aerial vehicles, including multicopters.

The aerial photograph shows houses, roads, bridges, rivers and ravines, fields and forests - in a word, everything that we see on the plan and map. To learn to recognize geographical objects in a picture means to learn decipher aerial photograph. Not only objects are important, but also the tone of the image: the wetter, damper the earth, the darker the tone of the image. The water in the river or lake will be completely dark in the picture. You can't see on the map if the field is wet or not. Yes, this is not required, in a few days the earth on the field may dry out.

If the plane flies high above the ground, then the scale of the aerial photograph is small. If the plane is flying low, the aerial photograph will be large scale, showing a small area in great detail. During aerial photography, an aircraft flies in a given direction and takes pictures at regular intervals. Then it turns around and flies back parallel to the recent path, photographing the ground again. Adjacent aerial photographs are glued together and, using them, a plan or map is drawn.

A map is a reduced generalized image of the earth's surface. For the image on the map, they select the most important, the most significant, that which will not change in a week. The names of rivers, settlements, main roads are inscribed on the map, the plans show both the direction of the river flow and the nature of the road - asphalt, dirt, etc. material from the site

Grade: 6

Lesson topic: Image of the earth's surface on a plane. Aerial photographs and space photographs. Geographic Maps

Target:

The student must know/understand: basic geographical concepts and terms, differences between plans and maps in terms of content, scale, methods of cartographic representation

The student must be able to: conventional signs of the plan and map, read the plan and map, use the scale, put into practice the acquired knowledge.

Equipment: geographical atlases, wall geographical maps

DURING THE CLASSES

I . Organizational moment. So, guys, we made imaginary journeys with the help of a globe. But the globe is not always at hand, you can’t put it in your pocket, it takes up too much space in a backpack. What to do?

II. Learning new material

One of the most perfect images of the earth's surface is a geographical map.

How to show large areas of the earth's surface on a piece of paper?

A geographical map is a drawing of a large area of ​​the earth's surface, made according to special rules. These rules largely coincide with the rules for constructing a plan. Like a plan, a map is built to scale using conventional symbols.

The map is much less detailed than the map. One centimeter of the map can correspond to tens and hundreds of kilometers, while to one centimeter of the plan, as a rule, tens and hundreds of meters. The globe is convenient when we want to view the whole Earth, the plan - when we are working with a small area. Significant territories are depicted on geographical maps. A geographical map is similar to a plan in that the surface of the Earth is also depicted on a plane, on a scale and with the help of conventional symbols. However, compared with the plan, the map has a number of very important distinctive features.

First, the map is nowhere near as detailed as the plan. Due to the fact that the map depicts large territories, it is necessary to use a generalization, and a smaller scale. The map does not show everything, but only the main objects or phenomena. One centimeter on the map can correspond to real distances from tens to hundreds of kilometers.

Secondly, many of the conventional signs used in the preparation of maps differ from those adopted on the plans. For example, on the plan forests are depicted in green, and on the physical map of the hemispheres and Russia - the lowest places on land - lowlands. Oceans, seas and their parts on the maps are shown in the form of clearly defined contours of blue (blue) color, mountains - in different shades of brown. To show the different depths of the seas and the heights of the mountains, a scale of heights and depths and a layered coloring method are used on the maps.

Conventional signs with their decoding form the legend of the map. The word "legend" means "what is read." The legend is the key that reveals the contents of the map. You should always start working with a map by studying its legend.

- So, what do we see in the legend of the map?(first of all, the scale of depths and heights, which shows the height of the place)

- What does it mean green color?

Why are there two shades of green?

What other colors are on the map? What do they stand for?

The greatest difficulty in building a map is that it is necessary to depict a convex earth's surface on a flat drawing. In this case, distortions inevitably occur. And the larger the area depicted on the map, the greater the distortion becomes. If you can carefully remove the skin from the orange by slicing it upside down, try spreading the skin flat on a piece of paper. Unfortunately, it will tear, first of all, at the edges. This is because a convex surface cannot be made flat without distortion. Notice, for example, how Australia and Greenland look different on a globe and on a map of the oceans. The closer to the poles, the more noticeable distortion on this map.

