Types of labor costs are divided into. Classification of the costs of the contractor's working time and the use of equipment. during machine-manual work

In the practice of technical regulation of labor, the time during which a given work is performed is divided into separate elements. For this purpose, a unified classification of working time is used, which serves as the basis for studying and analyzing its structure, determining the duration of the elements of the labor process, identifying reserves for increasing labor productivity, and setting standards. The classification of working time costs is shown in Figure 13. Working time is understood as the part of the calendar time during which the employee, in accordance with the rules internal regulations enterprises must be in the workplace and perform quality labor obligations. Its duration rate is a regulated amount of working time that a worker (employee) needs to work out within a certain calendar time (working day, shift, week).

Working time is divided into work time - the period during which the employee performs useful labor movements and actions, and the time of breaks when labor process is not performed. The time of work includes the time spent both on the fulfillment of the production task (its preparation and direct execution), and on work not provided for by the task - the time of random and unproductive work, the implementation of which does not give an increase in production or improve its quality, as in the main technological process, as well as random jobs. The time of work to fulfill the production task, in turn, is divided into preparatory and final, operational and time for servicing the workplace.

Preparatory and closing time is spent by the performer on preparing for the performance of a given work and on actions related to its completion. This, for example, is the time for cleaning and cleaning, control and inspection, fastening, refueling, lubricating and other operations, testing equipment at idle. It is installed, as a rule, for the entire work shift. It does not depend on the amount of work performed on this side.

Operational- this is the time directly spent by the performer to perform the operations for which the workplace. It is divided into the main one, spent on qualitative and quantitative changes in the object of labor - its size, properties, composition, quantity, shape or position in space, and auxiliary - on creating conditions for the performance of the main work.

Workplace service time- time for the contractor to maintain the workplace in a state that ensures productive work - includes time Maintenance, spent, for example, on tool sharpening and its replacement, readjustment, repair, lubrication of equipment in the process of work, and organizational maintenance time - on keeping the workplace clean and tidy, on supplying objects of labor and cleaning finished products during the work shift.

Figure 13 - Classification of working hours

Breaks for rest and personal needs, as well as due to technology and organization production process, form the time of regulated breaks, and caused by a violation of the normal course of the production process and labor discipline- time of unscheduled breaks.

The time of breaks established by the technology and organization of production processes depends on the specific conditions for their implementation, for example, periodic downtime of a car driver during loading and unloading. The time of unregulated (removable) breaks includes breaks caused by a violation of the normal course of the production process and a violation of labor discipline. The former include breaks in work for organizational and technical reasons, which are the result of poor organization of labor, for example, due to untimely submission of materials to the workplace, due to malfunctions of machinery and equipment, etc.; to the second - breaks due to violation of the rules of the labor process by the workers, being late for work, unauthorized absences from the workplace and premature departure from work, etc.

All types of working hours are divided into standardized and non-standardized. The technical norm includes only the normalized costs of working time and in the amount that allows the most productive performance this work. Regulated breaks are included in the norm in strictly necessary sizes, unregulated - are completely excluded and must be eliminated proper organization labor and strengthening labor discipline.

When analyzing the cost of working time, it is customary to determine the utilization rate of working time - the ratio of shift operating time (actual or standard) to the duration of the work shift (actual or standard). An indicator of the use of working time is also a coefficient determined by the ratio of useful time spent - the amount of preparatory and final, operational, maintenance of the workplace and time for breaks for rest and personal needs - to the normal length of the working day (shift).

The classification of working time costs allows you to spend it system analysis, identify losses and outline measures to improve its use by eliminating organizational and technical problems, improving technological processes and strengthening labor discipline. With the help of indicators (coefficients) of the use of working time, its structure is assessed, and internal reserves for increasing labor productivity are quantitatively disclosed.

studying the cost of working time

Chapter 1. Classification of the cost of working time and the importance of its study.

1.1Classification of working hours

Since the costs of working time are diverse, they are classified for the purpose of study and analysis. The classification is the basis for studying the actual costs of working time, comparing and analyzing the results of observation in order to identify reserves for the growth of labor productivity, determine the necessary time costs for the elements of the labor process and establish standards.

