Veterinary and sanitary regime at livestock enterprises for the production of milk, the cultivation and fattening of cattle. The main veterinary and sanitary measures for the prevention of disease in calves Veterinary sanitary measures for animals
In accordance with Article 2.4 of the Law Russian Federation dated May 14, 1993 No. 4979-1 “On Veterinary Medicine” (Bulletin of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation, 1993, No. 24, item 857; Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2002, No. 1, item 2; 2004, No. 27, item 2711; No. 35, item 3607; 2005, No. 19, item 1752; 2006, No. 1, item 10; No. 52, item 5498; 2007, No. 1, item 29; No. 30, item 3805; 2009, No. 1, item 17, p. 21; 2010, No. 50, item 6614; 2011, No. 1, item 6; No. 30, item 4590; 2015, No. 29 , article 4339, article 4359, article 4369; 2016, No. 27, article 4160) and subparagraph 5.2.9 of the Regulations on the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 12, 2008 No. 450 (Meeting Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2008, No. 25, Article 2983; No. 32, Article 3791; No. 42, Article 4825; No. 46, Article 5337; 2009, No. 1, Article 150; No. 3, Article 378; No. 6, item 738; No. 9, item 1119, item 1121; No. 27, item 3364; No. 33, item 4088; 2010, No. 4, item 394; No. 5, item 538; No. 23 , item 2833; No. 26, item 3350; No. 31, item 4251, item 4262; No. 32, Art. 4330; No. 40, art. 5068; 2011; No. 7, Art. 983; No. 12, Art. 1652; No. 14, art. 1935; No. 18, Art. 2649; No. 22, Art. 3179; No. 36, Art. 5154; 2012, no. 28, art. 3900; No. 32, art. 4561; No. 37, Art. 5001; 2013, no. 10, art. 1038; No. 29, Art. 3969; No. 33, Art. 4386; No. 45, art. 5822; 2014, no. 4, art. 382; No. 10, art. 1035; No. 12, Art. 1297; No. 28, Art. 4068; 2015, no. 2, art. 491; No. 11, Art. 1611; No. 26, Art. 3900; No. 38, Art. 5297; No. 47, Art. 6603; 2016, no. 2, art. 325; No. 28, Art. 4741; Official Internet portal of legal information http://www.pravo.gov.ru, 11.08.2016, No. 0001201608110012), I order:
approve the enclosed keeping of cattle for the purpose of its reproduction, cultivation and sale.
| Minister | A.N. Tkachev |
Registration number 46003
Veterinary rules for keeping cattle for the purpose of its reproduction, cultivation and sale
I. General provisions
1. Veterinary rules for keeping cattle (hereinafter - cattle) for the purpose of its reproduction, rearing and sale (hereinafter - the Rules) establish requirements for the conditions for keeping cattle for the purposes of reproduction, rearing, sale (hereinafter - the keeping of cattle), as well as requirements for implementation of measures for quarantine of cattle, mandatory preventive measures and diagnostic studies of cattle kept by citizens, including in personal subsidiary plots, in peasant (farm) farms, individual entrepreneurs, organizations and institutions of the penitentiary system, other organizations and institutions containing up to 500 heads of cattle inclusive (hereinafter - open-type farms, Farms), as well as organizations containing more than 500 heads of cattle (hereinafter - a closed type enterprise, Enterprise, Enterprises) .
2. Control over the implementation of these Rules is carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of veterinary medicine.
II. Requirements for the conditions for keeping cattle in the Farms
3. In the Farms, it is not allowed to keep and graze cattle in the territories of the former and existing landfills for municipal solid waste, cattle burial grounds, enterprises for the processing of hide raw materials, treatment facilities.
4. Farms must install fences to prevent the entry of wild animals into their territory (with the exception of birds and small rodents). The entrance to the territory of the Farms (with the exception of the territory of the Farms on which a residential building is located) must be equipped with a disinfection barrier or a disinfection unit that ensures that the wheels and chassis of vehicles are treated with disinfectant solutions that do not freeze at sub-zero temperatures.
5. The minimum distance from the wall structure or corner of the premises for keeping cattle (hereinafter referred to as the livestock premises) (the closest in the direction to the living quarters located on the neighboring plot) to the border of the neighboring plot when keeping cattle in the Farms must correspond to the minimum distance from the wall or corner structure livestock premises (the closest in the direction to the residential premises located on the neighboring site) to the border of the neighboring site when keeping cattle in the Farms given in these Rules.
7. In the livestock premises of the Farms, it is allowed to place 1-2 stalls or stalls for horses.
8. Livestock premises in the Farms must be equipped with natural or forced ventilation, ensuring the maintenance of the necessary microclimate parameters.
9. Walls, partitions, coverings of livestock buildings in the Farms must be resistant to disinfectants and high humidity, must not emit harmful substances. Anti-corrosion and finishing coatings must be harmless to cattle.
10. When keeping cattle of dairy and dairy-meat direction of productivity in the Farms, a milk-washing room for processing and temporary storage of milk (hereinafter - dairy) should be equipped. The walls of the dairy should be painted with light-colored moisture-resistant paints or lined with tiles to a height of at least 1.8 m. It is forbidden to arrange walking areas or other objects associated with the accumulation of manure near the walls of the dairy.
11. Manure in the Farms must be removed and stored at manure storages and (or) sites for storage and biothermal disinfection of manure located on the territory of the Farm outside the building in which cattle are kept.
12. To calculate the capacity of a manure storage and (or) a site for storage and biothermal disinfection of manure, the norms of daily excretion of excrement from one head of cattle, given in these Rules, are used.
13. If there are walking areas, they are located near the longitudinal walls of the building for keeping cattle or on a separate area. The norms for the area of walking areas in the Farms are given in these Rules.
14. Feeders on walking areas are located so that when loading them with feed, vehicles do not drive into walking areas, with the exception of specially equipped feeders for straw / hay bales located inside the walking areas.
15. Cattle in livestock buildings are placed in a group way - in sections (cages) with a group keeping of animals (hereinafter referred to as a section) and (or) in an individual way - in stalls, boxes, cages (individual) (hereinafter referred to as a cage), as well as stalls. The norms of areas and dimensions of the elements of livestock buildings are given in these Rules.
16. In livestock buildings, longitudinal and transverse passages (feeding, manure, evacuation and service) should be located between sections. The placement of sections should ensure that they are filled with animals and evacuated from them, bypassing other sections. From each section, exits are provided for the passage (run) of animals for walking.
18. In Farms with tethered keeping of cattle, one-row, two-row or four-row placement of stalls is used, with one or two feed passages, and no more than 50 stalls are allowed in one continuous row.
19. When cattle are kept loose on Farms, animals in livestock buildings or on walking areas are kept separately according to sex and age groups.
20. Walking areas are equipped with feeders and drinkers. Depending on the design winter temperature, walking areas can be equipped with sheds and windbreaks (windbreakers, lulls, forest plantations) (at a design temperature of -20°C and above), or three-walled sheds or light enclosed spaces with a free exit of cattle (at a design temperature below - 20°C).
21. On walking grounds, slopes not exceeding 6 degrees are provided. Walking areas that do not have a continuous hard surface are equipped with a hard surface:
At the entrances to buildings for keeping animals;
At drinkers and feeders to a depth of 2.5-3.0 m from the feeding front.
22. On walking grounds, cattle may be kept on a deep non-replaceable litter. On walking areas that do not have a continuous hard surface, barrows for their rest can be equipped for cattle of the meat direction of productivity, at the rate of 3.0 per head. When keeping animals, the cleanliness of the skin from contamination by manure and dirt should be ensured.
Hay, straw, haylage, silage and root crops - in the amount of the need for the stall period (with stall and pasture keeping of cattle);
Milk for feeding calves - in the amount of need for no more than one day;
24. Storage of hay and straw in the Farms is carried out in stacks, stacks or under sheds, as well as in premises for storing feed (hereinafter referred to as storage facilities) and / or in the attics of livestock premises; haylage and silage in trenches, pits, mounds, rolls, polymer bags (sleeves) and structures; root and tuber crops - in heaps or storages; feed - in storage.
25. Feed and feed additives used for feeding cattle on the Farms must be safe for animal health and comply with veterinary and sanitary requirements and standards established by the documents constituting the law of the Eurasian Economic Union, documents of the International Epizootic Bureau (OIE), legislative and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation.
Drinking water must be used for watering cattle and preparing feed for them.
26. The average daily norms of water consumption by dairy cows, calves, young animals by age groups, heifers, sires and beef cows of productivity are given in, to these Rules.
27. If it is impossible to provide animals with drinking water for drinking cattle, feed preparation, it is allowed to use water with an increased salt composition, not exceeding the limit values of the composition of water with an increased salt composition used for drinking cattle, feed preparation, specified in these Rules.
28. On pastures, sources of drinking water for cattle can be wells, from which water enters the drinkers, as well as watercourses (rivers, streams, canals), reservoirs (lakes, ponds, flooded quarries, reservoirs), natural groundwater outlets (springs). Pastures should be located no further than 2.5 km from water sources. It is forbidden to use water for watering cattle from sources contaminated with sewage.
29. To disinfect shoes at the entrance to the livestock building, disinfection mats (cuvettes) filled with foam rubber, sawdust or other porous elastic material are installed along the width of the passage and at least one meter long, impregnated with disinfectant solutions (hereinafter - disinfection mats).
30. Disinsection, desacarization and deratization of livestock buildings in the Farms are carried out at least once a year, as well as when insects, ticks, rodents are visually detected or traces of their presence (bites, droppings) are detected.
31. When visiting livestock buildings and servicing cattle, it is necessary to use clean, disinfected work clothes and shoes. It is prohibited to leave the territory of the Farms in work clothes and footwear.
32. On pastures, measures should be organized to combat rodents, gadflies and blood-sucking insects, and delaration of reservoirs and places of breeding midges should be carried out.
33. Clinically healthy cattle of their own reproduction, as well as animals received from other Farms and Enterprises, are allowed for the acquisition of Farms if there are accompanying veterinary documents confirming the veterinary well-being of the territories of the places of production (origin) of animals for contagious animal diseases, including diseases common for humans and animals (hereinafter - infectious diseases), issued in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of veterinary medicine.
34. Information about all cases of detection of suspicious in the disease, sick or dead animals in the Farms, as well as their unusual behavior must be reported to veterinary specialists.
35. Utilization and destruction of dead cattle, aborted and stillborn fetuses, veterinary confiscated products, other biological waste in the Farms is carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of veterinary medicine.
37., these Rules do not apply to Farms that keep cattle on a year-round range.
III. Requirements for the implementation of measures for the quarantine of cattle, mandatory preventive measures and diagnostic studies of cattle in the Farms
38. Cattle imported to the Farms are subject to separate keeping from other animals kept in the Farm for the purpose of carrying out veterinary measures (hereinafter referred to as quarantine). The quarantine period must be at least 21 calendar days from the moment the cattle arrive at the Farms. During the quarantine period, a clinical examination of animals, diagnostic studies and treatments should be carried out, provided for by the plans for diagnostic studies, veterinary preventive and anti-epizootic measures of the bodies (institutions) included in the system of the State Veterinary Service of the Russian Federation for the current calendar year (hereinafter referred to as the Plans of anti-epizootic measures ).
IV. Requirements for the conditions for keeping cattle at the Enterprises
40. Enterprises do not allow keeping and grazing of cattle on former and existing solid waste landfills, cattle burial grounds, leather raw materials processing enterprises, treatment facilities, as well as on sites that previously housed rabbit, fur and poultry farms (farms).
41. Fencing must be installed at the Enterprises to prevent the entry of wild animals into its territory. The enterprise must be separated from the nearest residential area in accordance with the requirements of the legislation on urban development.
42. The territory of the Enterprise is divided into zones isolated from each other:
Production room, where premises for keeping animals, walking areas with a hard surface and canopies, as well as a veterinary station, facilities for processing the skin of animals are located;
Administrative and economic, including buildings and structures of administrative and economic and technical services, an overpass for washing and a platform for disinfecting cars and other vehicles;
Storage and preparation of feed; fodder, where objects for storage and preparation of feed are located, which is separated from the production and administrative zone by a fence with a separate entrance to these zones. Feed shop, feed warehouses are located on the line of demarcation with the production area;
Storage and processing of manure. The manure storage is located on the leeward side at a distance of at least 60 m from the livestock buildings;
Quarantine, located on the fence line of the Enterprise, which houses a building for quarantine and a slaughter and sanitary station.
43. The territory of each zone is landscaped and fenced along the entire perimeter with a fence that prevents the entry of wild animals and prevents the uncontrolled passage of people.
