And salaries for ornithological. How much ornithologists earn - income statistics. Profit of a profile scientist in the territory of the Russian Federation

international organization civil aviation (ICAO) every year registers about five thousand cases of collisions of aircraft and helicopters with birds around the world. To prevent accidents, a team of ornithologists works at each airport, which daily ensures that birds do not interfere with aircraft. The Village visited Pulkovo airport and learned how disco balls can be used to scare away birds, how a laser gun differs from a gas gun, and why a falcon is more effective than a hawk.

COLLISION FREQUENCY
WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF BIRDS

AVIATION ORNITHOLOGY GROUP
PULKOVO AIRPORT

In 1983, the position of an ornithologist engineer first appeared on the staff of Pulkovo Airport. But officially, 1986 is considered the year of the creation of a special ornithological service. This year, two specialists in birds of prey were invited to the airport to help the engineer. Today, there are 13 people in the permanent staff of the fight against birds. This is the head of the group with the speaking surname Sokolov, three ornithological engineers, foremen who are on duty on the bands, and two specialists in birds of prey.

AIRPLANE PARTS,
IN WHICH BIRDS FALL

The main task of the ornithological service is to make the territory of the airport as less attractive for birds as possible. To do this, employees regularly cut down bushes, drain wetlands and remove debris to eliminate nesting and feeding areas. Open water on the territory of Pulkovo they are covered with a special net - this is the only way to ward off waterfowl. With the onset of spring, Pulkovo ornithologists have more work to do: the number of birds in the city and its environs increases due to spring migration, which means that the potential danger of their collision with aircraft during takeoff and landing increases.

Reservoirs covered with a protective net.
Reservoirs covered with a protective net.
Reservoirs covered with a protective net.
Reservoirs covered with a protective net.

RETRACTERS

In Pulkovo, both the latest technical means and traditional methods are used to scare away birds - birds of prey.

Noise (bioacoustic posts, noise gas guns)

light (reflective balls, laser guns)

Predator birds

NOISE

Bioacoustic posts. Pulkovo airport has 13 bioacoustic posts on each runway. The post is a special structure capable of emitting frightening signals: each species of bird has its own special sound. The unit is equipped with a video camera with a 360-degree viewing angle so that the situation on the take-off sites can be observed from the laptop screen.

Bioacoustic post.
Bioacoustic post.

Noise gas guns. Such guns most often operate in automatic mode. With the help of sensors, they determine the number of birds around and, depending on the situation, fires from one shot in 10 minutes to two or three per minute. Cannons are also used for point operations. For example, when you need to drive a flock from the airport.

Noise gas gun.
Noise gas gun.

LIGHT

Portable laser guns. Guns operate on the principle laser pointer and scare birds away with concentrated beams of light. True, the arsenal of the ornithological group of the Pulkovo airport will receive new equipment only in June this year.

Reflective balls. In fact, these are large disco balls that reflect sunlight. They affect the eyesight of birds, disorientate them and scare them away. In total, about 20 such balloons are installed on the territory of the airport.

Reflective ball to scare away birds.
Reflective ball to scare away birds.

PREDATORS

Pulkovo uses specially trained falcons, peregrine falcons and saker falcons to fight unwanted guests. Flying at high altitude, the falcon is able to scare away birds within a radius of one to two kilometers. Hawks fly low, at an altitude of about 200-300 meters, so they are usually used to disperse small flocks.A big problem for Pulkovo ornithologists is the southern city dump on Volkhonskoye Highway, where gulls and crows look for food.

A hood is a special cap that is put on the birds' heads during transportation so that they feel comfortable and not nervous.

Also, the set of special equipment includes a falcon glove and straps with which the bird is fastened in the hand during the movement - entanglements.
Equipment is not produced in Russia, so you have to order it abroad, mainly in Arab countries.
In Pulkovo, specially trained peregrine falcons and saker falcons are used to scare away stray birds
The nervous behavior of falcons is explained by the fact that at the moment they are hatching chicks.
Another inhabitant of the ornithological base in Pulkovo is the black raven.

NEZDAIMINOV VALERY IVANOVICH Ornithological engineer

« City dumps are a problem not only at Pulkovo, but also at many other airports. It just so happens that in many cities they are located near airfields. Naturally, landfills attract a huge number of birds. In the mornings, flocks of seagulls rush from north to south towards the Volkhonskoye Highway to feed on waste. We make point strikes, directing birds of prey to a specific place, and also put additional obstacles in the way of seagulls in the form of noise gas guns and acoustic installations. Our goal is to do everything possible to prevent them from flying through the airport. Also, every week we ourselves organize preventive trips to the landfill with gas guns and birds of prey».