Working time is understood as the length of the working day, working week, established by law, as well as the time that the worker is in the enterprise in connection with the work performed by him.

Depending on destination working time divided into work time and break time.

Working time refers to the part of the working day during which work is performed.

The break time is understood as the part of the working day during which the labor process is not carried out for various reasons.

The time of work, in turn, is divided into two types of costs: the time for completing the production task (Tpz) and the time spent on the performance of non-characteristic tasks. this employee operations that can be eliminated (Tn).

The production task execution time includes preparatory and final, operational and workplace maintenance time.

Preparatory-final time (Tpz) is the time spent on preparing yourself and your workplace for the performance of the production task, as well as on all actions upon its completion.

Operational time (Top) is the time during which the worker performs the task (changes the properties of the object of labor). It is divided into main (technological) and auxiliary.

The main (Tos), or technological, time is the time spent directly on changing the object of labor.

During auxiliary time (Tvs) the actions necessary for the implementation of the main work are performed.

The time costs associated with caring for the workplace and maintaining equipment, tools and fixtures in working order during the shift are referred to as the maintenance time of the workplace (Torm). In machine and automated processes, it includes the time of technical (Tto) and the time of organizational (Too) maintenance of the workplace.

The time for maintenance of the workplace includes the time for servicing the workplace in connection with the performance of a given operation or a specific job (replacing a dull tool, etc.). Organizational maintenance includes looking after the workplace during the shift, as well as cleaning the workplace at the end of the shift.

In some industries (coal, metallurgical, food, etc.), the time spent on servicing the workplace is not allocated, but refers to the preparatory and final time.

Break time is divided into: a break for rest and personal needs (Totl), breaks of an organizational and technical nature (Tpot), breaks due to violations of labor discipline (Tntd).

Break for rest and personal needs is the time used by workers to rest in order to prevent fatigue, as well as for personal hygiene.

Breaks of an organizational and technical nature are the time due to the technology and organization of production (Tpt), as well as violations of the flow of the production process (Tpnt).

Breaks associated with a violation of labor discipline are late arrivals, unauthorized absences from the workplace, premature departure from work, i.e. downtime due to the fault of the worker.

1.2 The importance of studying the cost of working time

The study of the cost of working time is of great importance, since, based on the information obtained as a result, most of the tasks related to the organization of labor and its regulation are solved.

Research is carried out in order to determine the structure of operations, the cost of working time, rationalize methods and methods of work, identify the reasons for non-fulfillment of norms, irrational costs and loss of working time, obtain data on factors affecting the time of performing elements of operations, develop regulatory materials, assess the quality of norms and regulations, as well as for other tasks.

The study of the labor process involves the analysis of all its characteristics that affect labor costs and the efficiency of the use of production resources. The technological parameters of the equipment, its compliance with ergonomic requirements, working conditions, applied technology, organization and maintenance of the workplace, as well as vocational, psychophysiological, social characteristics of workers and other factors are studied. Methods for obtaining and processing information are selected based on the objectives of the study. Optimal is the minimum of total costs associated with obtaining the necessary information and its subsequent use.

Of greatest importance is the solution of two problems related to the study of labor processes. The first is related to the determination of the actual time spent on the execution of elements of operations. The second - with the establishment of the structure of time spent during the work shift or part of it.

Determination of the duration of the elements of the operation is necessary for the development of time standards, the choice of the most rational methods of work, the analysis of norms and standards. The structure of working time costs is used in the development of standards for the preparatory and final time, the time for servicing the workplace, evaluating the efficiency of using working time, and analyzing the existing labor organization.

Chapter 2. Methods for studying the cost of working time.

2.1Photograph of working time

Photography of working time is a type of observation, with the help of which they study and analyze the time spent by one worker or group associated with the implementation of a particular process throughout the entire working day (shift) or part of it, regardless of what this time was spent on. The PDF does not reveal the technology and methods of the process, but only fixes its flow.