The first to solve this difficult problem was the ancient Greek scientist Archimedes. It was he who developed the first projection - a way to move from an image on a ball to an image on a plane. There are many projections. Maps created in different projections differ in the pattern of parallels and meridians.

How have maps changed throughout human history?

The first drawings of the earth's surface appeared before writing was born. In primitive society, these drawings were very simple. They were indicated by hunting places, main roads, rivers. The origins of modern cartography should be sought in ancient Greece. After all, it was the ancient Greek scientists who pointed out the sphericity of the Earth, calculated its dimensions, proposed using a system of parallels and meridians, and, finally, created the first “real” map with a degree network.

The first collection of maps was placed in the work of the ancient Greek philosopher and astronomer Claudius Ptolemy "Geography". Since then, maps have been used not only for scientific purposes, but also for practical purposes (to collect taxes, calculate areas and distances).

In the Middle Ages, cartography, like science in general, was forgotten. The second birth of cartography is associated with the era of the great geographical discoveries. The pioneers sailed and walked along the maps, new lands were applied to them, and the boundaries of new possessions were established. The invention of printing made it possible to quickly replicate maps. The map is no longer a single work of art. It has become massive and public.

An invaluable contribution to the development of cartography in the Middle Ages was made by the Dutch cartographer Gerard Mercator. He created a projection in which all angles are shown without distortion. This projection glorified his name.

During the existence of cartography, the technology for making maps has changed. At first they were drawn by hand based on direct measurements of the earth's surface. In the first half of the XX century. aerial photography came to the aid of cartographers. Now cartographic information is supplied mainly by artificial satellites of the Earth, and is processed automatically using computers.

The computer memory stores the coordinates of millions of points on the earth's surface, the outlines of rivers and mountains, seas and lakes, state borders and natural complexes. From these points and lines, according to the principle of the constructor, a new map is built. The cartographer only needs to choose what needs to be depicted on the map in accordance with its purpose and scale.

For example, on a political map, administrative boundaries and cities are needed, and on a vegetation map it is better to show the boundaries of reserves and national parks.

Computer maps have a number of obvious advantages over maps created in the traditional way. They are distinguished by high accuracy. They are quickly created. Computer cards almost do not have time to "age". Any change in geographical names, borders, outlines of objects in a matter of hours can be reflected on the map. A computer map allows you to quickly move from one scale to another and from one projection to another.

Since the computer map exists in in electronic format, it is very affordable, compact and compatible with most computer programs. In the case when a computer map is supplemented with textual material, tables, programs for constructing diagrams and graphs, the resulting computer product is called a geographic information system or GIS for short. With the help of GIS, it is possible to quickly and rationally draw up a plan for the construction of new roads, city blocks, determine the most profitable way to use land, and monitor areas of hazardous areas. natural phenomena.

Cartography today is not only the science of the map, but also a technology. It used to take years to create maps. As a result of the development of computer technology, electronic cards and atlases displayed on a computer screen. It is very convenient to use them. Cards can not only be viewed and flipped, but also combined with one another, reduced or enlarged. A huge amount of cartographic information is stored in computer databases. This allows you to create a wide variety of maps in a short time and use them together with text or other graphic information.

What is the best way to get an accurate flat image of the earth's surface? For us, the inhabitants of the third millennium, the answer to this question is quite simple: you need to photograph it from above.

Shooting the earth's surface from aircraft allows you to get a detailed image of all the details of the terrain.

- Let's look at figure 27a on page 30 of your textbooks. What do you see in this picture?

Is it convenient to work with such a source of information?

Space images are taken from satellites orbiting the earth.

Space images clearly show cloud accumulations and giant air vortices, flood zones and forest fires. Geologists use space images to identify fault zones on the Earth's surface, which are associated with mineral deposits, probable earthquakes.

The height at which the satellite flies depends on the coverage of the area being filmed and the scale of the images. The higher the satellites fly from the Earth, the smaller the scale of the images and the detail of their image (Fig. 28 on page 31 of the textbook).