A professional ornithologist is a qualified specialist who studies birds in detail, the features of their reproduction and migration. A competent master is especially valued in the field of aircraft construction, for the formation of engine protection.

So how much does an ornithologist earn around the world?

Profit of a profile scientist in the territory of the Russian Federation

Quite often, an ornithologist is called an “architect” of birds, since specialists in this profile design feeders, save wounded “feathered” birds from death.

An expert's salary largely depends on grants and personal degrees.

A qualified employee receives between $400 and $700 per month.

average salary ornithologist in Russia is 24,000 rubles per month (approximately 413 US dollars).

The largest number of official vacancies is open in the Moscow and Leningrad regions.

How much does a specialized specialist in different regions of the country earn? Let's consider in more detail:

• Bryansk region - 27,500 rubles;
• Tver region - 28,750 rubles;
• Kamchatka Territory - 30,000 rubles;
• Magadan territory - 30,150 rubles;
• Krasnoyarsk district - 30,300 rubles;
• Leningrad province - 30,500 rubles;
• Voronezh region - 33,000 rubles;
• Moscow region - 37,500 rubles;
• Nenets autonomy - 45,000 rubles;
• Crimean Republic - 60,000 rubles.

A standard vacancy for a professional ornithologist in Moscow with a salary of 20,000 rubles or more ($344) looks like this:

• the duties of a specialist include supervision of the maintenance, competent feeding and breeding of birds;
• the employee must have in-depth knowledge of bird care;
• high level of dedication to their work, passionate love for animals;
• developed ability to analyze current data, study a large amount of information and observe objectively;
• work schedule has the following form: 5/2 or 6/1.

The prestige of the profession is primarily associated with its payment.

So, for example, having found a job in a state reserve (status of a research institute), a professional can count on a monthly income of 6,500 rubles per month.

Ornithological research in Russia is not valued at the proper level.

Where, then, does the average profit for the country come from?

The thing is that prestigious reserves and large nature reserves with a tour desk recruit real experts into their staff.

It is here that performers are paid good money.

So, for example, the revenue of the contractor in the Prioksko-Terrasny Reserve is 47,000 rubles per month (about 810 USD).

The requirements for the candidate are as follows:

• understanding the basics of scientific and environmental activities;
• Availability higher education;
• bold possession of a PC and modern communication mechanisms;
• good health to perform work in the field;
• the presence of a driver's license for trucks and cars;
• responsible and disciplined performance of tasks;
• organizational skills in a team.

Stable salary of a specialist in Ukraine and Kazakhstan

The profession of an ornithologist in the country is not very popular.

You can get the appropriate education here at the Kharkov Veterinary Academy, where specialists graduate with a bachelor's and master's degree.

The average salary of an ornithologist in the country reaches 6,000 hryvnia ($222).

However, the recruitment process leaves much to be desired.

An expert can find a stable job in:

• conservation societies;
• universities;
• zoos;
• agricultural academies.

Masters in the segment of veterinary ornithology, who receive a month before 10,000 hryvnia (370 bucks).

The duties of such an executor include the following aspects:

The largest nature reserve in Ukraine is Askania-Nova.

It is here that talented researchers and qualified experts are attracted for permanent employment.

Ornithologist earns here from 3500 to 8000 hryvnia per month.

The final level of the expert's profit depends on his interview results and responsibility directly on the territory.

In Kazakhstan, the position of an engineer in aviation ornithology is considered to be quite in demand.

Birds against the plane. At first glance, their confrontation seems frivolous. What competition can a sparrow make to a mighty multi-ton liner, wrapped in aluminum and plastic, armed with engines of thousands of horsepower? What is one sparrow force to him?

But in reality, everything is quite complicated. For a liner standing on the airfield, a sparrow is not dangerous. But for an airliner picking up speed to take off or to take off, a sparrow is a factor that the pilot cannot ignore. A bird-aircraft collision can be fatal for both. When the liner gained a height of 8-9 km, the pilot can calm down - birds do not fly at such heights.

