Dagestan handmade carpets. Carpet weaving is a folk craft of Dagestan. Why real Tabasaran carpets are valued higher than Persian ones

Dagestan is the center of manual carpet weaving in Russian territory. Distinctive features of Dagestan carpets are the richness of patterns combined with clear compositions and color schemes. All drawings are impeccably and clearly woven, the main ornaments are large in size. In woven products, a combination of warm and cold colors is characteristic.

Dagestan carpet weaving

Dagestan pile carpets, popular all over the world, are produced in the south of the republic. Conventionally, models are divided into four types, which differ in ornaments, density and length of the pile:

• Lezgi - “ahty”, “mikrah”, “kasumkent”;
• Derbent - "Derbent";
• rutul - "rutul";
• Tabasaran - "rushul", "khiv", "tabasaran".

For rugs of the Khiv type, the distinguishing features are a long pile (up to 6 mm) and the number of knots (tied per 10 cm 2) up to 1764 pieces. In other carpet products, the number of knots is less and amounts to 1600.

Features of Tabasaran carpets

Previously, the most significant household item was considered handmade. Their prices were so high that after selling one, the family could live comfortably for more than six months. Such a carpet product was equal in value to a couple of horses or several heads of a smaller one. cattle.

Tabasaran carpets differ from others in their durability, the secret of which is explained by the special technique of making high-quality yarn. To do this, use the wool of high-mountain sheep and dye it in different colors using natural dyes: walnut bark, wormwood, barberry.

In the past, every home had a loom for weaving. If it was not used, then it was carefully dismantled and stored until it was needed. A young girl from Tabasaran always had two large carpets and one small carpet product as her dowry. At the same time, one must be woven by her hands, in extreme cases, the bride had to take part in its creation.

In ancient times, to check the quality of the carpet made, they let horses run over it, left it for several days in the rain and sun, and sometimes soaked it. The carpet had to remain in its original form: only then the craftswoman would prove the quality of her work. The best Tabasaran carpets served their owners for more than three hundred years.

Making Tabasaran carpets

It is generally accepted that Dagestan and Tabasaran carpets are one and the same. But only in the south of Dagestan the craft of making carpets has been preserved. Such hard work was done exclusively by women. The carpet was woven by a craftswoman together with her friends, neighbors, and relatives. It happens that up to six women work at one machine. They talk, sing songs, tell funny stories, communicate. Sometimes one carpet product was created for more than five months. The carpet is woven by tying knots. It takes up to two seconds for a professional needlewoman to make one knot, and about eight thousand of them are tied in a day. It is noteworthy that more than three million such knots can be counted in a small carpet.

On the loom, which is located in the middle of the house, white threads are pulled. They serve as a kind of canvas with which the drawing will be woven. On this basis, knots begin to be tied with multi-colored threads, which gradually take on a finished shape.

Pile carpets were hung on the walls to decorate the home.

The lint-free "sumac" carpet, which covers the floor, stands out among others with a special weaving technique. On the reverse side, long woolen (up to 15 cm) threads remain on it. Thanks to them, the carpet is very soft and warm.

When the carpet is woven, it is cleaned of accumulated dust and debris, taken out into the yard. The women who worked on this work are dancing national dances. Such a rite testifies to the end of this difficult work. The dancers convey their positive energy to the carpet. Single women and those who did not take part in its creation are not allowed to traditional dances.

Drawing is the main thing in a carpet

Tabasaran carpets are characterized by a gradual covering of small patterns by larger fragments. Small sockets are placed over the area of ​​the carpet product. Each of them is placed in medallions. Then they are placed inside the polygons. Any small pattern and all large ornaments are highlighted with a border and color fill. With the help of geometric connections, needlewomen weave multi-colored curls and patterns. In these embossings, an ornament of branches with flowers is placed on the stroke.

In the middle of pile carpets, large drawings are placed in a checkerboard pattern, which are associated with tree leaves. In the middle of the largest ornaments, smaller drawings are entered, corresponding in configuration. They are available in lighter or darker colors. Geometric flowers and outlines of birds are woven between large details. The entire pattern of the carpet is combined into a single whole with the help of a stepped stroke.

Safar

Safar is a star, a very interesting pattern of Tabasaran carpets. The name implies the location of the star in the center of the carpet. This is the favorite finish of professional craftswomen. It happens that a small medallion is added to the middle, although there are ornaments without it. The shape of a safar resembles a flower with regular petals. Carpets that are decorated with a star attract attention with a wide variety of shades used. All details of the star are placed across the field in a strictly verified order. The central part of the carpet is most often made in blue and red.

Merher

Another popular Tabasaran carpet maker is the merher pattern, which looks like a sled. In the middle of the product, medallions in the form of squares and hexagons are placed in turn. They are connected along the entire length of the carpet with lines. These combined geometric shapes resemble the silhouette of a sled. Often, drawings are knitted from the bordered edges to the medallions, outwardly resembling a puppet silhouette. The unoccupied space is filled with small elements. The border is distinguished by a large number of patterned fragments, the carpet looks rich and elegant. All figures, drawings and patterns are strictly geometric. Coloring - a harmonious combination of blue and red yarns with the addition of a white, bright blue shade of wool.

Turar, topancha, checkers and pistols

The most demanded pattern of Tabasaran carpet products is turar (checkers). Patterned shapes in this type of pattern are placed diagonally. The name comes from an association with crossed sabers or pistols. These ornaments are united by small medallions. As a result of the diagonal combination, a grid is created that is placed at an angle of 45 degrees with respect to the edges. Traditionally, there are up to three rows of very small medallions in the center, which are united by topancha patterns. Three to seven rows of larger fragments are placed along the width and length of the carpet.

This type of pattern is performed in light shades of beige, blue, brown. In drawings of checkers, saturated blue, green, red colors, bordered by black, are used. The unoccupied places of the background of the needlewoman are regularly filled with small rosettes or other patterns. The final point in the design of the pattern is considered to be a wavy border, the color of which is white with blue patterns.

in Derbent

In 1982, the Museum of Carpet Weaving was opened in the city. It was placed in the premises of the Armenian church, which was built in 1870. Given the thousand-year history of carpet making, the location of the exposition in the city center attracts many tourists. Many of them come specially to see the real Tabasaran carpet. The price of the product starts from 10,000 rubles per square meter of carpet. And this is considering that artificial dyes are used. An original Tabasaran carpet made with natural dyes costs several times more. Today Tabasaran handmade carpets can be seen in the best museums in Paris, London, Tokyo. Houses and palaces of the first persons of various powers are decorated with woven products. At international exhibition events, carpet products constantly win gold medals.