Geographical objects on space and aerial photographs are presented in an unusual form for us. Image recognition in pictures is called decoding. plays an important role in deciphering computer technology. Geographical plans and maps are made with the help of satellite images.

So what is a geographic map?

A geographical map is a generalized reduced image of the Earth or a large section of its surface on a plane using conventional signs.

The cards are very versatile. Many maps, in addition to depicting the surface of a certain territory, show the location and relationships of a wide variety of natural and social phenomena. For example, on the maps of Russia, you can separately show the national composition of the population, the composition of forests and their condition, and much more.

Geographic maps differ in spatial coverage of the territory

The size of the depicted territory

World and hemispheres Continents, oceans and their parts States and their

parts

Figure 29, page 33 of the textbook shows maps different scales. You see that:

The larger the space to be depicted, the smaller the scale should be;

The smaller the scale, the less detailed the content of the map.

Depending on the scale, maps are distinguished:

Large-scale - from 1:10,000 to 1:200,000;

Medium-scale - from 1:200,000 to 1:1,000,000;

Small-scale - smaller than 1: 1,000,000.

The smallest scale is used for the world map. According to the spatial coverage, maps of the world, maps of continents and oceans, individual countries and their parts are distinguished.

Scale

Large scale Medium scale Small scale

The content of the maps is very diverse. They can be general geographical and thematic.

By content

General geographic Thematic

General geographic maps display the general appearance of space - mountains, plains, rivers, seas and other important natural objects. Thematic maps are dedicated separate topic. For example, a map of earthquakes and volcanoes, a map of natural areas, a political map showing the countries of the world. There are also different contour maps - they contain only contours, outlines of geographical objects. You will also use these cards in the future, applying the necessary information to them.

Atlas is a collection of geographical maps of different subjects for a single territory: world, country, region. Often atlases are supplemented with graphs, photographs, diagrams, profiles. For studying geography at school, the atlas is extremely important. The word "atlas" was introduced by Gerard Mercator in the 16th century. In honor of the mythical king of Libya, Atlas, who allegedly made a celestial globe.

So, MAPS DIFFER IN SCALE, TERRITORY SIZE AND CONTENT.

The famous English writer R. L. Stevenson wrote: "They say some people are not interested in maps - I can hardly believe it." Whether old maps, whether computer images of them - they are all a tool of knowledge and a means that allows people to interact with each other. Map - an outstanding creation of human thought

An incorrectly created map can lead to dire consequences. The famous traveler Vitus Bering paid with his life, trusting in an erroneous map, on which the "Land of Gama" was shown south of Kamchatka. Having searched this land in vain for three weeks, he fell into a storm and died during a forced winter.

The map cannot be replaced by any description. It accurately conveys geographic information, is visual, allows you to study spatial relationships, plan and predict many phenomena and processes.

III. Practical work

1. Study your school atlas. Describe the types of geographical maps by filling out the table in your notebook.

Type of geographical maps of the atlas

What is shown

1. Physical map of the hemispheres

2. Physical map of Russia

3. Political map of the world

2. When and why did geographical maps appear?

3. What is called a geographical map?

4. What properties does the card have?

5. How do maps differ in scale?

6. What is the map legend about?

7. Choose two features that distinguish a small-scale map: a) are depicted small areas territories; b) the curvature of the spherical surface of the Earth is taken into account; c) there is a degree grid; d) large scale is used.

8. A map at a scale of 1:500,000 refers to: 1) large-scale; 2) medium-scale; 3) small scale.

9. Analyze the physical map of your region, region, and conclude which maps it belongs to in terms of scale.

10. On the physical map of Russia, determine the scale - numerical, named and linear.

11. Distribute the maps as the detail decreases and the coverage of the area depicted decreases.

1) M - 1:1000000 3) M - 1:250000

2) M - 1:10000 4) M - 1:100000

IV . Homework:§ 9-10

Exercise

“1915, March 16, at latitude 79 ° and longitude from Greenwich 90 ° from the board of the drifting ship “Saint Mary”, with good visibility and clear skies, an unknown vast land was seen to the east of the ship with high mountains and glaciers," reports the head of the expedition, Captain Tatarinov. Determine which land (islands) was discovered by this expedition.