44. For disinfection of vehicles at the main entrance to the territory of the Enterprise, a disinfection barrier is provided with heating of the disinfectant solution at sub-zero temperatures (hereinafter referred to as the entry disinfection barrier) or the treatment of vehicles using disinfection installations by spraying disinfectant solutions that do not freeze at sub-zero temperatures.
45. The entrance disinfection barrier (if any) is placed under a canopy and is a concrete bath filled with a disinfectant solution with the following dimensions:
The length of the mirror of the disinfectant solution is at least 9 m;
Bottom length not less than 6 m;
Width not less than the width of the gate;
Depth not less than 0.2 m;
Ramps before and after the bath should have a slope of no more than 1:4.
46. Before entering the territory of the veterinary station, in the area of storage and preparation of feed, disinfection mats are installed. Entrances to buildings for keeping animals must be equipped with disinfection baths, the size of the passage width and a length of at least one meter, filled with disinfectant solutions to a depth of 15 cm.
47. The veterinary station should include an outpatient clinic with a storage room for medicines for veterinary use and a warehouse for disinfectants.
49. A slaughter and sanitary station intended for the forced slaughter of animals must consist of a slaughter department with rooms for slaughtering cattle, opening the gastrointestinal tract of animals, a room (place) for curing skins and their temporary storage, refrigerators for temporary storage of carcasses and offal and a recycling department with an opening and (or) recycling chamber, as well as a shower room. In the recycling department, an autoclave or an incinerator should be installed that meets the production capacities of the Enterprise. When disposing of raw materials by autoclaving, two rooms should be provided: for raw materials and neutralized confiscated goods. An autoclave is installed in the wall between these rooms, the loading of which is carried out in the room for raw materials, and the unloading is carried out in the room for neutralized veterinary confiscated products.
50. When the Enterprises are located in the zone of activity of factories for the production of meat and bone meal, a slaughter and sanitary station should be provided without a disposal department. As part of the specified slaughter and sanitary point, a room (box) with a refrigerator is equipped for short-term storage of animal corpses and slaughterhouse confiscations.
51. The use of vehicles in which sick animals and corpses are transported from industrial premises to the slaughterhouse of the Enterprise, for other purposes is not allowed.
52. The premises of the slaughter and sanitary center and the territory adjacent to it are fenced with a fence of at least 2 m in height and are provided with an independent entrance (exit) to a public highway.
53. Carcasses from forced slaughter must be subjected to bacteriological examination without fail. Depending on the results of the research, the carcasses are handed over to meat processing enterprises or disposed of. Until the results of the research are obtained and the carcass is handed over for processing, the carcasses should be stored in refrigerators at the slaughterhouse.
54. Entry into the territory of the Enterprises by unauthorized persons, as well as the entry of any type of transport not related to the direct service of the Enterprise, is not allowed.
55. Entrance to the production zone of the Enterprise is allowed only through a specialized room (hereinafter referred to as the sanitary checkpoint) located on the fencing line of the administrative and economic and production zones, and the entry of vehicles - in accordance with these Rules.
56. A round-the-clock duty must be organized in the sanitary inspection room.
57. In front of the entrance to the sanitary checkpoint, both from the side of the administrative and economic zone, and from the side of the production zone of the Enterprise, disinfection mats are installed.
58. In the sanitary inspection room, the employees of the Company (hereinafter referred to as employees, staff) take off their personal clothes and shoes, leave them in the dressing room (in the closet assigned to each employee), take a shower, put on clean disinfected special clothes and special shoes. When leaving the sanitary inspection room (at the end of work), workers take off their special clothes, take a shower, put on personal clothes and shoes.
59. Visitors to the Enterprise, in the premises of the sanitary checkpoint, take off their personal clothes and shoes, take a shower and are provided with special clothes and shoes.
60. Persons serving one technological (production) group of cattle are not allowed to service another technological (production) group of cattle. Persons with infectious diseases common to humans and animals are not allowed to work at the Enterprises.
61. Personnel are provided with special clothing and special footwear in accordance with the Intersectoral Rules for Providing Workers with Special Clothing, Special Footwear and Other Personal Protective Equipment, approved by Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia No. 290n of June 1, 2009 (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on September 10, 2009, registration No. 14742), as amended by the order Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia dated January 27, 2010 No. 28n (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on March 1, 2010, registration No. 16530), by orders of the Ministry of Labor of Russia dated February 20, 2014 No. 103n (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on May 15, 2014, registration No. 32284) , dated January 12, 2015 No. 2n (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on February 11, 2015, registration No. 35962). Equipment, inventory are marked and assigned to the site (workshop). Transfer of these items from one site to another without disinfection is prohibited.
62. On the territory of the Enterprises it is prohibited to keep dogs (except guard dogs), cats, as well as animals of other species (including birds). Guard dogs are subject to rabies vaccinations, deworming and other veterinary treatments.
63. It is necessary to use hard surfaces for the network of roads inside the Enterprise, driveways and technological sites. It is necessary to exclude the intersection of roads used for the export of manure, animal carcasses, confiscated goods from the slaughter of cattle to be disposed of, and other waste, and roads used for the transport of healthy animals, feed.
64. In order to prevent animal diseases in all livestock buildings of the Enterprises, it is necessary to carry out timely cleaning of manure, as well as its disinfection by biological (long-term keeping), chemical or physical (heat treatment or incineration) methods.
65. During the operation of the manure storage, the unloading of manure runoff or the intake of the liquid fraction must be carried out above the surface of the bottom of the sump by at least 50 cm.
66. Storage of hay and straw at the Enterprises is carried out in haystacks, stacks or under sheds; haylage and silage in trenches or mechanized towers; root and tuber crops - in heaps or storages; compound feed - in warehouses or bunkers. Feed and feed additives, including industrial ones, used for feeding cattle must be safe for animal health and comply with veterinary and sanitary requirements and standards established by documents constituting the law of the Eurasian Economic Union, documents of the International Epizootic Bureau (OIE), legislative and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation.
Each batch of incoming compound feed, as well as haylage and silage, during laying and during storage, are subjected to biochemical, microbiological and toxicological examination in laboratories (test centers) that are part of the State Veterinary Service of the Russian Federation, or other laboratories (test centers) accredited in the national accreditation system, in accordance with federal law dated December 28, 2013 No. 412-FZ "On accreditation in the national accreditation system" (Sobranie Zakonodatelstva Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 2013, No. 52, Art. 6977; 2014, No. 26, Art. 3366, 2016, No. 10, Art. 1323) .
67. Drinking water should be used for watering cattle and preparing feed for them.
68. The average daily norms of water consumption by dairy cows, calves, young animals by age groups, heifers, sires and beef cows of productivity are given in, to these Rules.
69. If it is impossible to provide animals with drinking water for drinking cattle, feed preparation, it is allowed to use water with an increased salt composition, not exceeding the limit values of the composition of water with an increased salt composition used for drinking cattle, feed preparation, specified in these Rules.
70. On pastures, sources of water for cattle can be wells, from which water enters the drinkers, as well as watercourses (lakes, rivers, streams, canals), reservoirs (lakes, ponds, flooded quarries, reservoirs), natural groundwater outlets (springs ). Pastures should be located no further than 2.5 km from water sources. It is forbidden to use water for watering cattle from sources contaminated with sewage.
71. Cattle in the livestock premises of the Enterprises are placed in a group way - in sections and (or) individually - in stalls, boxes, cages, as well as stalls. The norms of areas and dimensions of the elements of livestock buildings are given in these Rules.
72. The temperature and relative humidity of air in livestock buildings must comply with the parameters of temperature and relative humidity of air in livestock buildings, given in these Rules.
73. The speed of air movement in livestock buildings must comply with the parameters of air speed in livestock buildings specified in the present Rules.
74. The concentration of harmful gases and dust content in livestock buildings should not exceed the parameters of the maximum permissible concentration of harmful gases and dust content in livestock buildings specified in these Rules.
75. The floors in the premises for keeping animals at the Enterprise must be non-slippery, non-abrasive and non-toxic, low thermal conductivity, waterproof, resistant to sewage and disinfectants.
76. Feeders and drinkers should be waterproof, harmless to animals, easy to clean and disinfect. Feeders should be cleaned and disinfected at least once a month.
77. When pastures are used by Enterprises, cattle grazing areas should not have cattle hauling routes. On the pastures, measures are organized to combat rodents, gadflies and blood-sucking insects, as well as the delaration of reservoirs and breeding grounds for midges.
78. The maternity ward should be an isolated room for keeping cows. The length of the stalls in it should be at least 2 m, and the width for deep-calving cows - 1.5 m, for fresh cows - 1.2 m.
79. Livestock buildings are provided with light through natural and artificial lighting.
80. The illumination of livestock buildings must comply with the parameters specified in the present Rules.
82. For the recruitment of Enterprises, clinically healthy cattle from their own reproducer, as well as cattle entering the Enterprises from other Farms and Enterprises, are allowed, accompanied by veterinary accompanying documents confirming the veterinary well-being of the territories of the places of production (origin) of animals for infectious diseases, drawn up in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation in the region.
83. Information about all cases of detection at the Enterprise of suspected diseases, sick or dead animals, as well as their unusual behavior, must be reported to veterinary specialists.
84. Before sending cattle from the Supplier, each animal must be cleaned, clinically examined with thermometry, contaminated areas are washed with warm water and wiped dry, hooves must be cleaned of manure and treated with disinfectants.
85. At Enterprises that carry out all-the-year-round paddling of cattle for meat production, cattle are kept on the sites of the Enterprise (hereinafter referred to as the Sites of the Enterprise) or on pastures.
86. Each Site of the Enterprise shall provide for:
A fence that prevents the entry of wild animals (with the exception of birds and small rodents) into its territory. At the entrance to the territory of the Site of the Enterprise, it should be provided for the processing of vehicles using disinfection plants by spraying disinfectant solutions that do not freeze at sub-zero temperatures;
A building for the accommodation of service personnel with a veterinary station, as well as a corral for the implementation of veterinary preventive, diagnostic and anti-epizootic measures. A garage and (or) a stable can be placed on the Sites of the Enterprise.
Mobile or stationary feeders and drinkers.
88. , , , , these Rules do not apply to Enterprises that keep meat-producing cattle on a year-round range.
V. Requirements for the implementation of measures for the quarantine of cattle at the Enterprises
89. The building for quarantine of cattle (hereinafter referred to as the quarantine room, quarantine) is intended for veterinary treatment, overexposure, diagnostic tests and treatment and prophylactic treatment of animals entering the Enterprise and exported to other Enterprises, Farms.
90. The quarantine room and the territory adjacent to it must be fenced with a solid or mesh fence 2 m high with a plinth buried in the ground by at least 0.2 m, have an independent entrance (exit) to a public road.
91. Quarantine should consist of two sections:
Departments for the reception of animals and their processing (cleaning, washing);
Departments for keeping animals.
91.1. The department for receiving and processing animals includes:
weight;
Premises for receiving and processing animals;
Pantry for disinfectants, disinfectants and detergents;
Storage room for veterinary medicines and instruments.
91.2. The department for keeping animals consists of livestock buildings, as well as rooms for storing feed and keeping equipment (cleaning, animal care).
92. In quarantine departments, the removal, processing, disinfection, storage and disposal of manure is provided separately from the main manure storage facilities of the Enterprise. Quarantine wastewater should be sent by an independent sewerage network to the general system after disinfection.
Methods, means and modes of decontamination of manure and their fractions, as well as wastewater in quarantine departments, are carried out in integrated technologies for disinfection and disinfestation, taking into account the epizootic situation for infectious diseases.
93. All livestock of cattle entering the Enterprise, including from its own reproducer, with the exception of cattle of the meat direction of productivity, supplied to the Enterprises that keep cattle of the meat direction of productivity on a year-round free-range basis, is subject to placement in quarantine, where the animals are kept under constant veterinary observation for at least 21 calendar days.
94. During the quarantine period:
Acquisition of isolated sections of the quarantine facility with livestock should be carried out within 1-2 days and from no more than 2-3 Suppliers, Farms. Sick and suspected animals are kept in a separate section;
It is prohibited to move (transfer) animals from the quarantine (department, section) to other livestock premises, as well as to other machines and (or) sections of the quarantine premises.
95. During quarantine, the following activities are carried out:
Clinical examination, thermometry;
Diagnostic tests for contagious diseases provided for by the Plans of anti-epizootic measures;
Taking samples of scatological material for research on helminthic carriage;
Deworming according to the results of scatological studies;
Immunization of animals in accordance with the Plans of anti-epizootic measures.
96. If animals suffering from contagious diseases are found in the group of the quarantined livestock of cattle, veterinary measures are carried out in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of veterinary medicine.