The purpose of the PDF is to identify reserves for increasing productivity, improving the use of equipment. This is achieved by identifying the expediency, the sequence of certain time costs, their measurement, establishing the degree of possible compaction of the working day of the performers, eliminating the loss of working time and equipment downtime.

The purpose of working time photography is to identify deficiencies in the organization of labor and production, causing losses or irrational use of working time, designing a more rational distribution of work shift time by time consumption categories, determining the actual production of products, the rate of its release and uniformity of work during the shift.

With the skillful, wide and systematic application of the FRV, the head of the enterprise will always have a clear idea about the work and idle time of workers and equipment, about the reasons for the loss of working time.

According to the number of objects of observation, forms of labor organization, etc., PDF is divided into individual, group, brigade, mass, route, multi-machine, target, photograph of the production process and photograph of the use of equipment (see diagram 2). A distinction is also made between dubbed and picket photography of a working day.

A duplicate photo of a working day is taken by two workers at the same time. This method is used when the visibility of the object of observation is limited. The observers work independently of each other, and at the end of the work they compare the results to get the big picture.

A picket photograph of a working day is carried out by several observers who are located at certain points and record the moment the observed object passes through this point. This method is most often used when studying the operation of transport, since, according to safety rules, the observer cannot move along with the transport all the time. In the course of an individual PDF, the observer examines the time spent by one performer working at one workplace or the time spent using equipment during a work shift or part of it.

2.2. Instant Observations

Since the method of direct measurements requires large expenditures for their implementation, in the case when it is supposed to cover a large number of objects, the so-called momentary observations are appropriate.

A characteristic feature of the method of momentary observations is that the observer is not continuously at the workplace, but visits them periodically at random intervals. With the help of momentary observations, it is possible to analyze the structure of working time at almost any number of objects.

Observations are carried out by sequentially bypassing the selected workplaces and marking the type of activity at the fixing points with conventional signs in the observation sheet. If there are special moment counters, the observation sheet is not used.

According to the results of momentary observations, you can:

Determine the degree of use of working time by a large number of performers and the degree of use of a large number of equipment in time.

Study the structure and install specific gravity and absolute values ​​of individual elements of the costs of the contractor's working time.

Establish the causes and determine the proportion and absolute values ​​of downtime of workers and equipment and develop measures to eliminate them.

Analyze the state of labor organization and develop measures to improve them.

Obtain the necessary initial data for the development of standards for the preparatory and final time, the time for servicing the workplace, as well as service standards.

To ensure the reliability of the results obtained, which should reflect the actual use of working time, the following conditions must be observed: observations of certain expenditures of working time must be random and equally possible; the number of observations should be large enough to reliably characterize the observed phenomenon as a whole.

The volume of observations is determined using the rules of statistics for sample surveys. It is found by the formula, where M is the sample size or the number of momentary observations,

K is the approximate share of working time spent on the performance of the work under study or the approximate share of equipment operation time in fractions of a second (its value is taken from the results of previous observations or is taken approximately on the basis of reporting data),

(1-K) - the proportion of breaks or downtime, i.e. the probability of finding a worker or machine inactive,

P - a predetermined accuracy of the observation results, i.e., the permissible value of the relative error of the observation results (in the practice of studying working time, it is taken in the range of 0.03 - 0.1),

a is the coefficient associated with the confidence probability that the error P does not go beyond the established limits.

The duration of one round can be set by the timing method or determined by the formula Tobx \u003d + t1N,

where l - route length, m;

v - average speed of movement from one fixing point to another, m/min;

t1 - average time spent on fixing the actions of one worker, min.;

N is the number of jobs.

The number of moments M1, fixed in one shift, is determined by the formula, where K is a coefficient that takes into account the mismatch in the round trip time (taken within 0.5 -),

Tobh - the duration of one round.

To obtain objective and accurate results, you must adhere to the following rules:

Each detour must be carried out along the intended route, in a uniform step, without accelerating or slowing down the walk, and begin strictly at the appointed time.

Only being in the fixing point for these workers, the observer can register what is happening at the workplace. Even if the observer, being at one point, sees that the worker is idle at another point, he has no right to make a mark until he arrives at that point.