Completing a task

1. Please note that the expedition took place in the Kara Sea. Determine to which latitude and longitude the coordinates reported in the report refer.

2, Open a map of Russia in your atlas. Determine where the longitudes and latitudes are labeled on this map.

3, Find on the map the point of intersection of the parallel 79 ° with. sh. and meridian 90° E. d.

4. Mark the found point with a pencil. Tell me what previously unknown land (islands) was discovered by the expedition of Captain Tatarinov.

How to describe the location of an object on a map?

It is important not only to be able to find an object on the map, but also to describe where it is located. When describing the position of objects on the map, you can use the following rule: all objects lying on the meridians located to the left of the given one are to the west of it, to the right of the given one - to the east; all objects lying on parallels located above this one are located to the north of it, below - to the south.

5. In what direction from the islands discovered by the Tatarinov expedition is the nearest city indicated on the map? What is it called?

6. In what direction should the schooner "Saint Mary" move in order to reach the nearest cape on the coast? What is the name of this cape? Determine the distance to it (in kilometers).

7. What is the position of the open islands relative to the islands of Novaya Zemlya? Novosibirsk Islands?

8. In what part of the Kara Sea are the open islands?

Additional material for the lesson

Use of maps in scientific research

Scientific research

Map usage examples

Geological and geomorphological

Study of the features of the spatial distribution of continents, oceans, mountain systems, mid-ocean ridges, analysis of their shape, position relative to the coordinate system and poles, distribution by hemispheres, symmetry and asymmetry, zoning, etc. Obtaining information during measurements on maps about the average, maximum and minimum sizes of planetary forms: heights, depths, areas, volumes, geophysical characteristics and relationships between them. Identification of mineral deposits on maps using special techniques. The study of maps of the Earth, the Moon and the planets of the terrestrial group of the solar system to detect similarities in their structure, identify elements of similarity and differences in planetary structures to predict the structure and topography of the planets. The use of relief maps for agricultural development of territories and land reclamation, for the design of structures and various types of construction.

Physical-geographical and landscape

The study of the structure and zoning of natural complexes, the establishment of relationships between the individual elements of these complexes. Comparison of landscape maps with other natural and socio-economic maps and in order to obtain an assessment of natural conditions for agricultural development, planning of anti-erosion and hydro-reclamation measures, deployment capital construction, creation of health-improving and tourist complexes. Studying analogous territories on maps to identify patterns in little-studied or hard-to-reach territories.

Oceanological and hydrological

Morphometric study of the ocean floor, analysis of the distribution of heights and slopes of shelves, slopes, basins, and the largest forms of underwater relief. The study of currents, the interaction between the atmosphere and water masses, the calculation of biomass, etc. Study of channel processes, structure and development of floodplains, river systems, basins. Study of the dynamics of processes occurring in river basins. Study of the hydrological characteristics of lakes and reservoirs.

Soil and geobotanical

Characteristics of the soil and vegetation cover, the ratio of areas occupied by certain soil or plant associations. Analysis of the relationship of contours on maps of soils, vegetation and other natural components. The study of the distribution of soils for agricultural development of the territory and land use.

Medical-geographical

The study of the spatial distribution of diseases, foci of epidemics. Establishing a link between the spread of diseases and the natural and social factors that contribute to their occurrence. Predicting the rate of spread of infections.

Socio-economic

Analysis of settlement features, types of settlements, population density, etc. Territorial planning for the long-term development of the economy, industrial and urban construction. Economic zoning.

Historical and geographical

Quantitative characteristics of the phenomena of the historical past. Obtaining ideas about the administrative-territorial structure, the development of cities, ports, industrial areas, trade relations, etc.

Research environment

Rational use and environmental protection, integrated research of oceans and seas, forecasting of natural disasters. The study of environmental pollution. The study of human influence on natural complexes. Monitoring and development of measures to prevent hazardous phenomena, conservation and reproduction of natural resources.