97. The movement and regrouping of animals is allowed taking into account the technology for keeping cattle established at the Enterprise in accordance with the decision of the chief veterinarian (veterinarian) of the Enterprise or the veterinary specialist servicing the Enterprise, after the end of the quarantine period, after all the measures provided for by the Plans of anti-epizootic measures, and when the absence of animals suspected of contracting contagious diseases.
98. Disinfection of the quarantine room is carried out every time after it is released from animals.
99. Quarantine of cattle of the meat direction of productivity at the Enterprises carrying out year-round free-range keeping of cattle is carried out at separate Sites of the Enterprises.
VI. Requirements for mandatory preventive measures and diagnostic studies of cattle at the Enterprises
101. At the Enterprise, veterinary specialists carry out periodic inspection of hooves, preventive treatment of hooves by running groups of animals through baths, as well as timely cleaning and trimming of hooves.
102. To control the state of metabolism in cattle, medical examination is carried out.
103. Clinical examination of cattle is carried out upon receipt of animals at the Enterprise and each time they are transferred from one age group to another. During clinical examination, clinical and laboratory studies of control groups of animals are carried out. The results of studies for each group are compared with physiological standards and the level of the previous study. In bulls-producers, blood, washing of the prepuce and sperm are examined.
104. Based on the results of clinical examination of cattle, a set of measures is being taken to treat and prevent metabolic disorders, as well as to increase the natural resistance of the animal organism.
105. Disinfection of the territory, production and auxiliary premises of the Enterprise is carried out in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of veterinary medicine.
106. Disinsection, desacarization and deratization of livestock premises at the Enterprises are carried out at least once a year, as well as when insects, ticks, rodents are visually detected, or traces of their presence (bites, droppings) are detected.
Application No. 1
to content
dated December 13, 2016 No. 551
The minimum distance from the wall structure or corner of the livestock building (the closest in the direction to the living quarters located on the neighboring plot) to the border of the neighboring plot when keeping cattle on the Farms
Application No. 2
to content
cattle for the purpose of their
reproduction, cultivation and sale,
approved by the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia
dated December 13, 2016 No. 551
Norms of daily excretion of excrement from one head of cattle
| Output per day from one animal, kg | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| urine | feces | total excrement | |
| Stud bulls | 10,0 | 30,0 | 40,0 |
| cows | 20,0 | 35,0 | 55,0 |
| Calves: | |||
| - up to 3 months | 3,5 | 1,0 | 4,5 |
| - from 3 to 6 months. | 2,5 | 5,0 | 7,5 |
| Fattening calves: | |||
| - up to 4 months | 2,5 | 5,0 | 7,5 |
| - from 4 to 6 months. | 4,0 | 10,0 | 14,0 |
| Young growth: | |||
| - from 6 to 12 months. | 4,0 | 10,0 | 14,0 |
| - from 12 to 18 months. | 7,0 | 20,0 | 27,0 |
| Juveniles for fattening: | |||
| - from 6 to 12 months. | 12,0 | 14,0 | 26,0 |
| - older than 12 months | 12,0 | 23,0 | 35,0 |
Application No. 3
to content
cattle for the purpose of their
reproduction, cultivation and sale,
approved by the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia
dated December 13, 2016 No. 551
Norms of the area of walking areas in the Farms
| Sex and age group of animals | Norms of the area of walking areas for one head, not less than | |
|---|---|---|
| with continuous hard coating | without continuous hard coating | |
| 1. Cows and heifers for 2 - 3 months. before calving | 8 | 15 |
| 2. Stud bulls | 10,5 | 30 |
| 3. Young growth from 6 to 18 months. and heifers up to 6 - 7 months. pregnancy | 5 | 10-15 |
| 4. Young and adult fattening cattle | 5 | 20-25 |
| 5. Calves older than 3 months. | 2 | 5 |
| 6. Calves up to 3 months. | 2 | 3 |
| 7. Cows of the meat direction of productivity with calves | 8 | 20 |
Application No. 4
to content
cattle for the purpose of their
reproduction, cultivation and sale,
approved by the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia
dated December 13, 2016 No. 551
Norms of areas and dimensions of elements of livestock buildings
| Name of the elements of the livestock building | Purpose | Limit number of heads per room element | Norm of area per head, not less than | Dimensions of the elements of the room on the head, not less than, m | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| width | depth | ||||
| 1. Stall | 1 | 1,7 | 1 | 1,7 | |
| 1 | 3 | 1,5 | 2 | ||
| c) for replacement heifers at the age of 15-20 months. | 1 | 1,2 | 0,8 | 1,5 | |
| d) for replacement heifers older than 20 months. | 1 | 1,7 | 1 | 1,7 | |
| e) for fattening cattle | 1 | 1,5 | 0,9 | 1,7 | |
| f) for deep-calving cows and calving | 1 | 3 | 1,5 | 2 | |
| 2. Boxes | a) for dairy, dry cows and heifers for 2 - 3 months. before calving | 1 | 1,9; | 1 | 1,9; |
| b) for calves: | |||||
| - up to 3 - 4 months. age | 1 | 0,55 | 0,55 | 1 | |
| - from 3 - 4 to 6 months. age | 1 | 0,72 | 0,60 | 1,2 | |
| c) for young animals aged: | |||||
| - from 6 to 12 months. | 1 | 1 | 0,70 | 1,4 | |
| - from 12 to 18 months. | 1 | 1,2 | 0,75 | 1,6 | |
| - over 18 months old and heifers up to 6 - 7 months. pregnancy | 1 | 1,80 | 1 | 1,8 | |
| 3. Sections (cages) with group keeping of animals | a) for cows and heifers for 2 - 3 months. before calving | 25 | 5,0 | Not standardized | Not standardized |
| b) for calves from 14-20 days to 3 months. age | 10 | 1,2/1,1 | Not standardized | Not standardized | |
| c) for calves from 3 to 6 months. age | 10 | 1,5/1,3 | Not standardized | Not standardized | |
| d) for young animals from 6-8 to 12 months. age | 50/25 | 2,5/1,8 | Not standardized | Not standardized | |
| e) for young animals from 12 to 18 months. age and heifers up to 6-7 months. pregnancy | 50/25 | 3,0/2,0 | Not standardized | Not standardized | |
| f) for cows of the meat direction of productivity with calves up to 2 months. age | 50 | 5 | Not standardized | Not standardized | |
| g) for young stock on feedlots (under sheds) | 50 | 3 | Not standardized | Not standardized | |
| 4. Cells (individual) | a) for calves from 14-20 days of age (with bedless content) | 1 | 0,6 | 0,5 | 1,2 |
| b) the same, when kept on a litter | 1 | 1,2 | 1,0 | 1,2 | |
| c) for calves from 2 to 45-60 days old in individual outdoor houses | 1 | 2,9 | 1,2 | 2,4 | |
| 5. Stalls | a) for calving cows | 1 | 9 | 3 | 3 |
| b) for sires | 1 | 10,5 | 3 | 3,5 | |
| Notes. 1. In the numerator and 4, indicators are given for keeping cattle on deep litter, and in the denominator - on slatted floors. 2. The dimensions of the elements of the premises are given along the axes of the fences with their thickness for boxes, stalls, individual cages not exceeding 50 mm. | |||||
Application No. 5
to content
cattle for the purpose of their
reproduction, cultivation and sale,
approved by the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia
dated December 13, 2016 No. 551
Average daily water intake for dairy cows
| The level of milk productivity of cows, kg | Norms of water consumption per head/day, not less than, l | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drinking according to temperature environment | Milking and other expenses | Total (at temperatures up to 15°С) | including hot (55 - 65 °С) | |||
| up to 5°С | up to 15°С | up to 30°C | ||||
| 3500 | 34 | 43 | 55 | 40 | 83 | 12 |
| 4000 | 39 | 48 | 61 | 42 | 90 | 13 |
| 5000 | 48 | 57 | 70 | 43 | 100 | 13 |
| 6000 | 51 | 60 | 73 | 45 | 105 | 13 |
| 7000 | 62 | 70 | 83 | 46 | 116 | 13 |
| 8000 | 68 | 77 | 90 | 47,5 | 124,5 | 14 |
| 9000 | 75 | 84 | 97 | 49 | 133 | 14 |
| 10000 | 82 | 91 | 104 | 50,5 | 141,5 | 14 |
| 11000 | 89 | 98 | 111 | 52 | 150 | 14 |
| 12000 | 96 | 105 | 118 | 53,5 | 158,5 | 14 |
| 13000 | 103 | 112 | 125 | 55 | 167 | 15 |
| 14000 | 110 | 119 | 132 | 56,5 | 175,5 | 15 |
| 15000 | 117 | 126 | 140 | 58 | 184 | 15 |
| Notes. 1. Consumption rates include water consumption for production needs: - watering of animals; - preparation of feed; - milking and primary processing of milk; - washing the udder; - washing and disinfection of milking machines, equipment, milk tanks and utensils; - milk cooling; - cleaning of premises; - washing animals. 2. For washing the udders of cows before each milking, at least 2 liters are spent per head. | ||||||
Application No. 6
to content
cattle for the purpose of their
reproduction, cultivation and sale,
approved by the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia
dated December 13, 2016 No. 551
Average daily norms of water consumption by calves, young animals by age groups, heifers, sires and cows of the meat direction of productivity
| Sex and age group of animals | Norms of water consumption per head/day, not less than, l | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | including | from total hot water | |||
| drinking | breeding milk replacer | other technological expenses | |||
| Calves: | |||||
| - under the age of 3 months. | 18 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 7 |
| - from 3 to 6 months. | 18 | 12 | - | 6 | 2 |
| Young growth: | |||||
| - from 6 to 12 months. | 24 | 18 | - | 6 | 2 |
| - from 12 to 15 months. | 30 | 23 | - | 7 | 2 |
| - from 15 to 18 months. | 35 | 27 | - | 8 | 2 |
| heifers | 40 | 33 | - | 7 | 2 |
| Stud bulls | 45 | 40 | - | 5 | 6 |
| 55 | 50 | 5 | |||
| Notes. Consumption rates include water consumption for production needs: - watering of animals; - preparation of feed; - cleaning of premises; - washing animals. | |||||
Application No. 7
to content
cattle for the purpose of their
reproduction, cultivation and sale,
approved by the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia
dated December 13, 2016 No. 551
Limit indicators of the composition of water with an increased salt composition used for watering cattle, feed preparation
Application No. 8
to content
cattle for the purpose of their
reproduction, cultivation and sale,
approved by the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia
dated December 13, 2016 No. 551
Temperature and relative humidity parameters in livestock buildings
| Direction of Productivity | Sex and age group of animals | Animal keeping | Estimated air temperature, °С | Relative humidity, % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| maximum | minimal | ||||
| Dairy and milk-meat | Cows and heifers, young animals over a year old, sires, adult fattening cattle | In sections, stalls, boxes, cages and stalls | 10 | 75 | 40 |
| Young growth from 6 to 12 months | In boxes and sections | 12 | 75 | 40 | |
| Cows and young animals of all ages | Loose, on a deep non-replaceable litter, with feeding in the building (in areas with an estimated temperature of -25 ° C and below) | 3 | 85 | 40 | |
| Cows and young ages | Loose, on a deep non-replaceable litter, feeding on walking areas (in areas with an estimated temperature above -25 ° С) | Not standardized | |||
| Calves from 14-20 days to 6 months | In boxes, sections | 15 | 75 | 40 | |
| Cows deep-calved and fresh-calved | Tethered and in stalls | 15 | 75 | 40 | |
| Calves up to 20 days of age | In cages | 17 | 75 | 40 | |
| Meat | a) cows and heifers before calving (for 10 days), at calving time and after calving with calves up to 20 days of age | 3 | 85 | 40 | |
| b) other sex and age groups of cattle | Loose on deep litter | Not standardized | |||
Application No. 9
to content
cattle for the purpose of their
reproduction, cultivation and sale,
approved by the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia
dated December 13, 2016 No. 551
Air velocity parameters in livestock buildings
Application No. 10
to content
cattle for the purpose of their
reproduction, cultivation and sale,
approved by the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia
dated December 13, 2016 No. 551
Parameters of the maximum permissible concentration of harmful gases and dust content in livestock buildings
Application No. 11
to content
cattle for the purpose of their
reproduction, cultivation and sale,
approved by the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia
dated December 13, 2016 No. 551
Illumination parameters of livestock buildings
| No. p / p | Sex and age group of animals | Natural lighting (ratio of glazing area to floor area) | Artificial lighting in lux (at the level of the feeders) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Calves: | ||
| - under the age of 3 months. | 1:10-1:12 | 55-80 | |
| - from 3 to 6 months. | 1:10-1:15 | 50-75 | |
| 2 | Young growth from 6 to 18 months. | 1:10-1:15 | 50-75 |
| 3 | Cows and heifers | 1:10-1:15 | 50-75 |
| 4 | Stud bulls | 1:10-1:15 | 55-80 |
| 5 | Cows of the meat direction of productivity | 1:10-1:15 | 50-75 |
| 6 | Cows and heifers in the maternity ward | 1:10-1:15 | 75-100 |
Document overview
Veterinary rules for keeping cattle (cattle) for the purpose of reproduction, cultivation and sale have been approved.