Live, appreciate life and enjoy it - such wishes of the craftswomen are conveyed by the patterns and painting of the carpet. You can peer at the drawing for hours: someone will see the trees and birds on it, someone will see the face of a stranger looking into the distance. The next viewer will consider the mountains rising up, and the plain at the foot, along which a man with a plow goes and plows the land. It seems that you have seen all the smallest details on the Tabasaran carpets, when suddenly a drawing appears before your eyes that you had not noticed before... And again the picture changes...

Dvornikov Vladislav. Project manager Sakultsanova Lyudmila Nikolaevna

The author of the work tells about the traditional national craft of Dagestan - handmade carpet weaving. Carpet weaving in Dagestan arose as a form of labor activity, but over time it turned into one of the types of decorative and applied art. The greatest development of carpet weaving was in South Dagestan, which, most likely, was due to geographical proximity to one of the main centers of world carpet art - Persia. Therefore, the author spoke about the Eastern tradition of making handmade carpets.

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abstract

Subject : "Carpet weaving - folk craft Dagestan"

Place of work: Nevinnomyssk,

MOU secondary school No. 16, 9 "A" class

Supervisor: Sakultsanova Ludmila Nikolaevna,

foreign language teacher MOU secondary school No. 16

Stavropol, 2011

Chapter 1. Carpet weaving is a traditional national craft of Dagestan

1. Eastern tradition of handmade carpets……………..4

1.2. History of Dagestan carpet weaving. Centers of handmade carpet art of Dagestan……………………………………………………………….6

1.3. Types of Dagestan carpets. Pile carpets…………………………….7

1.4. Lint-free carpets. Smooth one-sided carpets - "sumakhs"………..9

1.5. Lint-free double-sided carpets “davagins”…………………………10

1.6. Carpets "chibta" - mats from marsh sedge…………………………...10

1.7. Features of “chuli” carpets and “dum” carpets……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

1.8. Lint-free carpets…………………………………………………11

1.9. Felt carpets………………………………………………………....12

Chapter 2. Materials, manufacturing process, features of the ornament

carpets…………………………………………………………………………...12

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………...15

List of used sources and literature…………………………..16

Applications…………………………………………………………………….17

Introduction

For centuries, unsurpassed folk craftsmen worked in Dagestan: goldsmiths of the village of Kubachi, silversmiths Gotsatl. The Untsukul people created man-made poems from wood, the Derbent and Tabasaran women transferred all the hundred colors of my land to the carpets, the Balkhark women wrote mysterious verses on earthenware jars.

Rasul Gamzatov

Dagestan is rightly called a reserve of folk art crafts, a land of remarkable craftsmen. Here, various types of crafts have long been widely and widely developed - artistic processing metal, stone and wood carving, pottery, carpet weaving, bone processing, patterned knitting and gold embroidery. In the past, these types of crafts have played and continue to play a very important role in the economy of the mountainous region in the past. Nowhere in our country did folk arts and crafts acquire such great importance in the economy and spiritual life of the people, were they of such a mass character as in mountainous Dagestan.

Having originated in ancient times and having gone through a number of stages of its development and improvement, folk crafts have become an integral and integral part of the traditional national artistic culture Dagestan.

Back in the Middle Ages, large specialized centers for the production of certain types of products were formed in Dagestan. artistic craft, which were widely sold throughout the mountainous region and far beyond. Among them, the villages of Kubachi, Kumukh, Gotsatl, Untsukul, Balkhar, Sulevkent, Akhty, Mikrakh, Khiv, Khuchni and the city of Derbent stood out in terms of the degree of development and the level of perfection of manufactured products.

Handmade carpets were the most valuable items in a Dagestan home. A medium-sized carpet could be exchanged for a pair of horses or several cattle. For the money earned from the sale of the carpet, the Dagestan family could provide themselves with everything they needed for six months in advance. The Dagestani bride's dowry necessarily included carpets and sumakhs, and, for example, among Tabasarans, at least one of the carpets had to be woven by the bride herself. With the advent of Soviet power and the organization of artels, carpet weaving in Dagestan received fertile ground for its development. These enterprises were created by uniting single craftswomen who taught young people their skills. were also created industrial enterprises wool processing.

Chapter 1. Carpet weaving is a traditional national craft of Dagestan

Carpet weaving, along with jewelry and pottery, is a traditional national craft of many peoples of Dagestan. The greatest development of carpet weaving was in South Dagestan, which is most likely due to geographical proximity to one of the main centers of world carpet art - Persia.

With the adoption of Islam and the spread of Arabic writing, individual representatives of the Dagestan masters got the opportunity to join the achievements of oriental culture.

The first mentions of Dagestan carpets are found in Herodotus. They say that a herd of horses was passed over the finished product, burned under the sun and kept in the water. So they checked their quality. The skill of hand-made Dagestan carpet was passed down from generation to generation, from mother to daughter, while skills were honed and patterns and compositions of the ornament were improved.

1.1. Eastern tradition of handmade carpets

The art of carpet weaving began more than two and a half thousand years ago. The oldest of the carpets that have come down to us was supposedly woven more than two thousand years ago! A dense pile cloth depicting deer, birds and horses was found during excavations of the royal burial mound in 1949. This find testifies to a unique fact: centuries later, the classical technique of hand-woven carpets has not undergone any changes! Today, this masterpiece of centuries adorns the Hermitage collection. Yes, it is the “masterpiece of the ages”, because carpet weaving is ancient art which has its roots in the Ancient East.

Initially, the carpet performed exclusively practical functions: the eastern nomads came up with the idea of ​​weaving warm fabrics in order to be able to quickly create a house. The man-made carpets of that time served to protect the dwelling from wind and sand, and made it possible to quickly divide the room. Gradually, a person began to move away from the primitive philosophy of "warm and dry" - he wanted it to be also beautiful, elegant, and most importantly - not like everyone else. For the East, a carpet is furniture, wallpaper, and a sign of prosperity. The level of well-being of a person in the Ancient East was determined by the quality of the carpets in his house. In a rich house there should always be a lot of carpets, and of the highest quality.

The pattern of handmade carpets is never random. In the choice and arrangement of certain elements of the pattern, there are centuries-old traditions, talent and intent of the master. Each ornament has a specific meaning. In angular diamond-shaped flowers and leaves with serrated edges, in fine jewelry knitting, in a mosaic pattern, you can read proverbs, legends, wishes for the future owner.

From the middle of the 16th century, the East (Persia, India, China) supplied many royal courts and aristocratic houses of Europe with carpets. Trading expeditions were equipped for oriental carpets.

Handmade carpets are considered not only household items, but also works of art. Carpets in the East are woven by everyone and everywhere: individual families, ancient craft dynasties and large factories.