If at the moment the observer approaches the object of observation, one state of activity has ended and another begins, then the first state should always be recorded in the observation chart.

The results of momentary observations serve as the basis for the development of measures to eliminate the loss of working time. For their implementation, a plan is drawn up, which indicates the timing of its implementation and those responsible for carrying out the activities. The results of the analysis and the activities developed on its basis are discussed at production meetings.

Thus, the method of instantaneous observations gives very reliable material at a much lower labor input.

The production process can be considered as a process of increasing the time spent on manufactured products.

A production operation is understood as a part of the labor process performed to convert objects of labor into finished products at the same workplace.

In turn, production operations are divided into:

Elements;

labor activities;

labor movements.

In addition, when analyzing an operation, the labor process is considered not only in terms of labor, but also in terms of technology. And when rationing the costs of working time, the total labor costs are taken into account both in labor and in technological terms.

From the point of view of technology, the task is set: to study what modifications occur with the object of labor in the process of technological operations, and what actions are performed by workers.

Working time is the length of the working day or working week established by law. At the moment, it is equal to 40 hours in normal operation. There is also a 36-hour mode for the work week.

Any excess of this standard is considered processing according to the schedule, unless otherwise provided by law (irregular working hours).

Working time in the case of overtime is understood as the entire period during which the employee is in production in connection with the work performed by him.

Because the production process links the time of the employee, the time of using the equipment and the time of exposure to the object of labor, then the classification of the costs of working time should be carried out in 3 directions:

1. Items of labor;

2. Workers;

3. Equipment.

The basis of these classifications is the definition of two components: the time of the production process and the break time.

Working time - the time spent by an employee on the performance of work (operations) provided for in the production assignment and the time for performing work not provided for in the production assignments, but arising from production needs.

Break time in work - the time of regulated breaks, i.e. provided for by law or the procedure of the organization and the time of unscheduled breaks, i.e. arising at the initiative or through the fault of the employee.

When calculating labor standards, the costs of working time are established:

1. Preparatory and final;

2. Operational;

3. Maintenance of the workplace;

4. Break time for rest and personal needs;

5. Regulated (normalized) breaks.

Preparatory-final - the time spent preparing for execution given task and the action associated with its ending:

Obtaining tools, fixtures

familiarization with the work

・Work instructions

Removal of fixtures and tools after work has been completed

Delivery of fixtures, tools, documentation.

Operational time is the time spent on changing the shape, size, properties of objects of labor, as well as on performing auxiliary actions necessary to carry out these changes.

Operating time costs are accrued from each unit of production or a certain amount of work. It is divided into main and auxiliary.

The main (technological) time is spent on purposeful changes in the object of labor (its size, shape, properties, state and position).

During auxiliary time:

・Removal of finished products

equipment management

change of operating modes of the equipment

Monitoring the progress of the technical process and product quality.

Thus, auxiliary time is the time spent on operations that make it possible to perform the main operations.

Workplace maintenance time - the maintenance time spent by the worker on caring for the equipment and maintaining the workplace in good condition, taking into account sanitary, hygienic standards, safety regulations, i.e. not related to the performance of any operations. It is divided into technical and organizational time.

Workplace maintenance time is spent on caring for equipment when performing a specific job (replacing worn tools, adjusting equipment, cleaning chips, etc.)

The time of organizational maintenance of the workplace is spent on caring for the workplace associated with the performance of work throughout the entire shift. This category includes the time spent on laying out at the beginning and cleaning at the end of the working shift of tools, cleaning and lubricating equipment.

Time for rest and personal needs is set to maintain normal working capacity and personal hygiene. The duration of such breaks depends on the working conditions. This standard is set by the company.

The time of regulated breaks takes into account downtime of equipment and workers caused by violations established by the technology and organization of production. These breaks are not included in the time limit.

When analyzing the time spent by employees, first of all, the time of their employment, the time of fulfilling the production task and the time of employment with other works (correction of defects, search for material and tools) are singled out.