They provide for requirements for the conditions of keeping cattle, measures for quarantine of cattle, mandatory preventive measures and diagnostic studies.
The rules should be applied in personal subsidiary plots, in peasant (private) farms; Individual entrepreneurs, organizations and institutions of the penal system, other organizations and institutions of an open and closed type.
For the prevention of diseases on farms and complexes for raising calves, it is necessary to carry out a system of planned veterinary measures. At the same time, they are guided by the relevant recommendations and regulations, establish the regime of a closed type enterprise.
Prevention of infectious and invasive diseases is based on the strict implementation of both general and specific measures, in accordance with the epizootic situation.
The so-called "external" and "internal" protection of farms is provided. External protection includes the protection of farms and complexes from the introduction of infectious and parasitic diseases - the fencing of farms, the arrangement of veterinary and sanitary checkpoints, and the preventive quarantine of animals newly entering farms.
Internal protection provides for the implementation of general prevention measures, as well as the implementation of special measures - diagnostic studies, active immunization of animals, deworming, disinfection, disinfestation, disinfestation, deratization of farm premises and territories.
The most important task of veterinary and preventive measures is to obtain healthy, viable, well-developed young animals and their maximum safety. The solution to this problem begins long before the birth of a calf.
Clinical examination of dry cows and deep-calf heifers. Dry cows and heifers in the last stage of pregnancy are subjected to a dispensary examination, the results of which are recorded in individual cards.
At the first (diagnostic) stage of clinical examination, the clinical and biochemical status of deep-calving cows and heifers, the correspondence of the metabolic level to the level of productivity, fatness and physiological state of the animals are established.
The clinical status of animals is determined by the results of general clinical and special studies. When indicated, a deeper clinical and morphofunctional study of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, excretory, nervous, lymphatic systems, liver, udder and musculoskeletal system is carried out.
Simultaneously with clinical studies, laboratory studies are carried out, which provide early (preclinical) information about the presence and severity of health disorders in the breeding stock.
A blood test should include determining the number of erythrocytes and leukocytes, removing a leukogram. After determining the amount of hemoglobin in the blood, a color indicator is calculated; with appropriate indications, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate is determined and the hematocrit value is calculated. Determine the acid capacity of the blood or the reserve alkalinity of the plasma; serum alkaline phosphatase activity, total or true blood sugar, serum carotene, as well as total protein, total calcium, inorganic phosphorus, serum sodium, blood potassium. When indicated, the content of ketone bodies, vitamins and trace elements is examined.
In urine, general physical properties are determined (color, transparency, odor, sediment, relative acidity), pH is measured, tests are carried out for protein, ketone bodies, urobilin, indican, and urine centrifugate is studied (its cellular, inorganic and organic parts).
Milk is examined for the presence of ketone bodies, a test for mastitis is carried out, and titratable acidity is determined (according to Turner).
The data of the dispensary study and the resulting conclusion, treatment and preventive measures and recommendations are recorded in individual dispensary cards issued by veterinary specialists for each animal.
The examined livestock at this (first) stage of clinical examination is divided into three groups: healthy, clinically healthy, but according to the results of biochemical and special studies, having subclinical metabolic disorders, and clinically sick animals.
Based on the results of clinical, laboratory and special studies, pregnant animals of the second group with subclinical health disorders are given individual or group non-specific (normalizing) therapy at the second stage of clinical examination and its effectiveness is monitored by clinical and laboratory methods.
Animals with clinical forms of the disease should be subjected to individual or group therapy in accordance with the nature, stage of development and characteristics of the resulting health disorders.
The third stage of medical examination (preventive) includes a set of planned veterinary and preventive and organizational and economic measures aimed at creating highly productive herds of animals with a strong constitution, high resistance and a level of metabolic processes.
During clinical examination, the study of herd syndrome is of particular importance, including an analysis of the dynamics over a long period of time of animal fatness, their live weight, productivity, terms of use, intensity of culling, fertility and reproduction, morbidity and mortality of young animals, cows affected by mastitis, gynecological diseases, ketosis, frequency and the intensity of metabolic disorders, the functions of organs and systems of fluctuations in the fat content and acidity of milk, the dynamics of clinical and biochemical parameters, etc.
On the basis of such an analysis, objective trends in changes in the health and productivity of animals are revealed, which manifest themselves over the herd in dynamics, which opens up opportunities for a systematic and active influence on their development.
Accounting for the clinical and physiological state of calves. Data on the clinical and physiological state of calves and their development are recorded in individual cards. On the front side of the card, the name of the farm, farm, date of birth of the calf, its inventory number, breed, live weight at birth and departure from the dispensary are recorded, notes are made about the diseases transferred during the prophylactic period.
On the reverse side of the card, individual therapeutic and preventive measures are noted that the calves were subjected to in the postnatal prophylactic period, and recommendations from veterinary specialists on their further use are given.
The card serves as an accompanying document when selling or transferring a calf to other groups, farms or holdings.
Washing rooms, maternity ward and dispensary should not be combined. In the washing room of the dispensary, three-section baths are installed for washing and disinfecting dishes, as well as racks for storing them. The number of racks should correspond to the number of sections in the dispensary, and the presence of places for dishes on them should correspond to the number of livestock places.
It is necessary to carefully monitor the cleanliness of the udder when suckling feeding calves, as well as the usefulness of colostrum and milk used to feed calves in a dispensary. The udders of cows are washed and wiped with a clean cloth before milking.
The first streams of colostrum or milk from each nipple, usually containing an increased number of microorganisms, are handed over to a separate dish and destroyed. For disinfection of udder teats after milking, aerosols of disinfectants or anti-mastitis cups with special antiseptics are used.
To improve the microclimate and reduce the bacterial contamination of indoor air with microorganisms, the litter is changed daily, sources of ultraviolet radiation are turned on, manure gutters are sprinkled with bleach, and the passageways are covered with fluff lime at the rate of 200 g per 1 m2.
Preventive disinfection of premises is carried out in the absence of animals by the wet method using one of the following means: 2% sodium hydroxide solution, chloride lime solution containing 2% active chlorine; 1% formaldehyde solution; 5% solution of soda ash; suspension of freshly slaked lime at the rate of 1 liter of solution per 1 m2 of floor area, walls, etc. After disinfection, the room is closed for 3-4 hours, then ventilated by turning on the ventilation system, opening windows and doors. Walls, partitions, ceilings, pillars are whitened with a 15-20% aqueous suspension of freshly slaked lime. Then the room is dried and prepared for the introduction of animals. The quality of disinfection is controlled by laboratory methods.
After each cycle of growing calves and the subsequent release of the dispensary section, it is subjected to mechanical cleaning, washing, disinfection, whitewashing and drying. The dispensary section remains free from animals for at least 3 days. At this time, they also carry out adjustment, repair and adjustment of devices for irradiation installations, lighting and other equipment.
Keeping newborn calves in replaceable sectional dispensaries using them on the principle of "everything is free - everything is busy" prevents the accumulation of high concentrations of harmful microflora, its passage and selection of pathogenic (toxigenic) strains, contributes to the prevention of diseases of newborn calves, and when infectious diseases appear, it breaks the epizootic chains.
Calves on the 2nd and 9th day after birth should be vaccinated with a polyvalent vaccine against paratyphoid and colibacillosis. At the direction of the veterinary service of the district, calves are also vaccinated against other diseases. Data on treatments are indicated in the accompanying veterinary certificate, and are also entered in the veterinary and sanitary card.
10 days after the stay of the calves on the farm or complex, they are vaccinated against ringworm with the LTF-130 vaccine, at 3 months of age - against anthrax. Two weeks after vaccination against anthrax, calves are vaccinated against foot-and-mouth disease with revaccination after 3 months. Against other infectious diseases, calves are treated taking into account the epizootic situation that is developing in the farms and with a direct threat of the disease.
All employees of the maternity ward and the dispensary of the livestock farm (complex) are provided with overalls and footwear in accordance with existing standards. Service personnel are allowed to work only in clean overalls. Washbasins, towels, soap, brushes, napkins and other toiletries should be in the required quantity. The entrance to the territory of the maternity block and the exit from this territory of the attendants is carried out only through the veterinary and sanitary checkpoint after the appropriate sanitization of people (showers) and the change of their clothes and shoes for overalls and safety shoes at the entrance. Going out in overalls and safety shoes, as well as taking them out of the unit is strictly prohibited. Disinfection barriers and disinfection mats are installed in front of the entrance to all premises for animals.
Vehicles serving the maternity block, when entering and leaving the territory, must pass through a disinfection block or disinfection bath 3.5 m long, 2.5 m wide and 0.2 m deep.
Tourists and other persons may visit the maternity block as an exception, with the permission of the head of the farm and only in agreement with the chief veterinarian or the chief state veterinary inspector of the district. Persons visiting the prenatal, maternity and dispensary, at the entrance, must undergo sanitization (shower) in the veterinary and sanitary checkpoint and are provided with overalls and shoes.
All persons entering the farm (with the exception of service personnel) are strictly prohibited from contact with animals and feed. Visitors are not allowed to leave personal items on the farm and in the livestock buildings.
When signs of disease appear, calves are immediately isolated, then examined and treated. Among the diseases of newborn calves, colibacillosis, dyspepsia, salmonellosis (paratyphoid), as well as umbilical (omphalogenous) infection, bronchopneumonia, etc. are most often noted. against the background of violation of the rules of feeding and hygiene of newborn calves.
Veterinary activities in agriculture characterized by the following features:
– state form organizations (state veterinary services organize and conduct basic veterinary activities, control them, the state also finances these activities and trains veterinary personnel);
- preventive orientation (in accordance with the Federal Law "On Veterinary Medicine", adopted by the State Duma of the Russian Federation on May 14, 1993, the main direction of veterinary activity is the prevention of contagious (contagious) and non-contagious diseases of animals);
– planning of veterinary measures;
– unity of veterinary science and practice;
– participation in veterinary activities of livestock workers and executive authorities;
- close relationship between the veterinary service and the health authorities (since some infectious diseases are transmitted from animal to person and vice versa, they are called zooanthroponoses);
– deepening international cooperation in the field of veterinary medicine (in order to prevent (stop) the spread of cases of infectious diseases across countries and continents (panzootics) and fight them).
At agricultural enterprises, the veterinary service should monitor the usefulness of feeding in order to:
1) bringing the diets in line with the norms of feeding;
2) exclusion of the occurrence of alimentary diseases (feed injuries, feed mycoses and mycotoxicoses, as well as metabolic disorders, and so on);
3) quality control of the received products.
Veterinary services are required to conduct medical examinations of the animal population on farms 1-2 times a year. Clinical examination is a system of planned preventive and therapeutic measures aimed at creating healthy, highly productive herds of animals. The purpose of medical examination is to determine the clinical status of animals (detection of the state of metabolism, major and concomitant diseases), to establish the causes of their occurrence and the implementation of effective therapeutic and preventive measures. The methodology for medical examination is based on the principles of sampling and continuity (animals are selected with a state of health and metabolism characteristic of a given herd, while the production processes on the farm do not stop). For this, control groups of 10 - 15% of the herd are created. Animals for the control groups are selected on the basis of sex and age, lactation and pregnancy.
So, during the medical examination of a dairy herd, control groups are created from cows of the first three months of lactation, dry cows and heifers three months before calving; pigs - from pregnant, suckling and single sows and boars-producers; sheep - from pregnant and suckling ewes and rams-producers; horses - from foals, suckling mares, breeding stallions and foals at the age of 6, 12, 24 and 36 months.
At the next medical examination, the control groups are again formed from animals, by which one can fairly objectively judge the health of the herd as a whole.
The entire screening process is divided into three periods:
I. diagnostic;
II. therapeutic;
III. prophylactic.
The diagnostic period of clinical examination includes an analysis of the economic use of animals (their productivity, age, breed), analysis of feeding (type, level and frequency of feeding, feed quality), analysis of conditions of detention (zoohygienic indicators, disinfection), analysis of metabolism (judged by clinical animal blood tests).
At the end of this period, all the studied animals are divided into three groups:
1) clinically healthy without metabolic disorders;
2) clinically healthy with metabolic disorders;
3) clinically sick animals.