1.2. History of Dagestan carpet weaving. Centers of handmade carpet art of Dagestan

The art of carpet weaving in Dagestan has evolved over many centuries. The information of research scientists and the results of archaeological excavations show that the inhabitants of Dagestan were engaged in spinning and weaving in the Bronze Age.

In the XII century. Dagestan is turning into the most important center of the economy, trade and artistic culture of the Caucasus. Trade relations with the countries of the Near East and Central Asia contributed to the emergence of carpet products for religious purposes (prayers, prayer rugs).

Derbent, which at that time was a major trading city in the Caspian Sea, was famous for dyes extracted from herbs and shrubs, which were used to dye woolen threads. Here, the cultivation of a natural dye - madder - has become widespread. The development of women's artistic crafts associated with carpet production has spread throughout Dagestan. This was also facilitated by the availability of raw materials, and an excess of free hands. After many centuries of development of this type of art, already in the 19th century, according to research scientists, original centers of carpet weaving were formed among the Lezgins, Tabasarans, Avars, Dargins, Kumyks, Laks, concentrated in Southern, Central and Northern Dagestan.

So, among the Lezgins, carpet weaving was widespread in the villages of the Kyura and Samur districts: Akhty, Mikrakh, Magaramkent, Imamkulikent, Kurakh, Kabir, Kasumkent, Ashaga-Stal, Orta-Stal, Yukhari-Stal, Kug, Chilikar, Kurkent, etc. Among the Tabasarans settlements: Khuchni, Arkit, Yersi, Khiv, Kandyk, Mezhgyul, Lyakhlya, etc. Pile and especially lint-free carpets were also produced in the villages of the mountain Avaria: Khunzakh, Tlyarata, Kutlab, Batlaich, Tsada, Kharakhi, Karata, Gergebil, Gotsatl. In the Dargin villages, felt carpets and woolen rugs were mainly produced (Levashi, Gasankent, Upper Mulebki, etc.). In the Kumyk villages of Buglen, Upper and Lower Kazanishche, the production of felt carpets "arbabash" was most developed. Patterned woolen rugs, double-sided "dum" rugs were also produced by Kumyk craftswomen in the villages of Kayakent, Geli, Durgeli, Paraul. In the Lak villages of Balkhar, Kumukh, Kuli, patterned smooth rugs were especially developed. In the regions of southern and mountainous Dagestan, the manufacture of small carpet products was also widespread. These are khurjins, saddlers, saddlebags "topraks" and original knitted stockings and shoes.

1.3. Types of Dagestan carpets. Pile carpets.

According to the nature of the patterns and the technique of execution, all carpets can be divided into three main groups: pile, lint-free and felt.

Such compositions of pile carpets as "Safar", "Akhty", "Mikrakh", "Patnusi", "Budulai furar", "Derbent", "Gasan-Kala", "Tabasaran", "Ersi" are original and not similar to each other. , Khiv, Rutul, Tlyarata, etc. Each of these types of pile compositions is based on the artistic features of certain ornamental motifs and the corresponding color scheme.

In the traditional motifs of pile carpets, we find geometrized images of plants, animals, humans, and tools. All these patterns are a diverse world of symbols - the language of carpet art, through which folk craftswomen display the world, nature, convey their feelings, moods. The image on the carpets of figures of animals and people used to have a magical meaning associated with ancient cults and rituals. But gradually it was lost, and the patterns began to be only decorative.

It should be noted that all types of pile carpets, regardless of the nature of the pattern, are built according to a single compositional principle, i.e. the carpet consists of a central field and a border - two main components. This gives the composition a closedness, where the stripes of the border (border) limit the central part of the carpet from all sides.

Patterns are the language of carpet art. Ornaments of carpet compositions

By its nature, the ornament of the carpet composition can be divided into: centric (for the central large figures - medallions); background (filling the places of the central field free from large figures); edging (tape) to fill the border. Ornamental art of pile carpets is composed of simple forms of geometric motifs (straight, zigzag lines, triangles, rhombuses, polygons, spirals, crosses, etc.), geometrized plant motifs (leaves, flowers, thorns, etc.), zoomorphic motifs (dogs, horses, birds, goats, etc.), anthropomorphic motifs (human figures, separate parts of the figure: eye, hand, mustache) and geometrized forms of celestial bodies, objects (asterisk, moon, sun, water, snow, earth , sword, lamp, sleigh, etc.).

Many elements of the carpet ornament had specific names, which came from the correspondence with the content “yar bubu” - “poppy flower”, “gyed” - “star”, “gyil” - “hand”, etc. Or from the similarity with reality “katsin pats "-" cat's footprint ", "meker" - "forelock", "kiirer" - "hook-shaped", "hash" - "cross", etc. And some motifs were named depending on the location of the pattern on the carpet ("yukvan fur" - “central medallion”, “kyereh” - “border”) or even from color (“tsIaru kyereh” - “variegated edge”, “chIulav kyereh” - “black edge”).

Color features of pile carpets

The color scheme of pile carpets is one of the leading components of the composition, where a pattern of 7 to 24 colors and shades was located against the background of traditional blue or cherry red. The color harmony of the carpet composition was achieved by creating a balance of bright and dark spots, large and small details of the pattern forms, and a combination of warm and cold. The contour line of black or another color gives special expressiveness, strength and sonority to the main color in the patterns.

1.4. Lint-free carpets. Smooth one-sided carpets - "sumakhs"

Lint-free carpets are magnificent Lezgin smooth carpets “sumakhs”, Avar “davagins”, Kumyk “dumas”, Tabasaran and Lak carpets and numerous small-sized carpets: khurjins, chuvals, ribbons for jugs.

"Sumakhi", like pile carpets, have a utilitarian purpose and artistic features, which sometimes surpass the latter. The peculiarity of these carpet products is a rather large size, wide use in everyday life, mainly for flooring, as it is soft due to the undercarpet layer of long woolen threads, which are formed due to weaving technique. Usually "sumakhs" are woven in horizontal rows of stitches intertwined with warp threads, and the ends of the yarn about 10-12 cm long are released from the inside of the carpet.

The composition of "sumakhs", as well as pile carpets, consists of a central part and a border. Usually the central field is occupied by several main medallions with narrow gaps in the background, which are filled with rare small patterns.

The pattern-forming elements of "sumakhs" have almost the same basis as pile carpets. These are geometric shapes (triangles, rhombuses, rectangles, squares, zigzag figures, polygons, etc.), stylized plant motifs (stems, flowers, leaves, etc.). In addition, there were sketchy pictorial motifs (horses, mountain tours, riders, figurines of people, birds). In the patterns of "sumakhs" there are also motifs characteristic of other types of folk art: S-shaped patterns, crosses, meanders, stars, etc.

The color solution of the "sumacs" of the old sample included about 24 colors and shades, where warm colors prevailed: red-brown, ocher-golden.