On a plane flying at a speed of 700 km / h, a bird colliding with it acts three times stronger than a 50-mm cannon projectile with an impact force of 200,000 N. The bullet does not penetrate the windshield of the aircraft, but the bird's body, which met on the way of a high-speed fighter, pierces him. It can pierce the skin of the fuselage and wings or get into the engine. How does all this threaten the aircraft?

The hole in the skin of the fuselage or wings will increase over time, worsening aerodynamics, jamming the rudders and ailerons, destroying the aircraft. Damage to the cockpit windows depressurizes it - at high altitudes this creates a mortal danger for the crew and passengers. In addition, glass fragments can injure the pilot.

Once in the air intake of the engine, the bird's body can deform or even tear off the rotor blades, while the engine will lose power, stall, and a fire may occur in it. Each of these situations can lead to disaster. At best, a bird strike will result in a costly repair.

The nature of the consequences of a collision of an aircraft with a bird depends, first of all, on which part of the aircraft became the target for impact. The likelihood of birds getting into an engine, for example, depends on the type of aircraft. So, for civil aviation aircraft, approximately 40% of the birds that collided with them get into the engines, 33% into the wings, 16% into the windshield of the cockpit, 7% into the fuselage. For military aircraft, the statistics are different: engine - 55% of collisions, fuselage - 11%, windshield - 10%, wings and rudders - 14%.

The probability of a bird getting into an aircraft in general and into an engine in particular for a single-engine jet fighter flying at low altitudes is higher than for a multi-engine turboprop airliner, the operating altitudes of which (8–10 km) are beyond the limits of bird capabilities. An airliner can only collide with a bird during takeoff or landing. The consequences of collisions for a fighter and a passenger airliner will also be different - the failure of a single engine in the air is tantamount to death, while the failure of one of the many engines leaves a chance for salvation.

Which birds are most likely to encounter aircraft? The table shows the data of the ornithologist W. Jacobi on the general statistics of collisions for different types birds.

Table.

In general, representatives of the order Passerines account for 32.2% of collisions, gulls - 15.9%, diurnal predators and pigeons - about 15%.

In the civil aviation of our country, more than 1.5 thousand bird strikes occur annually. Although this is a negligible percentage of the total volume of traffic, but in absolute terms, there is a significant material damage and, most importantly, people's lives.

The problem of aircraft collisions with birds, the development of biological and technical measures to prevent collisions are dealt with by a special, recently emerging field of science - aviation ornithology. This area received an official right to exist in 1965, when a special symposium was held in Nice on the protection of aircraft from birds. This symposium was convened by the French Chamber of Commerce and the Institute for Agronomic Research. The symposium was attended by representatives of 10 countries, who made more than 70 reports. These were biologists, acousticians, engineers, aviation specialists - the founders and future partners.

The recognition of aeronautical ornithology, the convening of a special symposium was not an accidental or premature event. By this time, aviation had already accumulated some experience, and this experience was very sad.

The first collision of an aircraft with a bird occurred in 1912, when in California, as a result of a seagull hitting the steering, both the aircraft and the pilot were killed. With the advent of turboprop and turbojet engines in the 1950s. the danger of birds to aircraft has increased dramatically. high speeds every year the number of aircraft collisions with birds increased, making the consequences of such collisions more and more severe.

So, in the USA from 1942 to 1946 there were 473 collisions, from 1956 to 1966 - 1566, of which 837 collisions were in 1965 alone. - 738, in Holland from 1960 to 1966 - 413, in Australia in 1963 there were 185 collisions, and in 1964 - 208. In our country in 1963, 40 civil aviation aircraft collided with birds, in 1966 - 101, in 1969 - 221 aircraft.

The volume of material losses also increased. In Canada, for just one airline, it was $1.19 million, the cost of 23 engines damaged by birds. Another airline replaced 75 engines in 2.5 years, and replacing one damaged engine cost $200,000-300,000. On average, Canadian airlines estimate the cost of an annual loss due to birds at $1 million.

In the UK, losses from a collision of an aircraft with birds are estimated by experts at up to 100 thousand pounds. However, these figures characterize only the cost of repairs, i.e. refer to situations that ended relatively well for the crew and passengers, and the aircraft managed to land. If the collision leads to a catastrophe, material losses increase many times over and, most importantly, people die.

In the early 1960s the situation has become so aggravated that the problem of collisions of aircraft with birds has attracted attention public institutions. In different countries, special committees with broad powers began to be created, including representatives of aviation, engineers and ornithologists. In 1962, such a committee was created in Canada, in 1964 - in Germany, in 1966 - in the USA and other countries. There was a need for international cooperation, international coordination.