The second stage of clinical examination includes the implementation of therapeutic and preventive measures with the last two groups of animals. The purpose of these activities is to find and eliminate the causes of violations of all types of metabolism, treatment of sick animals.
The preventive stage includes the use of scientifically developed and practice-proven recommendations for the prevention of individual diseases and their complexes.
Also, a plan of anti-epizootic measures in the farms is developed and approved annually.
Epizootic is the average degree of the infectious process, which is characterized by a rapid increase in the number of sick animals and a wide spread of the disease, covering several farms, districts and regions of the country. When applied to humans, this process is called an epidemic.
The plan of anti-epizootic measures includes diagnostic testing of animals for such dangerous infectious diseases as anthrax, emphysematous carbuncle, tuberculosis, foot and mouth disease, African and classical swine fever, swine erysipelas, leukemia, brucellosis, pasteurellosis, salmonellosis and others, as well as preventive vaccinations and treatments, including disinfection of premises.
Disinfection is the veterinary and sanitary treatment of premises and equipment with special disinfectant solutions, aimed at eliminating the infectious principle (causative agents of infectious diseases). Distinguish preventive and forced disinfection. Preventive treatment is a prerequisite for the technological process of production and is carried out in the premises for the main herd and young animals twice a year, in the premises for fattening animals and poultry farms - immediately after delivery for slaughter, and milking equipment - after each milking.
Forced disinfection is divided into current and final. The current treatment is carried out systematically from the day the disease occurs, and the final treatment is carried out before the quarantine is lifted.
Disinsection is a set of measures aimed at the destruction of harmful insects (flies, midges, ticks, feather-eaters, cockroaches, lice, fleas and other midges).
Preventive measures include constant maintenance of cleanliness in the premises, timely cleaning and removal for manure storage, thorough cleaning of farm territories from the remnants of last year's manure, plowing fields (to destroy larvae and pupae of skin gadfly).
Fighting measures include mechanical (adhesive tape), chemical (various preparations), physical (air pumps, electric fly killers) and biological (infection with microorganisms) methods.
Desacarization is a set of measures aimed at the destruction of ticks in nature (on pastures, in animal camps), indoors and on animals using chemicals (acaricides). In winter, animals are treated with an aerosol method, in the warm season, acaricides are used in solutions.
Disinvasion - measures aimed at the destruction in the external environment of germinal elements (eggs, larvae) of pathogens of invasive diseases (helminthiasis). It is carried out mechanically (removal of germs of pathogens by removing manure, garbage and other from the premises in the manure storage for biothermal neutralization), physical (destruction of the invasive beginning using sunlight, ultraviolet lamps, drying, freezing, fire, dry heat and other means) and chemical (with the use of various anthelmintic drugs; usually combined with mechanical and physical disinfestation) methods.
Deodorization is the artificial elimination of unpleasant odors resulting from the putrefaction of organic matter. The main sources of bad smell on the farm are manure and urine. When processing milk, deodorization is also used.
The main measures for deodorizing premises are timely, high-quality cleaning of manure, compliance with the rules for placing animals, strict observance of preventive breaks (the time during which the premises are empty - rest), effective ventilation, and the use of chemical deodorants.
Deratization is a set of measures to control rodents (mice, rats). These animals, in addition to spoiling equipment, premises and feed, are carriers of pathogens of such dangerous contagious diseases as Aujeszky's disease, plague, swine erysipelas and others.
Various methods are also used to exterminate and repel rodents: chemical (rats, zoocoumarin and other drugs), mechanical (mousetraps, rattraps), physical (ultrasonic repellers), biological (infection with Isachenko, Prokhorova bacteria, use of cats) and combined (simultaneously chemical and biological preparation - bactocumarin).
The feed shop, warehouses and feed storage are located on the line of demarcation with the production area. Strict control over the premises for animals is carried out by zoo veterinarians. For the maintenance of animals, permanent persons are assigned to each production group who must be trained in the methods of keeping animals fed, caring for them, as well as observing veterinary and sanitary rules and providing first aid to sick livestock.
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Lecture
Veterinary and sanitary regime at livestock
milk production enterprises,
raising and fattening cattle
The territory of the complex (specialized economy) is divided into zones isolated from each other:
- production, which houses premises for keeping animals, walking and fodder areas with a hard surface and canopies, veterinary facilities;
- administrative and economic, including buildings and structures of administrative and economic and technical services, an overpass for washing and a platform for disinfection of cars and other vehicles;
- aft, where facilities for storing and preparing feed are placed, which is separated from the first two zones by a fence with a separate entrance to these zones. (The feed workshop, warehouses and feed storage are located on the line of demarcation with the production area.)
Strict control over the premises for animals is carried out by zoo veterinarians. Newly acquired animals must be healthy and come from well-off farms. They enter quarantine for 30 days, where they are examined, if necessary, their skin, hooves, horns are treated with 1% chlorophos, they are examined for mastitis, tuberculosis, brucellosis, etc. After quarantine of a batch of animals and the release of the premises, they are cleaned and disinfected.
On each farm, manure storage facilities are built according to standard designs and treatment facilities- on large complexes. The manure storage is located on the leeward side outside the fence of the territory of the complex at a distance of at least 60 m. It is surrounded by a fence and planted with perennial greenery. Provide access roads with hard surface.
Usually manure on wet-flush farms is quite liquid and is separated by various methods into liquid and dense (solid) fractions. Dense disinfected biothermally. Liquid cattle on farms are disinfected in one of three ways: long-term aging, chemical, biological.
Manure, wastewater from isolators, quarantines, and a slaughter and sanitary station are subject to collection, storage, disinfection separately or disinfected before being discharged into the general network.
To serve animals, permanent persons are assigned to each production group, who must be trained in the methods of keeping, feeding animals, caring for them, as well as observing veterinary and sanitary rules and providing first aid to sick livestock.
Farm workers should undergo regular medical examinations. Persons suffering from tuberculosis or other diseases common to humans and animals are not allowed to work on farms.
The complex (farm) operates under the regime of a closed type enterprise. Employees are allowed to enter the economic zone only through the sanitary checkpoint, and the entry of vehicles through a permanent disinfection barrier.
In the premises of the sanitary checkpoint, the farm staff and other visitors take off their home clothes and shoes, leave them in the dressing room for home clothes (in the closet assigned to each employee), take a shower, put on clean, disinfected overalls and safety shoes in the dressing room for work clothes. At the end of work, work clothes are removed, handed over for disinfection and washing, take a shower and put on home clothes and shoes. It is forbidden to go out in overalls and safety shoes, as well as to take them out of the complex.
In the zone of specialized livestock farms, all livestock for personal and public use is subjected to preventive treatment in accordance with the plan of anti-epizootic measures and taking into account the local epizootic situation. Veterinary specialists directly involved in servicing farms and specialized farms should be exempted from servicing livestock that is in the personal use of citizens.
On the territory of specialized livestock farms, it is prohibited to keep dogs (except guard dogs), as well as any livestock and poultry for personal use. Guard dogs are subjected to rabies vaccinations, deworming and other veterinary treatments.
Managers, zootechnicians and veterinary specialists of farms must ensure strict control over animals that are in the personal property of citizens working on farms, as well as living in the territory where a specialized farm is located. In the event of an infectious disease in livestock owned by workers serving the public stock, the owners of the animals are released from work on the farm until the end of the eradication of the disease.
In order to prevent animal diseases, it is necessary to ensure a zootechnical regime for keeping livestock, provided for by technological standards.
The entire herd of dairy cows (buffaloes, camels, mares) must be under the constant supervision of a veterinarian or paramedic and be examined for brucellosis, tuberculosis, and, if necessary, for other diseases within the timeframe and methods provided for by the relevant regulatory documents.
In farms that are unfavorable for infectious diseases of cattle, measures are taken to ensure a complete recovery of the herd in a short time.
If you suspect a disease in livestock, it is necessary to isolate diseased animals. Milk from sick cows must be drained into a separate container and not used until a diagnosis is made.
In case of livestock disease with infectious diseases transmitted from animals to humans, veterinarians are obliged to prohibit the export of milk from the farm, its use within the farm until a diagnosis is established, and at the same time notify the territorial sanitary and epidemiological service about this.
It is forbidden to use for food and feeding to animals milk from cows with anthrax, emphysematous carbuncle, rabies, malignant edema, leptospirosis, plague, contagious pleuropneumonia, Q fever, as well as when the udder is affected by actinomycosis, necrobacteriosis. Such milk after boiling for 30 minutes must be destroyed.
Corpses and salvage are taken out by special vehicles, in case of especially dangerous diseases, the corpses are destroyed by incineration or autoclaving.
Milk from cows sick or suspicious of tuberculosis, brucellosis and leukemia must be disinfected by processing into melted butter or by boiling. After disinfection, the milk is taken to the dairy or used on the farm.
Milk from the affected quarters of the udder of animals with mastitis is subject to destruction after boiling, milk from the unaffected quarters of the udder of the same animals is subjected to thermal disinfection (boiling or pasteurization at 76 ° C for 30 s) and used to feed young farm animals.
It is forbidden to donate milk obtained from cows during the first 7 days after calving and the last 7 days before the eve of lactation. It is used as feed for young animals.
Veterinary and sanitary measures in dairy production
If sanitary conditions are not observed during milking, pathogenic microorganisms enter the milk from the skin of the animal, from the clothes and hands of attendants, from dishes and equipment, as well as in various ways during inflammation of the udder, metritis, enteritis and other diseases of cows.
Freshly milked milk is the optimal environment for the development of microorganisms: favorable nutritional composition, optimal temperature (35-36°C) allow them to multiply rapidly. Therefore, the cooling of milk after milking and during processing is necessary to prevent the rapid reproduction of microbes in it. To reduce microbial contamination, the first portions of milk must be given in a separate bowl, as it contains a large number of microbes.
The source of microbial contamination of milk can be farm workers if they violate the rules of personal hygiene. According to veterinary and sanitary requirements, it is forbidden to work on dairy farms for persons carrying microbes, as well as those with skin diseases.
The littering of barnyards and cowsheds, their population with flies contribute to the contamination of milk.
If the technology of sanitizing milking equipment is violated, a protein-fat film is deposited on it, in which microorganisms that pollute milk multiply. Therefore, in the production of milk, it is necessary to pay attention not only to the hygiene of the content, milking technology, but also to the sanitization of milking machines and dairy equipment.
Numerous diseases can be transmitted through milk, the pathogens of which enter it from sick animals and people from external environment.
Milk and dairy products made from milk containing microbial and fungal toxins (staphylococcal enterotoxin, botulinum toxin and mold fungi) can cause human food intoxication.
The appearance of microorganisms and their toxins dangerous for humans and animals in milk can be prevented by conducting regular diagnostic tests of cows for tuberculosis, brucellosis and mastitis, followed by the removal of patients from the herd; maintaining the cleanliness of animals, livestock farms, milking parlor and dairy block; carrying out primary processing of milk; maintaining the cleanliness of dairy equipment and regularly implementing sanitary and hygienic measures.
Veterinary and sanitary treatment of dairy
Dairy - a food workshop, the sanitary condition of which determines the quality of milk received on the farm. Therefore, it cannot be located near veterinary facilities, manure storage facilities, slurry receivers.
In the dairy, milk received from the milking parlor or from the milking site is subjected to primary processing and stored until it is sent to milk processing enterprises. Dairy should be provided with clean (preferably tap) hot water and good ventilation.
For washing and degreasing dairy premises, preparations that do not leave an unpleasant odor are used. For preventive disinfection use hot 2% solution of soda ash or 2% solution of desmol. In case of forced disinfection after mechanical cleaning of the surface of the room, disinfectants are used. In the summer every month, and in the winter once every 2 months, all the walls of the room, the floor and the ceiling are whitewashed with 20% freshly slaked lime. The floor and walls lined with tiles are washed with 2% solution of soda ash.
Veterinary and sanitary treatment of dairy equipment
For the sanitization of dairy equipment, detergents, disinfectants and detergent-disinfectants are used.
For washing in dairy production, powders are used, conditionally designated by the letters "A", "B", and "C". Powder "A" is used in farms with hard water (more than 8 mg-eq / l), powder "B" - in water of medium hardness (from 4 to 8 mg-eq / l) and powder "C" - with soft water ( less than 4 meq/l). The drug dissolves well, odorless, has high detergent properties, but the disinfecting ability is negligible.
The composition of washing powders includes soda ash, NP-1 sulfonic acid, sodium metasilicate, sodium sulfate as an anti-corrosion additive.