1.5. Lint-free double-sided carpets "davagins"

Lint-free double-sided carpets "davagins" are made in the Avar villages. Characteristic for them is the use of a large amount of a free field of blue or dark blue color, on which a complex symmetrical ornament "rukzal" is built. These carpets are decorative and perfectly complement the interior of the dwellings of the highlanders. The compositional solution of the carpet, like other carpet products, has a central part, which is composed of several medallions. From these medallions, numerous branches branch off in different directions, very similar to the long elongated necks of birds with a triangular ending. The entire central part is bordered by a wide frieze with geometric ornament. The color scheme of the "davagins" is also distinguished by its concise use of dark blue and blue flowers background, red, black, yellow - for a pattern that has a border of a different color.

1.6. Carpets "chibta" - mats from swamp sedge

Similar in ornament to "davagins" are mats made of marsh sedge, which are called "chibta". The ornament is usually marked with woolen threads of burgundy, orange and has a black outline, which harmonizes well with the golden yellow background of the carpet.

1.7. Features of "chuli" carpets and carpet"dum"

No less interesting are the "chuli" carpets, which are made using the "carpet" technique, have a central part of the main field of the carpet and a border with two or three stripes of border. The wonderful "dum" carpets of Kumyk craftswomen also belong to the traditional types of lint-free carpets.

The most favorite type of carpet "dum" among the Kumyks is a carpet with a pattern "nakhu oyuv" (wedding). The central field is filled with several rows (2-4) of figures with a lot of free background. And the border consists of one wide and two small strips. Such a composition of the carpet is built on a red-brown background, where large blue medallions with outlines of a complex pattern are arranged in rows. The red background of the carpet goes well with the brown border.

1.8. Lint-free rugs

The group of lint-free carpets is completed by carpets (plain and patterned). Patterned rugs were made by Lezgin, Tabasaran, Lak, Kumyk, Avar and Dargin craftswomen.

The group of Dagestan lint-free carpets also includes rugs, which were made from hemp, cotton, wool and served in everyday life for flooring, as a bedding for drying grain, corn, etc. on them. The decorative solution of these rugs was the most uncomplicated. It consisted of simple rhythmically alternating colored bands of varying widths, which were arranged either horizontally or vertically. So, rugs with a vertical compositional solution are known as Balkhara. For each nation, such carpets also had their own names, for example, among the Lezgins - “rukh”, the Tabasarans - “barkhal”, the Avars - “turut”, the Dargins - “chIankIa”, the Kumyks - “tyuz”.

In addition to such carpets, craftswomen also wove carpets decorated with patterns with various geometric elements (triangles, squares, rhombuses, crosses, zigzag and hook-shaped), with the help of which figures were formed that filled the stripes. Many elements of patterned rugs had their own names. For example, the Kumyk carpet pattern: "ilme" - "stripes", "kaichy" - "scissors", "chermeler" - "barrels", "adamlar" - "people", "karlygach" - "swallow", "kanziler" - "steps", "yatgan" - "ladder", etc.

Patterned carpets also had their own names among the Dagestan peoples, for example: “Khaima” (Lezg.); "kyumes" (tab.); "kilim" (lacquer); "Jugarai" (cum.).

1.9. Felt carpets

Avars, Laks, Dargins, Kumyks and Nogais were mainly engaged in the manufacture of felt carpets. Widely known welt patterned felt carpets "Arbabash". They are made from several felts dyed in different colors: black, white, red, green, blue. Felt is superimposed one on top of the other, and a pattern is cut out according to a predetermined ornament. Then the cut patterns are sewn into the felt of a different color, and eventually several arbabash are obtained with the same pattern, but different in color. The seam between the patterns is closed with white braid. The pattern of such carpets is based on a stylized floral ornament, which is based on a contrasting combination of background color and a pattern that is enhanced by the white contour line of the braid.

Nogai felt carpets "kiiz" are somewhat similar, but at the same time they are different. For example, there is no applique technique for applying a pattern, as in arbabash carpets, although this technique continues to decorate small household items and women's clothing(skullcaps, pouches, handbags, etc.). most distinctive feature decorating Nogai felt carpets is the technique of applying an ornament pattern using a colored cord using the fastening technique. In contrast to the silhouette pattern of "arbabash", here a contour drawing is obtained, which is read in contrast against the background of the carpet.

Chapter 2. Materials and process of making carpets

The process of making a Dagestan carpet requires delicate taste, individual skill, enviable patience and perseverance from carpet weavers, since the work is done in a sitting and half-bent position. Many experienced craftswomen, not having a technical drawing in front of them, but knowing the scheme for constructing a carpet pattern, perform it from memory.

The most common material used in the production of handmade carpets is sheep's wool. The ability to choose the right yarn and process it is very important, since not only the softness and strength of the carpet, but also the degree of brightness of color shades depends on the quality of the woolen thread. For example, dyeing camel and goat hair threads in light colors is practically impossible due to the original dark natural shades.

Sheep wool also comes in different categories. There are special breeds that give a more elastic and soft coat. The best wool is produced by young animals at the age of eight to twelve months. The wool of adult animals is less valued, as it contains a lot of coarse pile. The quality of wool is also affected by the diet and habitat of animals. The finest woolen threads can only be made from wool of the highest category. Very often, cotton thread is used for the weft warp of the carpet. It is more durable and less elastic (not subject to deformation along the length) and on this basis it is easier to maintain the proportions and symmetry of the carpet. In the manufacture of carpets, silk is also used, extracted from the cocoon of a silkworm. Silk is more durable, which makes it possible to obtain the finest threads necessary for the manufacture of carpets with a rich and complex ornament. Both natural and aniline dyes are used in the dyeing of carpet threads.

Despite the widespread use of artificial dyes, some manufacturers still use natural dyes in carpet weaving, which are obtained on the basis of traditions that have come down from ancient times.

Red (one of the most common colors in oriental carpets) is obtained from madder roots. Orange shades are obtained by diluting the dye (from madder) with lemon juice. Henna leaves and sandalwood are also used in coloring. Shades of blue come from indigo root, yellow from turmeric or tannin. A very delicate yellow color is obtained from the pomegranate peel, which, mixed with the red color of the madder, gives a peculiar bright orange color. The rich yellow color is obtained from saffron flower pollen. Shades of beige and brown are natural to the coat. Green is obtained by mixing blue and yellow dyes. From the shell of a walnut or chestnut, a rich brown and black color is obtained.

For the manufacture of pile carpets, two types of knots are used: Turkish (symmetrical) and Persian (asymmetrical). An asymmetric knot is more convenient for making floral ornaments and images of people, animals, birds, as it allows you to more accurately reproduce curved soft lines. A symmetrical knot is more durable, but adapted to convey a geometric ornament.