The busy time can be divided into the time of direct work, transitions (from one machine to another) and active monitoring of the progress technological process, which is necessary in order to ensure its normal course.

When analyzing the cost of working time, regulated breaks are allocated for organizational and technical reasons and through the fault of employees.

Break time, in terms of scheduled breaks, is the time when an employee does not perform a work activity for one of the following reasons:

Due to the peculiarities of the technological process;

For organizational reasons included in the production regulations;

Employees do not perform work in the form of rest and recovery in accordance with Labor Code Russian Federation and the mode of operation established at the enterprise.

Unscheduled breaks - the time when the employee does not perform labor activities for the following reasons:

Violation of the normal course of the production process;

Violation of labor discipline.

In this case, a violation of the normal course of the production process may be caused by circumstances independent of the employee, or through the fault of the employee.

Violation of labor discipline always refers to unregulated breaks due to the fault of the employee.

Organizational and technical reasons include downtime of equipment and workers due to waiting for documentation of workpieces, tools.

The time of breaks due to violation of labor discipline is due to the late start and premature completion of work, excess rest time.

For the calculation of labor standards, the division of time costs into overlapped and non-overlapped is essential.

The overlapped ones include the time the worker performs those elements of the labor process that are carried out during the period of automatic operation of the equipment.

Non-overlapping - this is the time for performing labor methods (setting the workpiece, quality control) when stopped, i.e. non-working equipment.

Hardware (free machine time), during which the equipment works without any participation of workers, is called free machine hardware time.

The time of the production process is divided into the following components:

1) the time of the implementation of the direct technological process;

2) time of transport operations;

3) control and test time finished products;

4) the time of breaks in the course of production processes. From the point of view of labor rationing, all costs are divided into:

normalized, which are included in the norm of time; non-standardized, which are not included in the norm of time.

For an employee, normalized costs are all the time spent, provided for by the production task, and regulated breaks.

For equipment, the normalized components are also the time to complete production tasks and the time of regulated breaks, but not only in the process of work, but also in the process of waiting.

Unnormalized costs represent incidental and unforeseen work, as well as unscheduled breaks.

From the point of view of labor rationing, all non-standardized costs are related to the loss of working time.

For the purposes of study and analysis, the costs of working time are classified, i.e. subdivided into groups according to certain features. An analysis of the time spent by an employee allows you to establish the degree of his workload, determine the content and nature of the time spent in the performance of production tasks.

The classification of working time costs on the basis of its use is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 - Classification of working hours

Working time is the duration of the working day, working week established by law. Working hours are divided into working hours and breaks depending on the purpose.

Work time is the part of the working day during which activities related to the performance of work are performed.

Break time is a part of the working day during which the labor process is not carried out for various reasons and the employee is idle.

The operating time, in turn, includes two types of costs:

The time directly involved in the performance of the given work (time for the performance of the production task), - Trz;

Time of work not determined by the production task (performing operations that are not characteristic of this worker: walking for a tool, correcting defective products, etc.) - Tz.

The production task execution time is divided into preparatory - final, operational and workplace maintenance time.

Preparatory - final time (TPZ) is spent by the worker on preparing himself and his workplace for the performance of the production task, as well as on all actions to complete it. The value of this time does not depend on the amount of work, but only on the type of production and the level of labor organization. In single and small-scale production (there are frequent readjustments of equipment), this time is 12 - 15% of the working time, in large-scale production - 3 - 5%, and in mass production - 1-3%. The preparatory and final time includes the time to receive orders, drawings, fixtures, tools, equipment adjustment, washing and steaming of devices, receiving and handing over shifts, and handing over finished products.

Operational (TOP) is the time during which the worker performs a given operation. This time is divided into the main TO (technological) - a change in the shape, properties and quality of objects of labor and auxiliary (Tvsp) - actions that contribute to these changes (installation and removal of a part, starting and stopping equipment, eliminating a broken thread, changing a shuttle, loading raw materials and unloading of the finished product, etc.).