For simultaneous washing and disinfection of milking equipment, a grayish-white desmol powder with a chlorine smell is used. For sanitization of milking machines with a circulating washing device, 0.25% is used, and without circulation - 0.5% of the solution of desmol. However, they form foam and are not very suitable for washing modern milking machines equipped with an automatic washing system. Therefore, for the simultaneous washing and disinfection of milking equipment, liquid alkaline agent DPM-2 and acid KSM-1 are proposed. They contain non-foaming surfactants.
For the disinfection of dairy equipment, heat treatment, chemical agents, and more often a combination of them - a thermochemical method are used.
heat treatment carried out with steam or hot (70-85°C) water. Water vapor is considered one of the most powerful disinfectants. To obtain steam on the farm, steam generators such as KV-300, KV-400, KV-600, etc. are used. Milking pails, milking buckets, milk chambers, flasks and other containers are processed in the flask steamer PF-1 (fountain steamer) through a hose attached to the steam source. The steaming of the devices for the purpose of disinfection is carried out once a day for 3 minutes at a flow rate of 200 g of steam per minute.
Milking machines, small milk utensils, inventory and small-sized containers for storing milk are disinfected by immersing in a bath with hot (70-85 ° C) water, or poured with a stream of such water for 5-10 minutes.
For chemical disinfection, substances are used that do not transmit odors to milk, do not corrode metal and do not affect the quality of milk. For disinfection of milking machines and dairy equipment, chlorine preparations are used: bleach, chloramine, calcium hypochlorite and sodium hypochlorite, from which basic solutions containing 2.5% active chlorine are first prepared, and before disinfection, workers with active chlorine 0.025% concentration.
In addition to these agents, a new drug anolyte ANK (neutral) has been developed. Washing and disinfection with ANK analyte (active chlorine 100-200 mg/l) of milk utensils, milking machines, pipelines, containers for storing and transporting milk should be carried out in accordance with the sanitary rules for the care of milking machines and milk utensils.
In order to remove plaque from the milk pipeline resulting from the attack of salts and alkaline solutions, the milking machines are washed once a month with 1% solution of acetic or hydrochloric acid, followed by washing the installation with warm water.
Sanitization of milking equipment
Washing of milking equipment is carried out immediately after each milking and use of milking equipment in order to prevent drying of milk residues. Only warm water is used for washing, as cold water causes fat to harden and other milk substances to settle.
For the sanitation of the milking machine, the following technological process is provided for by the sanitary rules:
- pre-rinsing with warm water until milk residues are completely removed (5-8 minutes);
- washing with 0.25% alkaline solution (50-60 ° C) of one of the detergents in tech. 15 minutes;
- disinfection with one of the working solutions of chlorine-containing preparations with 0.025% active chlorine (at least 10 minutes);
- rinsing from chemical residues. funds with warm water for 5-10 minutes;
- washing before milking with hot (60-70°C) water for 8-10 minutes.
Monitoring the sanitary condition of milking equipment
and milk dishes
Control of the sanitary condition of milking equipment and milk utensils is carried out by visual inspection and bacteriological studies of swabs from their working surfaces.
The foreman of the farm conducts visual control of the sanitary condition of dairy equipment daily between milking cows. Once a week, the foreman or laboratory assistant of the farm conducts a chemical control for the residual amount of detergents and disinfectants using universal indicator paper.
The veterinary laboratory carries out bacteriological control of the sanitary condition of milking equipment in terms of coltiter by an accelerated method at least once a quarter in order to check the fulfillment of the specified sanitization regimen. The veterinary laboratory determines the total bacterial contamination by the cup method as necessary when determining the reasons for a sharp decrease in the quality of milk.
When visually monitoring the sanitary condition of dairy equipment, attention is primarily paid to surface areas that are difficult to access for washing: in milking machines - the inner surface of the head of the teat rubber, as well as the manifold and fittings, milk pipes and hoses under the sealing gasket of the bucket lid; in milking machines, in addition to the specified parts of the milking machines, the inner surface of the milk pipes, the air separator of the milk pump, the filter and rubber hoses are inspected.
The cleanliness of rubber hoses and opaque pipelines is checked by test wiping their internal surfaces with a brush with an elongated handle.
If there are visible traces of milk residues, mucous or mineralized deposits (“milk stone”) or an unpleasant odor on the surface of the equipment, the sanitary condition is assessed as unsatisfactory. Such equipment is not allowed to be used until the specified contaminants are completely removed.
The total bacterial contamination of swabs from the working surfaces of dairy equipment is determined, if necessary, to establish the causes of microbial contamination of milk and control the quality of sanitization of dairy equipment on farms.
Studies are carried out by the cup method by inoculation of the washing liquid in meat-peptone agar, followed by counting the number of grown colonies of microorganisms.
The flush is taken before the next milking with a sterile cotton swab, previously moistened with 10 ml of sterile saline and squeezed against the walls of the test tube, by 2-fold wiping with 100 cm 2 the area of the object being examined. Washouts from some units of milking machines are taken without taking into account the area - from the entire surface of the collector or for the length of the rod - the tampon holder (12 cm) when examining pipelines, rubber hoses and teat rubber. After taking the wash, the swab is immersed in the same test tube, placed vertically in a thermos with ice and transported to the laboratory.
Colititer is considered to be the smallest amount of wash, expressed in milliliters, in which bacteria of the Escherichia coli group are found.
Veterinary and sanitary rules for specialized
pig farms
The territory of pig-breeding enterprises is separated from the nearest residential area (settlement) by a sanitary protection zone. Its dimensions for pig breeding enterprises where less than 12 thousand heads per year are grown and fed are at least 500 m, from 12 to 54 thousand heads per year - 1500 m, 54 thousand heads and more - 2000 m. a reproducer for growing replacement pigs for an enterprise for 54 and 108 thousand heads per year and a complex provide for at least 1,500 m.
The territory of pig-breeding enterprises is divided into four zones isolated from each other:
- production, in which reproductive and fattening sectors are distinguished, walking areas with a hard surface are placed, veterinary facilities (the mutual arrangement of pigsties on the territory of the enterprise is taken in accordance with technological processes);
- administrative and economic, including buildings and structures of administrative and economic services, facilities for engineering and technological maintenance (garage, technical warehouses, mechanical workshops);
- storage and preparation of feed. The feed shop is located at the entrance to the territory of the enterprise (close to the feed shop or in a block with it is a concentrated feed warehouse, a feed storage facility);
- storage and processing of production waste; the zone is located outside the site of the pig-breeding complex (it includes facilities for storing and processing manure). The territory of each zone is landscaped and fenced along the entire perimeter with a fence that prevents the uncontrolled passage of people and animals.
Specialized pig breeding farms and complexes for growing and fattening pigs operate on the principle of closed enterprises (see Veterinary and sanitary regime at pig breeding enterprises).
The introduction of animals is allowed only after quarantine. Animals subject to forced or on-farm slaughter are transported to the slaughter and sanitary station (slaughter site) by special vehicles with a hermetic body. Special intra-farm transport is also needed.
Incoming feed is subject to veterinary control, food waste is sterilized.
Carcasses from forced slaughter are subjected to bacteriological examination. Depending on the results of the research, they are handed over to meat processing enterprises or disposed of. Until the results of the research are obtained and handed over for processing, the carcasses are stored in refrigerated chambers at the slaughterhouse.
The removal of corpses and slaughterhouse waste from the collection point for the production of meat and bone meal is carried out by special vehicles of the plant.
Veterinary and sanitary rules at sheep breeding enterprises
The territory of the sheep farm is divided into two zones: production and economic. In the production area there are premises for animals, an artificial insemination point, a veterinary checkpoint (or disinfection barrier), a site for biothermal disinfection of manure. In the economic zone, veterinary and veterinary and sanitary facilities are located on a separate site - a veterinary or medical and sanitary station, a hospital, an isolation ward, a slaughter and sanitary station, an opening, waste plant or biothermal pit, coupon panels, a shearing station.
Sheep farms should operate as closed enterprises. At the entrance to production facilities, there must be disinfection mats. On the territory it is forbidden to keep dogs (except watchdogs and shepherds), livestock and poultry that are in personal use.
Before putting the sheep in stall keeping, the sheepfolds are repaired, they are cleaned, disinfected and whitewashed, the walking areas (bases) are cleaned and disinfected. Before the start of the pasture season, pastures are assessed and their plots are assigned to each flock. Before the start of insemination, all preventive veterinary measures must be completed in the brood flocks, among test rams and producers, and if necessary, culling should be carried out. Before the start of lambing, the sheepfolds are cleaned and disinfected, maternity wards are equipped with thermal emitters for heating newborn lambs.
Veterinary and sanitary rules for fur farms
and rabbit breeding enterprises
The territory of a fur-breeding or rabbit-breeding enterprise must have a hard surface of the main areas, be fenced with a special fence 1.6-2.0 m high and have a production and economic zone.
In the production area there are sheds and cages for animals, a veterinary checkpoint, a veterinary station with an isolation room, an incineration oven and a point for the primary processing of skins. In the economic zone there is a feed kitchen, refrigerators and other feed storage facilities, household facilities. The feed shop and the point for the primary processing of skins are located on the border of the production and economic zones. The veterinary checkpoint should be located at the entrance to the production area and have a disinfection barrier, a room for washing and disinfecting vehicles, and a disinfection chamber for processing containers, equipment and workwear. Quarantine is located separately on the production area, the veterinary station is built separately from the main facilities and surrounded by a separate fence.
Farms must operate in a strict closed regime with a ban on entry and entry to unauthorized persons and vehicles. The territory of each brigade and sheds with cages are fenced with metal mesh fences. They must have separate personnel, equipment, overalls and work equipment. It is forbidden to keep dogs (except guard dogs), other animals and birds on the territory.
Mechanical cleaning, washing, sanitary repair, disinfection and whitewashing of sheds and cages is carried out before the start of mating, before lambing (kindling), after jigging of young animals and before placing the next batch of animals.
On fur farms, special attention is paid to the preparation and quality control of feed and measures to combat rodents. Refrigerator chambers and feed stores are cleaned, washed and disinfected as they are freed from feed, but at least once a year. Feed preparation equipment is washed with hot water daily and disinfected at least once a week. Meat, fish and other feed and feed additives entering the farm must have the appropriate veterinary documents and be constantly monitored by the veterinary service.
at poultry farms
Commodity poultry farms for egg and meat production, as a rule, with a closed production cycle are very large agricultural enterprises with a huge number of poultry. Therefore, the veterinary and sanitary regime for them should be especially strict. They operate in a fully closed mode, are securely fenced and have various production areas (branches) isolated from each other with a sanitary gap of up to 300 m. It is strictly forbidden for unauthorized persons and vehicles to be in the production areas. Service personnel and vehicles enter the territory of the enterprise only through the veterinary checkpoint. At the same time, workers completely change their clothes to work clothes and, if necessary (unfavorable epizootic situation), are subjected to sanitary treatment. Separate poultry houses (workshops) must be completely closed to exclude animals and wild birds from entering them, and equipped with disinfection barriers. The sanitary regime is carried out in strict accordance with the plans of veterinary and sanitary measures and the technological mode of operation. Hatching eggs can only come from farms free of contagious diseases in the presence of veterinary accompanying documents. The premises and equipment of workshops (poultry houses) are regularly cleaned and disinfected. During the technological gap, preventive cleaning and disinfection are carried out. Strict veterinary and sanitary control is carried out in incubators, feed shops, for the loss of poultry, removal of litter, etc. in accordance with applicable regulations. Disinfection of containers, inventory, hatching sections, cages, bedding is carried out after each technological cycle. Bird corpses, incubation waste are disposed of or burned.
Veterinary and sanitary measures
at beekeeping enterprises
Beekeeping farms (objects) should operate in areas that are free from quarantine diseases of bees, rich in honey plants. They are arranged taking into account the division into zones: administrative and economic, stationary apiaries and places of permanent migration. The gap from the administrative zone to the apiaries must be at least 5 km. In addition to household facilities, beekeeping enterprises are recommended to have a veterinary station with a pharmacy, a warehouse for disinfectants and disinfection equipment, a sanitary inspection room with a disinfection unit for processing vehicles, equipment and overalls, which is usually located at the entrance to the honey processing workshop.
Unauthorized persons and vehicles are also not allowed on bee farms. At the entrance to the stationary apiary, dezokovriks are equipped. To service apiaries, people who have completed special beekeeping courses or who have extensive practical experience in this matter are attracted.
Bee colonies for the farm are purchased only from a prosperous area with mandatory quarantine for 30 days. Upon receipt of used inventory, apiary equipment, containers, they must be disinfected. Preventive disinfection of equipment, inventory and premises (winter houses) is carried out at least once a year. In the shops for the processing of beekeeping products, disinfection and disinsection is carried out at least once a quarter, measures to protect apiaries from the introduction of pathogens, disinfection and deratization measures are carried out in accordance with the Veterinary and Sanitary Rules for Keeping Bees.