There is also the so-called Spanish knot, which is knitted on one warp thread, as well as the jofti knot; it uses four threads. It is lighter in execution and less durable.

Handmade carpets are mainly made in small workshops and large manufactories. But traditionally they were woven by private craftsmen using technology that was passed down from generation to generation. At the same time, they not only made the carpet itself by hand, but also produced raw materials: they sheared sheep and processed wool, and prepared dyes.

Dagestan carpets can be found in museums in New York, Paris, Montreal, Osaka, Leipzig, Milan, Tokyo, Brno, Izmir and other cities. In terms of quality, Dagestan carpets are not inferior to the best world samples. They are permanent exhibits at international and domestic fairs and exhibitions, where they were awarded honorary diplomas and gold medals: in Brussels (Belgium, 1958) and the Leipzig Exhibition-Fair (GDR, 1967). With their beauty and splendor, Dagestan handmade carpets shocked the Russians at the Russian Festival of Economic and Cultural Cooperation "Moscow and Russian Regions 2000".

Conclusion

Carpet weaving in Dagestan arose as a form of labor activity, but over time it turned into one of the brightest types of decorative and applied art of Dagestan.

The rich heritage of folk art, based on centuries-old traditions, is an integral part of the ethno-artistic culture of the peoples of Dagestan. The works of folk masters reflect the experience of the people, their worldview, worldview and maintain a continuous connection between generations. Products of folk art crafts of Dagestan of the past and present are witnesses of great diligence, a subtle sense of beauty and artistic talent of the Dagestan peoples.

May there be peace over the mountain range,

May the evil of the native land not touch.

So, conjuring, you wove a carpet

For a thread, a thread in thought choosing.

Mountains and snow were woven into the pattern,

The cry of cranes and cloud feathers,

Blooming alpine meadows,

Ancient legends and beliefs.

And the carpet bloomed to flower flower,

Like native Dagestan in the height of summer.

For a thread a thread, so from beautiful lines

The creation of a poet is born.

Rasul Gamzatov

List of used sources and literature

1. Bayrambekov M.M., Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Dagestan - Reserve of Folk Art Crafts, 2005

2.Debirov P. "Carpets of Dagestan".Dagestan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2006

3. Mammaev M.M. Decorative and applied art of Dagestan. Makhachkala, 1989.

Annex 2

2. Carpet making

Carpet weaving among the peoples of Dagestan

Dagestan has been known throughout the world for its numerous folk art crafts since ancient times. Hand-made carpet weaving, pottery and copper-chasing production, weapons and jewelry making, art casting, gold embroidery, carving on bone, stone, wood, ornamental notching and metal inlay on wood, etc., developed here.

In the Dagestan traditional society before the revolution, every second village had its own artistic craft. It was of a massive nature and had a priority in the economy and spiritual life of our people. Until recently, more than 15 thousand people worked in 120 settlements of the republic at the enterprises of folk art crafts.

Lezgins, like other peoples of Dagestan, contributed to the development of almost all types of artistic crafts. The most ancient and widespread type of arts and crafts among the Lezgins is carpet weaving. This kind of art, beloved by the people, has been carefully passed down from generation to generation for centuries. Its language, pattern, coloring were close and understandable to everyone. The abundance of local raw materials - wool and natural dyes, the development of animal husbandry and agriculture, but most of all - the talent, artistic talent, taste and attitude of the mountain women have long contributed to such a wide development of carpet weaving among the Lezgins.

Unknown masters created unique carpets, the artistic perfection of which pleases and surprises to this day. Magnificent carpets and rugs, created by the hands of Lezgin craftswomen, adorn the largest museums of our country.

Historical sources contain numerous information about the highly developed production of carpets in the Lezgin villages of Dagestan and about their export to different countries. In an old folk epic, purple Lezgin carpets are especially praised.

Carpet weaving is most common in Akhtynsky, Dokuzparinsky, Suleiman-Stalsky, Kurakhsky, Khiva regions, in such settlements as Akhty, Mikrakh, Orto-Stal, Kabir, Chilikar, Kashkent, Kug, Tsinit, Arkhit, Tsnal, Dardakent, Zakhit, Tslak , Trkol, Kancil and others, covering more than 2000 highly skilled craftswomen. In the 1920s, a new period in the development of the art of carpet weaving began. A trade cooperation was created, carpet weavers were united in production cooperatives, first in partnerships, and later in artels in the village. Ortho-Steel, Kabir, Mikrah (1928), Akhty (1931), Chilikar (1940).

In 1927 in the village. Akhty, an educational and demonstration school was opened to train craftswomen of export carpet production. In 1934 in with. Ortho-Stal creates a nursery for growing madder. And in s. Mikrah opens a dyeing workshop. In the same year, 20 best carpet weavers of the Orto-Stalskaya artel were awarded the prizes of the Export Conference under the Council of People's Commissars of the DASSR. artistic carpet weaving lezgi

In competitions and exhibitions, the work of Lezgin carpet weavers was highly appreciated. The names of craftswomen K. Kadyrova from the village are known. Ortho-Steel, A. Karabekova from the village. Ahty and many others. others

Lezghian pile carpets were exhibited at the Paris International Exhibition of Art Products (1938), where Dagestan carpets were awarded a gold medal and a diploma of the first degree. In 1939, pile carpets by Sh. Ramazanova from the Mikrakh carpet artel were presented at the New York exhibition. Lezgin carpets enjoyed great fame at the Brussels International Exhibition (1958). Over time, in the village. Akhty, Mikrah, Kabir, Ortho-Stal and others were built bright, spacious rooms, equipped with new improved machines.

Lezghin craftswomen made pile and lint-free carpets, sumakhs, rugs and other carpet products, such as shoulder bags "belih", saddlebags "khurjins". The production of pile and lint-free carpets reached 15 thousand square meters. m, and jurabs - 100 thousand pairs. Pile carpets, known far beyond the borders of the republic, were especially famous. They made up the bulk of the carpets produced by the Lezgins. Part of the high-density pile carpets was exported.

Lezgin carpets "Akhty", "Mikrakh", "Kasumkent", Tassan-Kala", "Erpenek", "Ah-Gul", "Budelay furar" occupy a special place in the art of carpet weaving of Dagestan. They are included in the golden fund of arts and crafts The high-density carpet "Akhty" is distinguished by high quality, quality factor and elasticity of the fabric, a clear and detailed pattern, harmonious colors.