In 1966, the European Committee came into being, uniting the efforts of 15 countries of Europe and America in the development of measures to protect aircraft from birds. ICAO - the International Civil Aviation Organization - has been actively involved in solving the problem. International cooperation proved to be very fruitful. The first founding meeting of aeronautical ornithologists in Nice in 1963 was followed by several very important consultative meetings and conferences. In 1969, the First International Conference on the Danger of Birds to Aircraft was held in Kingston (Canada), which brought together 250 participants from 19 countries, including the USSR.

Special meetings of ICAO (1966, 1968) were devoted to the problems of protecting aircraft from birds. At the annual meetings of the European Committee and its six working groups, the urgent tasks of aviation ornithology, methods of preventing aircraft collisions with birds, and international cooperation in this area were discussed.

What has been achieved over the years? What did the combined efforts of scientists and practitioners lead to? First of all, all the situations accompanying the clashes were analyzed. Each case was studied from different points of view - biological and aviation-technical.

The analysis revealed important regularities. It turned out that the number of collisions is unevenly distributed over the seasons: it increases in April–May, reaches peaks in July and September, and then decreases towards November and December. How to explain such unevenness?

Of course, planes fly less often in winter. But it's not only that. Attention is drawn to the distinct coincidence of peaks with the timing of spring and autumn migrations (May, September), on the one hand, the mass appearance of young animals and their summer migrations (July). Due to the fact that during these periods there are much more birds and they lead a very mobile Lifestyle, the probability of their collision with aircraft increases.

It especially increases on the horizontal flight paths, which are crossed by migrating flocks (about 3/4 of all collisions happen here), and in the areas of airfields, where local birds, mostly young and migratory, also concentrate. According to statistics, about a quarter of all collisions occur in aerodrome conditions, i.e. occur with an aircraft taking off or landing.

The study of aerodrome situations is also important because the use of various means to prevent collisions gives a greater effect here than in level flight conditions.

The airfield and its surroundings attract birds for many reasons. The right-of-way that surrounds the airfield and is inaccessible to outside visitors provides the birds with the best conditions for rest, feeding and breeding. Next to this kind of "reserve" is a runway, where there is a lot of food - earthworms, rodents, insects. Garbage dumps, heaps of household waste adjacent to the airfield are another factor that attracts jackdaws, crows, pigeons and other birds. The proximity of water areas (many large airfields are located near sea coasts and rivers) contributes to the constant visits of gulls, ducks and waders.

For these reasons, a kind of airfield biocenosis is created at the airport and in its vicinity, with its own specific connections and relationships, with its own ecology.

The bird population of the aerodrome increases sharply during migrations and after the appearance of young ones. During these periods, birds pose a particular danger to aircraft. Not only because there are a lot of birds, but also because among them the majority are inexperienced individuals who are not familiar with airfield conditions and are not afraid of aircraft. The behavior of such birds in relation to the aircraft is difficult to predict.

Analyzing the consequences of aircraft strikes with birds, the engineers came to the conclusion that the severity of their consequences can be significantly reduced by making some changes to the design of the aircraft.

For cabin glazing, it is proposed to use bent oriented organic glass, flat multilayer blocks based on silicate glass, thick (up to 20 mm) polycarbonate plates. The inlet channels of the engines should be protected with nets, the compressor blades should be made of special alloys, and the engine power should be quickly restored in the event of a bird strike. The leading edges of the wing and tail must be reinforced with supporting elements.

Technological ways to protect aircraft from birds are widely used in modern aviation. At special stands, aircraft are tested for "bird resistance", firing at them from air guns with bird carcasses weighing 680 g during engine tests and 1–1.8 kg during glazing tests. An appropriate entry is made in the technical passport of the aircraft. According to international standards, aircraft that have not passed such tests are not allowed to be sold.

Technological ways to protect the aircraft from birds, despite their attractiveness, are still limited. It is impossible to strengthen aircraft structures without making the machine heavier, to protect the engine with nets without depriving it of power, especially since these measures, like all others, do not give a full guarantee of safety.

The search for new ways to prevent severe consequences in the event of aircraft strikes with birds continues. The probability of such collisions, on the one hand, and the severity of their consequences, on the other, are constantly decreasing. When it comes to people's lives and expensive technology, even small successes are of practical importance.