Veterinary and sanitary measures
at fish farms
The complex of general veterinary and sanitary measures recommended for fish farms includes:
a) prevention of the introduction into the farm of pathogens of contagious diseases;
b) preventive disinfection and disinfestation of ponds, hydraulic structures, fishing gear, inventory and live fish containers;
c) fish breeding and epizootic inspection of farms: control over the growth and health of fish;
d) diagnostic studies of fish;
e) preventive quarantine of imported fish and forage animals;
f) preventive culling and isolation of sick and suspected fish from among the breeding stock;
g) culling and destruction of diseased fish.
PREVENTION OF THE INTRODUCTION OF DISEASED FISH INTO THE FARM
Pathogenic microorganisms can penetrate into a reservoir not only with sick and recovered fish or fish that have been in contact with it, but also with water, as well as with weedy wild fish, which is a natural reservoir of pathogens for a number of infectious diseases of pond fish.
In fish farms, technical, biological and chemical means are used to combat weedy fish and intermediate hosts of a number of infectious diseases.
biological measuresWeed fish control can be used to destroy it directly in the ponds themselves. For this purpose, predatory fish are grown together with carp and artificial spawning grounds are arranged in ponds to collect and subsequently destroy the caviar of weedy wild fish.
Chemicalscontrol of weed fish are also used for its destruction in incompletely drained barrels, pits, old rivers of feeding ponds after catching carp from them. For this purpose, bleach is used, which is added to water at the rate of obtaining free chlorine in water at a concentration of 0.5-1.0 mg / l. At this concentration, all fish die and float to the surface. It is collected in nets and used as feed for poultry or pigs in boiled form. Water in barrels and pits, subjected to chlorination, dechlorinates very quickly: after 3-5 hours, only traces of chlorine are found in it, and after a day, chlorine disappears completely.
The causative agents of infections and invasions can be introduced by waterfowl and fish-eating birds. Therefore, the accumulation and nesting of birds in the pond should not be allowed.
Fishing gear, fish-breeding equipment, fish containers must be thoroughly disinfected after use.
Breeding fish-breeding enterprises should work on the principle of a closed economy. The entrance of service personnel to the production area is allowed through the sanitary checkpoint, and the entry of vehicles through the disinfection barrier. Service personnel are provided with overalls and safety shoes, which are left in the sanitary inspection room at the end of the work shift. It is forbidden to go outside the farm in overalls. On the territory of the fish hatchery it is forbidden to keep pets: cats, dogs (except service ones).
REQUIREMENTS FOR COMPOSITION OF BRODY STOCK
The initial broodstock is formed from juveniles obtained by the factory method on artesian water from healthy fish of a farm free from infectious diseases. In some cases, it is allowed to import breeding stock (producers, replacement stock) from farms that are free from contagious fish diseases.
The fish brought to the fish hatchery are placed in quarantine ponds for a period of at least 30 days at a water temperature of at least 12 ° C, and those imported from abroad are kept in accordance with the Veterinary and Sanitary Rules for Quarantine Fish Farms. The movement of fish (including quarantined ones) within the farm is carried out only with the knowledge of the veterinarian serving the farm.
REQUIREMENTS FOR KEEPING FISH
Each group of fish (spawners, replacement stock, juveniles, etc.) is kept in separate ponds designed for the corresponding age, and adult females are placed separately from males (such maintenance is mandatory for spawners and replacement groups of older ages). Joint keeping of fish imported from different farms and reservoirs is not allowed.
Planting fish in fish breeding facilities and feeding are carried out in accordance with approved standards. Proper sanitary conditions are maintained at all breeding fish farm facilities. After unloading, wintering ponds are disinfected with quicklime (25 q/ha), bleach (5 q/ha). Spawning, summer mother, nursery and feeding ponds after the end of the fish breeding process are disinfected with the same disinfectants and left without water during the winter.
For each category of ponds, a separate fish-breeding inventory is assigned. In the spring before the start of fish farming and in the fall after their completion, fishing equipment is disinfected.
Fish of all age groups, including spawners and a replacement group, are examined when transplanting from one category of ponds to another, as well as during control catches during the growing season at least once a month. If you suspect infection pathological material from fish is also sent to the veterinary laboratory, at the same time taking measures to prevent the spread of the disease. After determining the causative agent of the disease, measures are taken in accordance with the instructions.
The export of fish from fish hatcheries for the purpose of rearing, breeding and acclimatization is carried out in strict accordance with the "Instructions for the transport of fish, fertilized eggs and other aquatic organisms." It is allowed to export only healthy fish after inspection of the farm before sending the batch of fish by a veterinarian.
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Chapter 6. Veterinary and sanitary measures in animal husbandry, slaughter, transportation, storage and processing of livestock
Rules for veterinary treatment of animals intended for export to other farms for breeding and user purposes
The export of breeding and use animals (including carcasses of birds, fur animals and bees) intended for sale is allowed from settlements and individual farms, collective farms, state farms, as well as isolated farms that are safe from infectious and parasitic diseases.
From settlements, collective farms, state farms and other enterprises and organizations that do not have their own service, the export of animals is allowed with the written permission of the chief veterinary inspector of the district, from state farms (factories, poultry farms) - the chief (senior) veterinarian of the state farm (factory, poultry farm ) and the main veterinary district for joint signatures.
Animals intended for export are labeled and subjected to veterinary treatment. Animals intended for shipment as a set are selected a month before being removed from the farm, separated from other animals of the farm (put in preventive quarantine), transferred to another room, improved conditions of keeping, feeding and subjected to the necessary research and processing. During the quarantine period in farms - suppliers, it is impossible to mix animals of different batches, as well as animals selected at different times.
These animals are subjected to a thorough veterinary examination and mandatory research: cattle - for brucellosis, tuberculosis, leukemia, campylobacteriosis and trichomoniasis; sheep - for brucellosis, listeriosis, chlamysia, infectious epididymitis of sheep; goats - for brucellosis, listeriosis; pigs - for brucellosis, tuberculosis and leptospirosis; horses - for glanders, dourine and infectious anemia; donkeys and mules - on glanders; camels - for brucellosis, tuberculosis and glanders; deer for brucellosis; poultry (chickens) - for pullorosis and tuberculosis; fur-bearing animals (minks) - for Aleutian disease; rabbits - for coccidiosis. When transporting animals within the region (krai, republic), the need for diagnostic studies and veterinary treatments provided for by the relevant instructions is determined by the veterinary authorities of the relevant regional (regional) agricultural departments.
Before being exported from farms, animals are subjected to scatological examination: large and small cattle - for fascioliasis, dicroceliasis, dictyocaulosis, monieziosis; pigs - for ascariasis and metastrongylosis; horses - parascariasis; birds - for ascariasis and heterokidosis. When helminths are found, the animals of the whole group are subjected to deworming, and after that their export is allowed.
Rabbits are examined for cocundia before export and are allowed for transportation only if the results of the study are negative.
Sheep are being treated for scabies. Horses, cattle and pigs exported from farms free from scabies during the last two years are allowed to be exported without preventive treatment against this disease.
Cattle and small cattle and horses before being exported from the farm are subject to a single treatment with acaricidal agents against ticks that carry piroplasmidosis pathogens. From areas free from ticks, the export of animals is allowed without treatment.
Before export, animals are vaccinated against infectious diseases, depending on the epizootic state of the region (region, territory, republic) where they are imported or exported from.
Based on the permission of the chief veterinary inspector of the district, the veterinarian of the institution of the state veterinary network, state farm (factory) for each batch of animals sent to one point is issued a veterinary certificate in the form No. 1, and within the district - a certificate indicating the dates, methods and results of research, vaccination and veterinary treatment and well-being of the area.
All newly arrived animals to the farm must be kept in quarantine for 30 days, with the necessary tests provided for by the relevant instructions and rules (tuberculosis, brucellosis, glanders, leukemia, etc.)
Veterinary and sanitary regime at livestock enterprises for the production of milk, the cultivation and fattening of cattle
In livestock farms, veterinary supervision is carried out by veterinary specialists of collective farms, state farms, joint-stock companies and other enterprises of the agro-industrial complex (industrial veterinary supervision) and representatives of the state veterinary service (state veterinary supervision).
Veterinary supervision in the livestock sector consists of control over the implementation of veterinary and sanitary requirements for the construction of livestock facilities, rules for keeping and feeding animals, control over the preparation of animals, products and raw materials, as well as the implementation of veterinary and sanitary measures.
The territory of the complex (specialized economy) is divided into zones isolated from each other:
Production, which houses premises for keeping animals, walking and fodder areas with a hard surface and canopies, veterinary facilities;
Administrative and economic, including buildings and structures of administrative and economic and technical services, an overpass for washing and a platform for disinfecting cars and other vehicles;
Aft, where objects for storage and preparation of feed are placed, which is separated from the first two zones by a fence with a separate entrance to these zones. Feed shop, warehouses and storage for feed are located on the line of demarcation with the production area.
The manure storage is located on the leeward side outside the fence of the territory of the complex at a distance of at least 60 m. It is surrounded by a fence and planted with perennial greenery. Provide access roads with hard surface.
To serve animals, permanent persons are assigned to each production group, who must be trained in keeping, feeding animals, caring for them, as well as in observing veterinary and sanitary rules and providing first aid to sick livestock.
Farm workers should undergo regular medical examinations. Persons suffering from tuberculosis or other diseases common to humans and animals are not allowed to work on farms.
The complex (farm) operates under the regime of a closed type enterprise. Employees of the complex are allowed to enter the economic zone of the farm only through the sanitary checkpoint, and the entrance of vehicles through a permanent disinfection barrier.
In the premises of the sanitary checkpoint, the farm staff and other visitors take off their home clothes and shoes, leave them in the dressing room for home clothes (in the closet assigned to each employee), take a shower, put on clean disinfected overalls and safety shoes in the dressing room for working clothes. At the end of work, work clothes are removed, handed over for disinfection and washing, take a shower and put on home clothes and shoes. It is forbidden to go out in overalls and safety shoes, as well as to take them out of the complex.
In the zone of specialized livestock farms, all livestock for personal and public use is subjected to preventive treatments in accordance with the plan of anti-epizootic measures and taking into account the local epizootic situation. Veterinary specialists directly involved in servicing farms and specialized farms should be exempted from servicing livestock that is in the personal use of citizens.
On the territory of specialized livestock farms, it is prohibited to keep dogs (except guard dogs), as well as any livestock and poultry for personal use. Guard dogs are subjected to rabies vaccinations, deworming and other veterinary treatments.
Managers, zootechnicians and veterinary specialists of farms must ensure strict control over the presence of animals that are in the personal property of citizens working on farms, as well as living on the territory where a specialized farm is located. In the event of an infectious disease in livestock owned by workers serving the public stock, the owners of the animals are released from work on the farm until the end of the eradication of the disease.
In order to prevent animal diseases, it is necessary to ensure a zootechnical regime for keeping livestock, provided for by technological standards.
The entire herd of dairy cows (buffaloes, camels, mares) must be under the constant supervision of a veterinarian or paramedic and subjected to examination for brucellosis, tuberculosis, and, if necessary, for other diseases, within the time limits and methods provided for by the relevant regulatory documents.
In farms that are unfavorable for infectious diseases of cattle, measures are taken to ensure the complete recovery of the herd from these diseases in a short time.
If you suspect a disease in livestock, it is necessary to isolate diseased animals. Milk from sick cows must be drained into a separate container and not used until a diagnosis is made.
In case of livestock disease with infectious diseases transmitted from animals to humans, veterinarians are obliged to prohibit the export of milk from the farm, its use within the farm until a diagnosis is established, and at the same time notify the territorial sanitary and epidemiological service about this.
It is forbidden to use for food and feeding to animals milk from cows with anthrax, emphysematous carbuncle, rabies, malignant edema, leptospirosis, plague, contagious pleuropneumonia, Q fever, as well as when the udder is affected by actinomycosis, necrobacteriosis. Such milk after boiling for 30 minutes must be destroyed.
Milk from cows sick or suspicious of tuberculosis, brucellosis and leukemia must be disinfected by processing into ghee or boiling. After disinfection, the milk is taken to the dairy or used on the farm.
Milk from the affected quarters of the udder of animals with mastitis must be destroyed after boiling. Milk from unaffected udder quarters of the same animals is subjected to thermal disinfection (boiling or pasteurization at 76 °C for 30 s) and used to feed young farm animals.
It is forbidden to donate milk obtained from cows during the first 7 days after calving and the last 7 days before the eve of lactation. It is used as feed for young animals.