Convened on the basis of an ancient tradition, Mikrakh carpets are valued in all regions of Dagestan and are known far beyond its borders. Only in Mikrakh pile carpets, a very specific flesh-pink tone is included in the usual blue-red range for Dagestan, only here the role of white color, especially in the accompanying borders, the number of which sometimes reaches eight or nine. The pattern of Akhtyn and Mikrakh carpets has a small detailed development of ornamental motifs. Pile carpets of the "Akhty" and "Mikrakh" types are currently produced in small quantities due to the termination of the enterprises.

In addition to pile carpets, very peculiar one-sided smooth rugs, sumakh carpets, are made. Kasumkent, Kabir are one of the centers of sumac production. They are characterized by great rigor, clarity and some straightforwardness.

The Orto-Stal factory was once one of the most advanced in the field of work on new carpets. Many plot-themed carpets are made here, such as "Portrait of Suleiman-Stalsky" and others.

The art of Lezgin carpet weaving lives to this day in Dagestan. Craftswomen create their best carpets, maintaining devotion to classical traditions, while ancient motifs and compositions acquire a new meaning. However, today they need serious state support. With the transition to market conditions management, state support for carpet enterprises was suspended. Many enterprises have ceased to exist, the volume of production of carpets and rugs is falling every day, financial position carpet enterprises, and consequently the availability of work for carpet weavers is deteriorating every year. The export of carpets has ceased. The periodic intensification of crisis processes in carpet production, the lack of the necessary economic conditions for the independent exit of carpet enterprises from the current situation can lead to a complete curtailment of production in many traditional carpet weaving centers in the Lezgin regions and an increase in unemployment among carpet weavers. As a result, there may be a serious problem of maintaining the status of original folk hand-woven carpet weaving in Dagestan. Governmental support hand carpet weaving, which is one of the important factors in the revival, preservation and further development of the traditional folk art craft, which is the national cultural heritage and property of the Dagestan peoples, will contribute to the stabilization of socio-economic life and the preservation of the prestige of the Republic of Dagestan.

Carpet weaving is one of the leading artistic crafts of Dagestan. In the past, practically all Dagestan women were engaged in weaving and needlework in their free time from agricultural work.

It is impossible to indicate the exact date of the emergence of carpet weaving in Dagestan, but it is known that an ancient person on the territory of Dagestan began to weave around the 3rd - 2nd millennium BC. e. This is confirmed by numerous archaeological finds in the form of fragments of ceramics with canvas prints, decay from a woolen bedding from the Palasasyrt burial ground (IV - VI centuries AD), as well as spindle whorls of various shapes from the Bronze Age burial grounds (II millennium BC). .) and iron (I millennium BC, found in Southern Dagestan. Similar whorls were used by craftswomen in some regions of Dagestan as the main tool for making yarn until the middle of the 20th century.

The ancient authors Herodotus, Strabo, Pliny the Elder in their writings mention the widespread use of carpet products among the peoples of the Caucasus. In Arabic sources of the XI-XII centuries. The authors talk about the use of natural dyes madder and saffron on the territory of Caucasian Albania. Back in the 19th century madder was grown in large quantities in the vicinity of Derbent and was the main export product to many countries.

Many factors contributed to the development of crafts related to the processing of wool in the territory of Dagestan. First of all, this is a harsh climate that requires insulation of stone walls and earthen floors in the dwelling, an abundance of local raw materials (wool and natural dyes), as well as a large number of free women's hands in the autumn-winter period. Along with carpet weaving, such women's crafts as patterned knitting, cloth and cloak craft, embroidery with gold and silk threads, weaving of lace, tassels and galloon, etc., successfully developed. However, the leading role belonged to the production of carpets and rugs.

Carpets performed a wide variety of functions in the home. First of all, they were used to cover the clay floor and insulate the stone walls of the dwelling in the cold season. And since there was practically no furniture in a Muslim house, carpets replaced it. For rest and as small pillows under the elbow, "mutaki" were used, in special woven chests they put the dowry for the daughter, clothes, bedding. AT mountain conditions sacks ("khurjins"), various bags for carrying weights ("mafrashi", "chuvals", sacks) were very convenient;

Carpets and rugs were always given as a dowry to the bride, when praying, small “namazlyk” rugs were used, a cradle with a baby was covered with special capes, carpets and embroideries played an important role in the funeral rite. In addition to the utilitarian and ritual functions, carpets and rugs also performed a decorative one, being the brightest spot in the interior of a rather ascetic mountain dwelling. However, the proverb that exists in the mountains: "He who has several ancient carpets, has a rich library" testifies to the deeply spiritual significance of carpets in the life of the Dagestan peoples, to the complex semantics of the carpet ornamental language.

Creating a carpet or even a small product is a very laborious process. Unlike other types of folk art, where there was a certain division of labor, the Dagestan woman did everything herself in carpet weaving, starting with the preparation of yarn. For the carpet, wool of autumn and spring shearing was used (autumn wool was considered the highest quality), which was washed, dried, sorted out, then ruffled and combed, twisted yarn, which was dyed with natural dyes in different colors and shades.

The favorite colors of Dagestan carpets were red and blue, symbolizing the main natural elements. The necessary color of the carpet weaver was obtained from the leaves, bark, roots of various plants. Red and its shades (from light pink to crimson) gave madder. Blue was obtained from imported indigo, yellow was mined from onion peel, barberry bark, St. John's wort, oregano. It was also used to produce green by dyeing yellow yarn blue. Especially many shades - from yellow to brown-brown could be obtained from the peel of a green walnut. White wool was sometimes not dyed, but used in its natural form.

For weaving, a vertical loom, common for Dagestan, was used, consisting of two pillars and transverse axes. It was usually installed in a slightly inclined position.

Often the process of creating a carpet was accompanied by gatherings, songs, stories. And after the completion of the work, when the finished thing was removed from the machine, it was dismantled and hidden until the next time, because there was a belief that the machine should not be empty.

Introducing girls to the difficult art of carpet weaving in the mountains, especially in Southern Dagestan, began very early - from the age of five or six. Each Dagestan people has carpets that differ in ornament and technological features. In general, the classification of Dagestan carpets can be made as follows:

1. Lint-free carpets

2. Pile carpets

3. Felt carpets.

The first group is conditionally divided into two subgroups:

3. Mats

Basically, the carpets of the first type are simple striped rugs. They are produced throughout Dagestan from hemp, cotton and wool. The carpets of the second type are distinguished by a slightly complicated pattern. Patterned stripes with geometric ornaments are introduced into them, which alternate with smooth ones. Such carpets are produced in the Avar village of Koroda and the Lak village of Balkhar (the so-called "turuts"). A similar composition is transferred by craftswomen to small items made in these regions - bags, khurjins, water-bearing tapes.