A method of learning to compare the map with the terrain and tutorial for its implementation

”, created with the support of NASA, astronauts on the ISS are shooting the planet from low Earth orbit. To date, they have taken over 1.8 million pictures. You can view 12 collections on the Portal website: Earth Observatory, Glaciers, Volcanoes, Craters, Pictures of Natural Disasters, Time Lapse Video, Photos of World Capitals, Life at the Station , "infrared images". In the historical collection, you can see photographs of the entire Earth, the transit of Venus across the disk of the Sun in 2012, and night shots of the planet. The earliest archive materials were obtained during space program Mercury in the early 1960s.

One of the archive's most interesting tools is the Earth Observation System, which broadcasts HD images from several cameras installed on the ISS. On the site, you can also take a test on knowledge of geography "" and see demonstrating individual parts of the Earth or space phenomena.

A team of seven people is working on the project. In the FAQ section, you can ask questions to researchers: how detailed can a picture from space be; what photographic equipment the team uses; why astronauts do not see the North and South Poles and do not have time to photograph the stars.

One of the most common questions is “Can you see the Great Wall of China from space?”. In fact, it cannot be seen with the naked eye, but in the photographs it is visible - the Chinese wall looks like a thread two pixels thick.

("img": "/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/nasa_011.jpg", "alt": "Gateway to Astronaut Photography 01", "text": "Klyuchevskaya Sopka, Kamchatka.")

("img": "/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/nasa_021.jpg", "alt": "Gateway to Astronaut Photography 02", "text": "Siachen Glacier, Himalayas.")

("img": "/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/nasa_031.jpg", "alt": "Gateway to Astronaut Photography 03", "text": "Demavend extinct volcano, Iran.")

("img": "/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/nasa_041.jpg", "alt": "Gateway to Astronaut Photography 04", "text": "View of the Earth from the station.")

("img": "/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/nasa_051.jpg", "alt": "Gateway to Astronaut Photography 05", "text": "Full view of Earth.")

("img": "/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/nasa_061.jpg", "alt": "Gateway to Astronaut Photography 06", "text": "Depth measurement from the International Space Station.")

("img": "/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/nasa_071.jpg", "alt": "Gateway to Astronaut Photography 07", "text": "Both Northern and Southern Hemispheres during the late During the spring and early summer seasons, mesospheric clouds are at the peak of their visibility. Because of their specific brilliance, they are called noctilucent or night-glowing.")

("img": "/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/nasa_081.jpg", "alt": "Gateway to Astronaut Photography 08", "text": "Time for nostalgia. Last flight of the Space Shuttle program in the summer 2011.")

("img": "/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/nasa_091.jpg", "alt": "Gateway to Astronaut Photography 09", "text": "Transit of Venus across the Sun.")

("img": "/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/nasa_101.jpg", "alt": "Gateway to Astronaut Photography 10", "text": "Hurricane Ivan, September 2004.")

("img": "/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/nasa_11.jpg", "alt": "Gateway to Astronaut Photography 11", "text": "Historical image of a stratovolcano.")

("img": "/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/nasa_12.jpg", "alt": "Gateway to Astronaut Photography 12", "text": "Glorieux Islands, Indian Ocean.")

("img": "/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/nasa_13.jpg", "alt": "Gateway to Astronaut Photography 13", "text": "Bouvet Island is an uninhabited volcanic island in the South Atlantic Ocean .")

("img": "/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/nasa_14.jpg", "alt": "Gateway to Astronaut Photography 14", "text": "Italy at night.")

("img": "/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/nasa_15.jpg", "alt": "Gateway to Astronaut Photography 15", "text": "Cities at night.")

("img": "/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/nasa_16.jpg", "alt": "Gateway to Astronaut Photography 16", "text": "Night lights over Russia.")

("img": "/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/nasa_17.jpg", "alt": "Gateway to Astronaut Photography 17", "text": "Two low pressure areas, Northeast Pacific Ocean. ")

("img": "/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/nasa_18.jpg", "alt": "Gateway to Astronaut Photography 18", "text": "Amazon River in sunlight.")