Veterinary and sanitary measures in dairy production.
Veterinary supervision over the receipt, storage and processing of milk is reduced to systematic monitoring of the implementation of the following rules: maintaining the cleanliness of milking parlors and dairy; protecting the premises from flies; regular cleaning of cowsheds and territories from manure and garbage; daily cleaning of the skin of cows; washing the udder and teats before milking; washing and sterilization of milk dishes, milking machines, dairy products; observance of hygienic rules for milking cows, storing milk; compliance with the rules of personal hygiene by service personnel; compliance with the rules for obtaining milk from sick cows.
If sanitary conditions are not observed during milking, pathogenic microorganisms enter the milk from the skin of the animal, from the clothes and hands of the attendants, from dishes and equipment, as well as in various ways during inflammation of the udder, metritis, enteritis and other diseases of cows.
Freshly milked milk is the optimal environment for the development of microorganisms: favorable nutritional composition, optimal temperature (35-36 ° C), which allows them to multiply rapidly. Therefore, the cooling of milk after milking and during processing is necessary to prevent the rapid reproduction of microbes in it. To reduce microbial contamination, the first portions of milk must be given in a separate bowl, as it contains a large number of microbes.
The source of microbial contamination of milk can be farm workers if they violate the rules of personal hygiene. According to veterinary and sanitary requirements, it is forbidden to work on dairy farms for persons carrying microbes, as well as those with skin diseases.
The littering of barnyards and cowsheds, their population with flies contribute to the contamination of milk. It has been established that in manured cowsheds, in the absence of systematic cleaning of animals, there are 20 thousand times more microorganisms in milk than in milk obtained on farms kept in good sanitary condition.
If the technology of sanitizing milking equipment is violated, a protein-fat film is deposited on it, in which microorganisms that pollute milk multiply. Therefore, in the production of milk, it is necessary to pay attention not only to the hygiene of the content, milking technology, but also to the sanitization of milking machines and dairy equipment.
Numerous diseases can be transmitted through milk, the pathogens of which enter the milk from sick animals, from sick people and from the external environment.
Milk and dairy products made from milk containing microbial and fungal toxins can cause human food intoxication (staphylococcal enterotoxin, botulinum toxin and mold fungi).
The appearance of microorganisms and their toxins dangerous for humans and animals in milk can be prevented by regular diagnostic tests of cows for tuberculosis, brucellosis and mastitis, followed by the removal of patients from the herd; maintaining the cleanliness of animals, livestock farms, milking parlor and dairy unit; carrying out primary processing of milk; maintenance of cleanliness of dairy equipment and regular implementation of sanitary and hygienic measures that sanitize other objects in contact with milk.
Veterinary and sanitary treatment of premises, dairy, dairy and milking equipment
Dairy - a food workshop, the sanitary condition of which determines the quality of milk received on the farm. Therefore, it cannot be located near veterinary facilities, manure storage facilities, slurry receivers.
In the dairy, milk received from the milking parlor or from the milking site is subjected to primary processing and stored until it is sent to milk processing enterprises. Dairy should be provided with clean (preferably tap) hot water and good ventilation.
For washing and degreasing dairy premises, preparations that do not leave an unpleasant odor are used. For preventive disinfection, a hot 2% solution of soda ash or a 2% solution of desmol is used. In case of forced disinfection after mechanical cleaning of the surface of the room, disinfectants are used. In the summer every month, and in the winter once every 2 months, all the walls of the room, the floor and the ceiling are whitewashed with 20% freshly slaked lime. The floor, like the walls lined with tiles, is washed with a 2% solution of soda ash.
For the sanitization of dairy equipment, detergents, disinfectants and detergent-disinfectants are used.
For washing in dairy production, powders are used, conditionally designated by the letters "A", "B", and "C". Powder "A" is used in farms with hard water (more than 8 mg-eq / l), powder "B" - medium hardness (from 4 to 8 mg-eq / l) and powder "C" - with soft water (less than 4 mg -eq/l). The drug dissolves well in water, odorless, has high detergent properties, but their disinfecting ability is negligible.
The composition of washing powders includes: soda ash, NP-1 sulfonic acid, sodium metasilicate, sodium sulfate as an anti-corrosion additive.
For simultaneous washing and disinfection of milking equipment, a greyish-white desmol powder with a chlorine smell is used. For sanitizing milking machines with a circulating washing device, 0.25% solutions are used, and without circulation, 0.5% solutions of demol. However, they form foam and are not very suitable for washing modern milking machines equipped with an automatic washing system. Therefore, for the simultaneous washing and disinfection of milking equipment, liquid alkaline agent DPM-2 and acid KSM-1 are proposed. They contain non-foaming surfactants.
For disinfection of dairy equipment, they use: heat treatment, chemicals, and more often a combination of them - a thermochemical method.
heat treatment carried out with steam or hot (70-85°C) water. Water vapor is considered one of the most powerful disinfectants. To obtain steam on the farm, steam generators such as KV-300, KV-400, KV-600, etc. are used. Milking pails, milking buckets, milk chambers, flasks and other containers are processed on the flask steamer PF-1 (fountain steamer) through a hose connected to the steam source. The steaming of the devices for the purpose of disinfection is carried out once a day for 3 minutes at a flow rate of 200 g of steam per minute.
Disinfection of milking machines, small milk utensils, inventory and small-sized containers for storing milk is carried out by immersion in a bath with hot (70-85 ° C) water or poured with a stream of such water for 5-10 minutes.
Chemical disinfectants. Chemicals are used that do not transfer odors to milk, do not corrode metal and do not affect the quality of milk. For disinfection of milking machines and dairy equipment, chlorine preparations are used: bleach, chloramine, calcium hypochlorite and sodium hypochlorite, from which basic solutions containing 2.5% active chlorine are prepared at the beginning, and before disinfection, workers with 0.025% concentration of active chlorine .
To prepare the basic solution, take the required amount of the drug, depending on the content of active chlorine in it, pour it into a wooden barrel, pour 100 liters of warm water and, after thorough mixing, leave for 24 hours.
The settled greenish liquid with the smell of chlorine contains 2.5% active chlorine and is the main solution from which the worker is prepared. To do this, take 100 ml of the stock solution and add it to 10 liters of water heated to 50-60 ° C, as a result, a 1% working solution containing 0.025% active chlorine is obtained. The stock solution is usable for 10 days.
In addition to the above-mentioned agents, a new drug anolyte ANK (neutral) has been developed. The technology of washing and disinfection with ANK analyte (active chlorine 100-200 mg/l) of milk utensils, milking machines, pipelines, containers for storage and transportation of milk should be carried out in accordance with the Sanitary Rules for the Care of Milking Machines and Milk utensils, control of their sanitary condition and sanitary quality of milk”.
In order to remove plaque from the milk pipeline resulting from the precipitation of salts and alkaline solutions, the milking machines are washed once a month with a 1% solution of acetic or hydrochloric acid, followed by washing the machine with warm water.
Sanitization of milking equipment is carried out immediately after each milking and use of milking equipment in order to prevent drying of milk residues. Only warm water is used for washing, as cold water causes fat to harden and other milk substances to settle.
For the sanitization of the milking machine, the sanitary rules provide for the following technological process:
preliminary rinsing with warm water until milk residues are completely removed (5-8 minutes); washing with 0.25% alkaline solutions (50-60°C) of one of the detergents for 15 minutes; disinfection with one of the working solutions of chlorine-containing preparations with a 0.025% active chlorine content for at least 10 minutes; rinsing from chemical residues with warm water for 5-10 minutes; rinsing before milking with hot (60-70 °C) water for 8-10 minutes.
Monitoring the sanitary condition of milking equipment and milk utensils
Control of the sanitary condition of milking equipment and milk utensils is carried out by visual inspection and bacteriological examination of swabs from their working surfaces.
Visual control of the sanitary condition of dairy equipment is carried out by the foreman of this farm daily between milking cows. Once a week, the foreman or laboratory assistant of the farm conducts a chemical control for residual amounts of detergents and disinfectants using universal indicator paper.
Bacteriological control of the sanitary condition of milking equipment by coli-titer by an accelerated method is carried out by a veterinary laboratory at least 1 time per quarter in order to check the level of implementation of the specified sanitization regimen. The determination of the total bacterial contamination by the cup method is carried out by the veterinary laboratory as necessary when determining the reasons for a sharp decrease in the quality of milk.
When visually monitoring the sanitary condition of dairy equipment, attention is primarily paid to surface areas that are difficult to access for washing:
In milking machines: the inner surface of the head of the teat rubber, the inner surface of the collector and fittings, milk pipes and hoses under the sealing gasket of the bucket lid;
On milking machines, in addition to the specified parts of the milking machines, the inner surfaces of the milk pipelines, the air separator of the milk pump, the filter and rubber hoses are inspected. The cleanliness of rubber hoses and opaque pipelines is checked by test wiping their internal surfaces with a brush with an elongated handle.
If there are visible traces of milk residues, mucous or mineralized deposits (“milk stone”) or an unpleasant odor on the surface of the equipment, the sanitary condition is assessed as unsatisfactory. Such equipment is not allowed to be used until the specified contaminants are completely removed.
Determination of the total bacterial contamination of swabs from the working surfaces of dairy equipment is carried out, if necessary, to establish the causes of microbial contamination of milk and control the quality of sanitization of dairy technological equipment of farms.
Studies are carried out by the cup method by sowing the washing liquid in meat-peptone agar, followed by counting the number of grown colonies of microorganisms.
Washings are taken before the next milking with sterile cotton swabs (previously moistened with 10 ml of sterile saline and squeezed against the walls of the test tube) by 2-fold wiping with 100 cm 2 of the area of the object being examined. Washouts from some units of milking machines are taken without taking into account the area - from the entire surface of the collector or for the length of the rod - the tampon holder (12 cm) when examining pipelines, rubber hoses and teat rubber. After taking the wash, the swab is immersed in the same test tube, placed vertically in a thermos with ice and transported to the laboratory.
If the washout titer is determined as follows. In a test tube with 5 ml of KODA medium add 1 ml of washout, in the second test tube 1 ml of its dilution 1:10. The test tubes are placed in a thermostat at 37°C for 24 hours. A change in the color of the medium to green, yellow-green indicates the presence of bacteria of the Escherichia coli group. Coli-titer is considered to be the smallest amount of flush, expressed in milliliters, in which bacteria of the Escherichia coli group are found.
The assessment of the sanitary condition of the equipment is carried out according to table No. 18
Table 18 - Evaluation of the sanitary condition of milking equipment and milk utensils by the number of microbes per cm 2 of the investigated surface and coli-titer.
Veterinary and sanitary regime at specialized pig farms
The territory of pig breeding enterprises is separated from the nearest residential area (settlement) by a sanitary protection zone. The size of the sanitary protection zones for pig breeding enterprises with the cultivation and fattening of less than 12 thousand heads per year is at least 500 m, from 12 to 54 thousand heads per year - 1500 m, 54 thousand heads and more - 2000 m. The distance between a breeding reproducer for growing replacement pigs for the enterprise is not 54 and 108 thousand heads per year and the complex provides for at least 1500 m.
The territory of pig-breeding enterprises is divided into 4 zones isolated from each other:
The production area, in which reproductive and fattening sectors are distinguished, walking areas with a hard surface, veterinary facilities are located. The location of pigsties on the territory of the enterprise is taken in accordance with the technological process;
Administrative and economic, including buildings and structures of administrative and economic services, facilities for engineering and technological maintenance (garage, technical warehouses, mechanical workshops);
Storage and preparation of feed. The feed shop is located at the entrance to the territory of the enterprise. In proximity to the feed shop or in a block with it, a concentrated feed warehouse, feed storage facilities are placed;
Storage and processing of production waste, which is located outside the site of the pig-breeding complex. The zone includes manure storage and processing facilities.
The territory of each zone is landscaped and fenced along the entire perimeter with a fence that prevents the uncontrolled passage of people and animals.
Specialized pig farms and complexes for growing and fattening pigs operate on the principle of closed enterprises (see the veterinary and sanitary regime at livestock enterprises for the production of milk, rearing and fattening cattle).
Animals subject to forced or on-farm slaughter are transported to the slaughter and sanitary station (slaughter site) by special vehicles with a hermetic body.
Carcasses from forced slaughter are subjected to bacteriological examination. Depending on the results of the research, they are handed over to meat processing enterprises or disposed of. Until the results of the research are obtained and handed over for processing, the carcasses are stored in refrigerated chambers at the slaughterhouse.
The removal of corpses and slaughterhouse waste from the collection point for the production of meat and bone meal is carried out by special vehicles of the plant.
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