The Laks and Lezgins are characterized by bright colorful "kilims" (it is this type of carpets that is called kilim in Dagestan) with a repeatedly repeated element - a hexagonal medallion, the so-called. "shirvan - kilim". Consistently arranged figures form rows - stripes, which make up the composition of the carpet. They are also characterized by a composition in the form of one or more rhombuses arranged in a row along the length of the field. Kilims of this type are produced with gaps and weft clutch.

In a number of carpet products from the village of Akhty, there is a frequently repeated flower motif "rose" on a dark background. Its appearance is attributed to the end of the 19th century, associated with the spread of European and Russian goods here and with the emerging fashion for images of flowers. Today, this element is an integral part of home knitted shoes of Southern Dagestan - "jurabs".

In the foothill and mountainous regions of Central Dagestan, a smooth carpet is made, called "davagin" by the Avars and "dum" by the Kumyks, which have a similar ornament. Such carpets are an indispensable attribute of the Avar or Kumyk house. With a relatively small width, they have a large length (up to 6-7 m), covering two or even three walls of the dwelling.

The composition of such carpets is quite stable. Usually, on a blue background, red (sometimes yellow, green, brown) medallions are staggered in one, two or three rows. Their complex, rugged silhouette sometimes has up to ten or more branches, reminiscent of long bird necks. Apparently, this similarity explains their names: "many-necked houses", "bird houses". Some researchers count up to 25 local names of medallions of these rugs.

In addition to traditional elements, many davagins contain unique ornaments depicting the "tree of life", hands, "dragons", a giraffe, a camel, horses, etc. Many carpets date back to the years of the Hijri, some have Arabic inscriptions with the names of the carpet makers or the customer.

One of the most interesting species lint-free Dagestan carpet is the so-called. "supradum". Its technique is similar to the davagin technique. They were produced in Chirkey and usually had up to 5-7 m in length. The ornament of the supra-dum is distinguished by its peculiar composition. Usually, on a red or maroon field, there are several blue octagonal medallions in a row with a small "lake" in the center of each. The main field and medallions are filled with anthropomorphic figures, various archaic signs, and floral ornaments. The supradum is characterized by the simple and laconic colors traditional for Avar carpet weaving: red, blue, white or their shades, and the carpets of the late 19th century are distinguished by lighter colors. Sometimes white "lightning bolts" are introduced into the octagonal medallion.

In the Avar village of Urma, Levashinsky district, patterned mats "chibta" have long been made - a very peculiar type of product that has no analogues in other regions of Dagestan. These mats were woven by Urma craftswomen from thin and durable marsh sedge.

The basis is coarse undyed wool or cotton thread, and dyed wool yarn is used for the pattern. Against the golden background of sedge, the craftswoman places a drawing resembling "rukzals" of davagins of dark red, blue or orange color. The contour of the figures was emphasized by a black border. Chibta was usually used to cover the floor, but sometimes they were used as a bedding under pile carpets for better preservation of the latter.

Lint-free one-sided carpets include one of the most popular types of carpet in Dagestan - "sumac", made in South Dagestan and some regions of Azerbaijan. Sumacs are distinguished by great originality, high utilitarian and artistic qualities. They cover the floor, and therefore they are usually made in large sizes. Sumacs are made by twisting the warp threads in pairs with a composite thread in the form of "pigtails" and passing the weft between them. Sumac is very dense, does not collect dust, at the same time soft and springy, thanks to the "undercarpet" bottom layer, which is formed due to the ends of the composite thread that are released inside out. This also informs the sumacs of low thermal conductivity - a quality that is extremely necessary for the earthen and stone floors of the Dagestan dwellings of the old type. Thanks to the unusual technique and ornament, sumakhs are still widely used in Dagestan homes to this day. In the past, sums could be exchanged for a good horse or cow.

The sumac ornament is predominantly geometric in nature and consists of three large central medallions or many smaller ones arranged in a checkerboard pattern. The compositions of sumacs are quite diverse, anthropomorphic and zoomorphic elements are often found in the ornament, there is a composition interpreted by local craftswomen as a "dragon" or "sleeping dragon", etc.

There is a composition in the form of five small "namazlyk" rugs located on one carpet. The coloring is based on soft combinations of brick red, brown, blue, white, orange tones. Unfortunately, in the second half of the twentieth century. craftswomen use two compositions in their carpets: lattice and consisting of 3 rhombuses. The color scheme has also changed, blue, burgundy, and gray have become predominant.

The next large group of carpets are pile carpets. Pile carpets are made using the knotting method - giordes. After tying the knot, the craftswoman cuts the yarn with a special knife, determining the height of the pile depending on the quality of the thread. In Dagestan, there are several centers of pile carpet weaving. And although tufted carpets of medium and low density for their own needs were woven both on the Kumyk plane and in the central mountainous Dagestan among the Avars, only South Dagestan (Tabasaran) carpets received international recognition. Many beliefs and beautiful traditions are associated with pile carpets among the South Dagestan peoples. In many villages, for procreation, a little boy is allowed to walk on a finished carpet, hoping that his grandchildren will also walk on this carpet. And if there are a lot of girls in the family, then there will be a lot of carpets, there will be prosperity.

Dagestan pile carpets were once classified according to the ornament, and 11 main types of carpets were identified, which were named after the name of the settlement where carpets with an ornament characteristic of the area were produced. There are 8 such types in Southern Dagestan: "Akhty", "Mikrakh", "Derbent", "Rushul", "Tabasaran", "Khiv", "Kasumkent", "Rutul". The northern group of pile carpets includes: Avar "Tlyarata", Kumyk "Dzhengutai" and "Kazanishche". At the moment, this classification is a little outdated, and is generally acceptable for old carpets, and not for modern ones. Now there is no such strict ornamental delimitation, and in South Dagestan carpets of any pattern are produced in carpet centers.

It is possible to single out general regularities in the composition of Dagestan pile carpets, such as, for example, the closedness of the composition, the presence of a central field, a border, an odd number of borders. Popular are carpets with such traditional designs as "Yersi", whose composition is associated with the village of Yersi; "Chere" or "Chargul", "Chir" ar"; "Safar", the local interpretation of which links its origin with the name of the carpet weaver Safar. Drawing "Burma" or "Perebedil" (named after the village of Perebedil in Azerbaijan) is interpreted by local craftswomen as the image of two opposing troops. Moreover, one element can have different names: one craftswoman calls it "war elephant", the other - "snail". Patnusi" - from the Russian word "tray"; "Gasankala" after the name of the fortress; "Jakul" means "doll", "Khorasan" - from the name of the ancient Iranian city.

In the Soviet period, the creation of thematic carpets was quite common, for example, "V.I. Lenin" (1957, Derbent carpet factory); "Aurora" (1957, Derbent carpet factory); "Riders of the Revolution" (1972, sketch by Shalumov Sh.A), "Friendship of Peoples" (1972, sketch by Smirnova S.P.).