("img": "/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/nasa_19.jpg", "alt": "Gateway to Astronaut Photography 19", "text": "Sahara desert after sunset.")

("img": "/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/nasa_20.jpg", "alt": "Gateway to Astronaut Photography 20", "text": "Tempano Glacier, South Patagonian Ice Plateau.")

Images courtesy of Earth Science and Remote Sensing Unit, Johnson Space Center, NASA.

Lesson topic:
Earth image
surfaces on a plane.
aerial photographs and
space images

The purpose of the lesson:
Get to know different types
Earth images and learn
recognize them from pictures
Plan
Flat images of the Earth (photos)
The difference between the model of the Earth and its flat
Images
Features of aerial photographs and
satellite images
Image recognition from pictures
(Practical work)

Survey of the earth's surface is carried out with:

from the plane
From the airship
Satellite
From the orbital station

Satellite photography - photographing the Earth or other planets using satellites

Artificial
earth satellite (satellite)
unmanned
spacecraft,
spinning around
Lands on their own
orbit.
In Russia for
photography
used
Don series satellites

Envisat, Envisat is a satellite built by the European Space Agency European to explore the Earth from space

Aerial photography - photographing the territory from a height of hundreds of meters to tens of kilometers using an aerial camera,

An-30 is designed for aerial photography and airborne geophysical work.

In the middle part
fuselage
five
glazed
sunroofs, of which
can be produced
planned and
promising
aerial photography.
aerial photography
performed in
scale from 1:5000 to
1:200000

Il-14FK - aircraft for aerial photography. Notable for the presence of special flight and navigation equipment, 3 cameras

Unmanned aerial vehicles are used around the world for aerial photography for military and civil purposes, as

An airship is an aircraft powered by an engine that is lighter than air. Airship Au-30 - for 2009 the largest Russian airship

Madagascar Island (space image)

Features of the image of Madagascar on the globe and space image

Image Features
Model
Earth
satellite image
1. Top view
+
+
2. All objects visible are depicted
above
_
+
3. Only important items are shown
terrain
+
_
4. Items are shown as they are
look in reality
_
+
5. Items are depicted conditionally
signs
+
_
6. . Alphabetic and numeric available
designations
+
_
7. Can accurately know the distance
+
_

A geographic information system is a complex of digital maps, statistics “tied” to them and software tools that allow

Google Planet
Earth - project
Google, in
within which
the Internet were
posted
satellite
photos of the whole
earth's surface

Class: 6

Lesson Objectives:
Educational: 1. Get to know different types of earth images and learn to recognize them
Educational: 1. To develop the ability to recognize the studied objects in photographs, analyze and compare them, as well as continue to develop skills in working with a globe
Educational: To promote the formation of an ecological outlook, information competence of students.

Equipment: globe, computer, geoinformation program Google Earth, multimedia projector and parallels.

Lesson methods:
reproductive, practical.

Lesson Forms: conversation, practical work, independent work, individual work, work in pairs.

Lesson type.
Learning new material.

During the classes.

1. Organizing time. (2 minutes)
Hello guys! I am glad to meet you. The topic of our today's lesson: « Image of the earth's surface on a plane. Aerial and satellite imagery .»
Let's remember what model of our planet we met? (Globe is a reduced three-dimensional model of the Earth). What do we already know? (determine geographic coordinates). Today you will get acquainted with flat images of the Earth - space and aerial photographs, and learn how to work with them .(slide 1)