Workplace maintenance (TORM) - time for activities related to the care of the workplace and maintaining equipment, tools and fixtures in working order during the shift. In machine and automated processes, it is divided into technical time (Tto) and organizational time (Too) for servicing the workplace. Tto - maintenance of the workplace in connection with the implementation of this operation (replacing a dull tool, adjusting equipment, bringing the solution to the required concentration, etc.). Too - actions for caring for the workplace (layout and cleaning of tools, cleaning and lubricating equipment, cleaning the workplace at the end of the shift. In some industries (in coal, metallurgical, food, etc.) Torm is not allocated, but refers to Tpz.

When analyzing the cost of working time, it is necessary to allocate manual time (Tvsp), overlapped and not overlapped by machine time. The labor rate includes manual time, not overlapped by machine time (performing auxiliary operations and other types of work with the equipment stopped).

Break times are divided into the following types:

Breaks for rest and personal needs (Toln);

Breaks of an organizational and technical nature (Tpot);

Breaks due to violation of labor discipline (Tndt).

Breaks for rest and personal needs are used by workers for rest in order to prevent fatigue, as well as for personal hygiene. These also include time for industrial gymnastics. The duration of the breaks depends on the working conditions.

Breaks of an organizational and technical nature may be due to the established technology and organization of production (Tpt), as well as violations of the normal course of the production process (Tpnt).

Tpt - removal of workers from the explosion zone, breaks between unloading and loading a thermal furnace, etc. All these breaks are regulated and included in the labor standard.

Tpnt - delays in the supply of raw materials, semi-finished products, lack of energy, blanks, waiting for transport, etc. These interruptions in work are essentially downtime for various organizational and technical reasons that depend on production.

The object of labor regulation is labor activity person in social production which requires working time.

Working time is the time during which the employee performs the work assigned to him. It is the most important resource of any production. An enterprise (firm) hires employees so that they give part of their time to production during a certain time of the day, month, year. It is interested in efficient use of working time, since its losses are irreplaceable. Time cannot be accelerated, slowed down or accumulated.

All labor costs can be classified during work and breaks.

Work time includes the time spent on all activities of the employee associated with the work performed. Based on the content of the employee's actions, it is divided into the time spent on the performance of the production task and work not provided for by the production task. In turn, the time to complete the production task includes the preparatory and final time, operational time, and the time for servicing the workplace.

Preparatory and final time is needed to prepare for the implementation of the given work and its completion. This is the receipt of materials and assignments for a shift, familiarization with the work, study of documentation, adjustment of equipment, sharpening of tools, delivery of finished products and tools to the warehouse. If the specified works are absent, the preparatory-final time is not allocated.

Operational called the time required to change the shape, size, properties of objects of labor, to perform auxiliary actions to implement these changes. It is divided into basic and auxiliary.

• The main (technological) is the time for a direct impact on the object of labor, a change in its size, properties, composition.
• Auxiliary includes time for installing parts, eating finished products, changing the operating mode of equipment.

Maintenance of the workplace includes the time spent on caring for the equipment and maintaining the workplace in good condition.

During the shift, the employee can perform one-time work at the direction of the foreman, foreman, which are not directly included in his duties. For example, fixing a marriage, searching for a tool, materials, an adjuster, a repairman or an electrician. This is the time of unproductive labor, due to the low level of organization of production.

The rest of the working time is the time breaks, which, depending on the reasons that caused them, are divided into regulated and unregulated. Scheduled breaks are time for rest and personal needs and breaks for organizational and technical reasons. Time for rest and personal needs is given to the employee to maintain normal performance and prevent fatigue. The duration of such breaks depends on the degree of tension and working conditions. The time of breaks for organizational and technical reasons is associated with the difference in the modes of operation of the associated equipment. Unscheduled breaks are caused by the lack of raw materials, equipment breakdowns, violation of internal regulations by employees.

When analyzing the use of working time, special attention is paid to its losses.

All working time spent at the workplace is divided into normalized and non-standardized.

• Normalized - this is the time to perform the operation, the production task: preparatory and final, operational, maintenance of the workplace, regulated breaks. It is included in the time frame.
• Irregular time occurs with various technical and organizational problems. It is not included in the time limit.