At the same time, new forms of small carpet products made using pile technique appeared. These are a variety of plot rugs of small sizes, bedspreads for chairs and chairs, pillow covers, etc.

The third, small, but no less interesting and diverse group of Dagestan carpets are felt carpets. The production of felt belongs to one of the oldest crafts and is currently preserved in Dagestan, mainly in the foothill regions of the northeastern part of Dagestan and the Nogai steppe. However, until recently, felt carpets were an integral part of the bride's dowry among the Avars, Kumyks, and Laks. The Lak felts "kiyiz" are characterized by felted multi-colored ornaments in the form of intersecting stripes and rhombuses; among the Avars, white felt "burtin" were common, replacing bedding in their time.

Felts were made in the following way. The prepared wool was laid in an even layer on a mat laid out on the ground, sprinkled with hot water, and smoothed out with hands. Then the craftswomen twisted the mat into a tube and began to roll it away from themselves, pressing on it with their hands from the end of their fingers to the elbow, and leaning with the whole weight of the body.

After 5-10 minutes of such work, the tube is unrolled, the wool is sprayed again with hot water, rolled up with the other side, also together with the mat, and rolled again. By the end of the work, the wool layer is reduced to 1/8 of the original thickness. Before dyeing, the felt is soaked in alum, then dipped in a hot dye solution. It took 7-10 days to prepare the carpet.

Until recently, the most popular felt carpets in Dagestan were the so-called. "arbabashi" . Arbabash was made from two or more felts dyed in different colors: blue, red, gray, purple, etc. Felts are usually superimposed one on top of the other and the intended ornament is cut through the stencil. Then an ornament of one color is sewn end-to-end into the background of another, ultimately, two arbabash are obtained with the same pattern, but of a different color. The seam is covered with a white braid, twisted from simple threads by hand. The pattern on such carpets is always floral, with smooth and smooth outlines. On some arbabash, the pattern, with its subtlety and clarity, resembles an ornament of jewelry.

Felts played a special role in the life of the Nogais, leading until the beginning of the 20th century. nomadic lifestyle.

Felt among the Nogais served as the walls of yurts, stretching over their wooden frame, and inside the dwelling they served as bedding that replaced furniture. Felt was widely used for making clothes, shoes and various household items - bags, sacks, etc. Nogai felt carpets "kiyiz", in contrast to the Kumyk arbabash, were made of natural undyed wool (white, black, brown), on which traditional ornaments were embroidered with multi-colored woolen threads, reflecting the cosmological and aesthetic ideas of the people. Sometimes an image of a generic tamga was introduced into the ornament.

Very widely in the life of the Dagestanis were distributed small woven products, knitted socks and shoes, various embroideries. For rest, various square and cylindrical pillows (“mutaki”) were used, which were made both from carpet fabric and from gold embroidery. In mountainous conditions, for carrying heavy loads, "khurjina" saddlebags and large "chuval" bags were very convenient. Khurjins were a rectangle with two pockets, the wrong side of which was usually made in the palas technique, while the front part was either palas, like the wrong side, or decorated with crazy embroidery, or made in the pile technique with a carpet pattern. Sometimes the front part of khurjins was decorated with gold and silver embroidery, appliqué on cloth. The edges of the khurjins were decorated with a lace ribbon, braided tassels, silver coins, and multi-colored tassels.

Bags - "sacks" were made in kilim technique. In addition to the ornament of smooth and patterned stripes, the bags were decorated with anthropomorphic figures, similar to the figures on the supradum. The upper edges of such bags are lined with red cloth with embroidered floral ornaments.

The bags already mentioned above - "chuvals" were woven from a cotton or woolen thread of light shades and were decorated with crazy embroidery from the face. Loops or long brushes departed from the upper edge of these bags, by which these bags were held. The brushes were decorated with colored threads. To store bedding, large chests were woven - "mafrash", with a bright ornament of truncated rhombuses.

Blankets and saddlers were specially woven for pack animals. Dagestan saddlers are made in pile technique and decorated with floral patterns. An indispensable part of the Dagestan costume was knitted shoes, both outdoor and indoor. Home shoes are presented in the form of plain (Avars, Laks, Dargins) or socks and "jurabs" decorated with small ornaments (Southern Dagestan). Street footwear is represented by knitted boots with strongly turned-up toes and a high top (bezhtintsy), boots with a small turned-up toe, decorated with embroidery (bezhtintsy), high-topped boots with a beveled wide toe and instep, tightly embroidered with a floral pattern (tsuntintsy). By knitted shoes, its ornament, in the past it was possible to determine where a person came from.

The main advantage of our carpets is the unique energy that the carpet creates in the house for decades. This is achieved by the fact that they are made of 100% wool and on a wool basis. All dyes used in the manufacture of the carpet are of natural origin. The colors in our carpets are the colors of nature, not chemical materials. When you look at the carpet for a month, a year, 10 years, this circumstance begins to play an important role. This is what conveys closeness to nature and creates the energy of love and harmony. The patterns and geometric shapes used in the carpets are not repeated and convey the nature of the Caucasus, flora and fauna, reflected in the figurative thinking of the creators of the carpet.

The presence of such a carpet in a person's house makes a person kinder and has a calming effect. Such an impact is not momentary, but the carpet reveals its essence, playing with the natural colors of nature during years. These images give birth in the mind of the owner of the association and a strong connection with the native land. Such energy is transmitted not only to the residents of the house where the carpet will be located, but also to the guests who will come to this house.

This section presents exclusively handmade carpets. The production of such carpets takes from 2-3 months to one year. Carpets are made of wool dyed exclusively with natural dyes. The dyes are made from plants according to ancient dyeing recipes, which were restored from the literature published in the 18th and 19th century, on the secrets of dyeing. And also by conducting experiments with dyeing vegetable raw materials. We get red, burgundy and pink from madder root, blue and green from indigo, yellow from barberry, etc.

Carpets of value as objects of material culture of the peoples of Russia and the former Soviet Union. We know that earlier many peoples were engaged in carpet weaving. Individual copies of these carpets have been preserved in museums. Many carpets, unfortunately, were taken abroad. However, there is no bad without good. Due to the fact that they were taken out, they were preserved in private collections. And we have the opportunity to see the drawings of these carpets published in catalogs published in the USA, Great Britain, France, Germany and other countries.

Here is the review of the buyer Vyacheslav: “Everything comes and goes in life. When I saw the carpet, I remembered my mother’s carpet in Derbent where we grew up. What could be better than this? Mother’s carpet had the same colors. I really like this in Moscow I was looking for such a carpet on the Internet but did not find it. But I am glad that I found my carpet. My wife says that it is as if not in Moscow, but at home, in Derbent!"

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