2. Checking homework.
But first, let's review what we've learned so far.
4 students receive individual tasks. (Working with a globe on cards. Appendix 1), and at this time we will talk with you, and in the course of our conversation we will solve a crossword puzzle: “Degree network”
So, who was the first to suggest drawing conditional lines - parallels and meridians on the images of the earth's surface. (Eratosthenes is an ancient Greek scientist).
Now let's look at the crossword puzzle. (Annex 2)
Horizontally. 1. A circle drawn parallel to the equator.(parallel)
Vertically. 1. Semicircle through the poles(meridian)
Remember which sides of the horizon the parallel and the meridian indicate (the parallel shows the direction from Zna B, the meridian from S to S).
2 horizontal: Largest parallel.
What is the name of the prime meridian and why is it so named? (Null)
What hemispheres does the equator and prime meridian divide the Earth into? (Equator N and South, zero - Western and Eastern)
Vertically 2. What is the name of a network consisting of conditionally intersecting parallel lines and meridians, which are plotted on a globe and a map. (degree)
Determine from the maps of the atlas through what number of degrees the network is plotted on the physical map of the hemispheres. (through 10 or 20 degrees).
How many meridian parallels can be drawn through one point? (1 parallel and one meridian)
Horizontal 3. Distance north or south of the equator expressed in degrees(latitude)
Vertical 3. Distance west or east of the prime meridian, expressed in degrees.
Horizontal 4: A value that shows how many times the distance on the globe is reduced compared to the real one. (scale)
4 vertical: Reduced volume model of the Earth(the globe)

3. Learning new material.
3.1. The teacher's story with elements of conversation. The topic of today's lesson: "The purpose of the lesson. Lesson plan» (SLIDE 1-3).
3.2. We got acquainted with one of the models of the Earth - a globe. However, its use for solving most practical problems is inconvenient. The main advantage of the globe - volume - this is also its disadvantage. To obtain a very detailed image of the earth's surface, the globes must be huge. Therefore, most often people use flat images of the Earth's surface. What is the best way to get it? We need to take a picture of the Earth from above. The earth is photographed from aircraft, with orbital stations, airships. (SLIDE 3-10). A story about the aircraft, and the types of shooting.
3.3. Geographical objects on space and aerial photographs are presented in an unusual form for us. Let's compare the features of the terrain image on the globe and satellite image. (SLIDE 11, 12). Work in pairs. (Annex 3)
Features of the image of the island of Madagascar

If you agree with the statement put +. Small conclusion.
3.4. (SLIDE-14) Shooting the earth's surface from aircraft allows you to get a detailed image of all the details of the terrain. Space images are taken from satellites moving in orbits around the Earth. With the help of the Google Earth program, let's see how our planet looks like, in particular our microdistrict. (SLIDE-13). A story about the geoinformation program Google Earth. (We switch to the Google Earth geoinformation program.) Let's look at how our microdistrict looks like from an airplane flying at an altitude of 7.4 km, and from the ISS (altitude 351 km).
3.5. Aircraft take pictures of the Earth. The height over which a satellite or an aircraft flies depends on the coverage of the area being filmed and the scale of the images. The higher the satellites fly from the Earth, the smaller the scale of the images and the detail of their image. (SLIDE -15)
Let's see what our neighborhood looks like filmed:
- an airship flying at a maximum altitude of 2500 m
- from the aircraft IL-14 flying at an altitude of 7400 m,
- from the satellite of the Don series located at an altitude of 306,
- from the Meteor weather satellite at an altitude of 625 km
-from the ISS board 351 km.
See what our microdistrict looks like from an extremely low altitude, the picture was taken from a helicopter flying over our microdistrict at an extremely low altitude. (SLIDE 15-21)
The bottom panel displays the height of the camera above the ground
All these devices have risen to the maximum height, which devices will have a larger-scale image, and which ones will have a smaller-scale one? You write aircrafts in descending order of detail and scale of images obtained by these devices. (Annex 4)(on a magnetic board, attach aircraft in the correct order )
3.6. Recognition of objects in an image is called decryption. Let's try to recognize the main objects of our neighborhood. In the Planet Earth program, I will indicate the main objects with marks (MOU SOSH 24, Mail, Kindergarten, 26 TSNTI). (If possible, you can put each child at the computer.)
3.7. In addition to our planet, there are pictures of other planets such as Mars. What can we tell about the planets by looking at their satellite images . (SLIDE 22 if the internet fails). Switch to Google Earth for the image of Mars.
Let's compare how these planets look in pictures from space.