Monitoring of the natural environment presentation. Presentation on the topic of monitoring. The work can be used for lessons and reports on the subject "General topics"

- Information system
observations, evaluation and forecast
changes in the state of the environment
environment created for the purpose of highlighting
anthropogenic component of these
changes against the background of natural
processes

The environmental monitoring system should accumulate, systematize and analyze information:

about the state environment;
about the causes of observed and probable
state changes (i.e. about
sources and factors of influence);
on the admissibility of changes and loads
on the environment as a whole;
about the existing reserves of the biosphere.

The Federal Law "On Environmental Protection" dated January 10, 2002 defines environmental monitoring in the Russian Federation as an integrated monitoring system

the federal law"On protection
environment” dated January 10
2002 defines the environmental
monitoring in Russia
integrated monitoring system for
the state of the environment, assessment and
state changes forecast
environment under the influence
natural and anthropogenic factors.

Monitoring System Block Diagram

Monitoring includes three main areas of activity:

influencer monitoring
and the state of the environment;
assessment of the actual state of the environment;
environmental forecast
natural environment and assessment
predicted state.

The purpose of environmental monitoring is to provide information support for the management of environmental activities and environmental safety,

The purpose of environmental monitoring is information
ensuring environmental management
activities and environmental safety, for this
a number of issues need to be addressed:
what is the state of the natural environment in
considered period of time compared to
state preceding technogenesis (in
relative or absolute form) and what
changes (positive, negative)
expected in the natural environment in the predicted
time interval;
What are the reasons for the changes and
possible changes in the future (including
unwanted, destructive, critical) and what
was, is or will be the source
these changes (usually harmful man-made
impacts);

what are the impacts on this local natural
environment, determined on the basis of the developed for
in this case, the criterion basis for the estimates of the function
"usefulness - harmfulness", are harmful
(undesirable or unacceptable);
what level of technogenic impacts, including
combined with natural or spontaneous
processes and influences taking place in
considered natural environment is
acceptable for the natural environment and its individual
components or complexes (cenoses) and what
the natural environment has reserves for
self-regeneration of a state adequate to the original,
taken as the state of ecological balance;
what level of technogenic impacts on the natural
environment, its individual components and complexes
is invalid or critical, after
which restoration of the natural environment to the level
ecological balance is unworkable.

Classification of environmental monitoring

Priority areas of monitoring
Monitoring object
1. Territory
Top priority
Cities
Water basins, drinking facilities
water supply
Fish spawning grounds
2. Environment (component
ecosystems)
atmospheric air
freshwater reservoirs
3. Ingredients
pollution:
for air
for water
4. Sources
pollution (in cities)
Dust, sulfur dioxide, heavy metals
(mercury), nitrogen oxides, carbon oxides,
benzo(a)pyrene, pesticides
Biogenic products, petroleum products,
phenols
Road transport, thermal
power plants, non-ferrous enterprises
metallurgy

Prioritization is based on the properties of pollutants and the possibility of organizing observations and is carried out according to the following criteria

Prioritization is based on
properties of pollutants and the possibility
organization of observations and is carried out according to
the following criteria:
the size of the actual or potential effect on health and
human well-being, climate or ecosystems;
tendency to degradation in the natural environment and
accumulation in humans and food chains;
possibility of chemical transformation in physical and
biological systems, resulting in secondary (daughter)
substances may be more toxic or harmful;
mobility, mobility of pollutants;
actual or possible trends in ambient concentrations
environment and (or) in a person;
frequency and (or) magnitude of exposure;
the possibility of measurements;
importance for the assessment of the state of the environment;
suitability in terms of general distribution for
uniform changes in the global or subregional
programs.

Global Environmental Monitoring System (GEMS)

The main provisions and goals of the GEMS program were
formulated in 1974 at the First
intergovernmental monitoring meeting.
The first priority was to organize
environmental pollution monitoring
and the factors causing it.
Implemented at several levels:
impact (the study of significant impacts in the local
scale - And);
regional (manifestation of problems of migration and
transformation of pollutants, joint
the impact of various factors specific to the economy
region and transboundary transfer - P);
background (on the basis of biosphere reserves, where
any economic activity - F).

Program
Regional
impact
monitoring
(local)
explores
monitoring
condition
may be
environmental
directed
Wednesdays in
to study
within that
to study
or otherwise
discharges or
region.
emissions
specific
enterprises.
background
monitoring,
carried out in
framework
international
program "Man
and the biosphere", has
aim to fix
background state
environment,
what is needed for
further assessments
levels
anthropogenic
impact.

Classification of pollutants by priority classes,
accepted in the GEMS system
class
Pollutant
Wednesday
1
Sulfur dioxide, particulate matter
Radionuclides
Ozone
Air
Food
Air
Organochlorine compounds and dioxins
Cadmium
Nitrates, nitrites
nitrogen oxides
Mercury
Lead
Carbon dioxide
carbon monoxide
Petroleum hydrocarbons
Fluorides
Asbestos
Arsenic
Microbiological contamination
Reactive contaminants
biota, human
food, water, human
Water, food
Air
food, water
air, food
Air
Air
Sea water
Fresh water
Air
Drinking water
Food
Air
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Program type
(monitoring level)
I, R, F
I, R
I (troposphere),
F (stratosphere)
I, R
And
And
And
I, R
And
F
And
R, F
And
And
And
I, R
And

GEMS is based on national monitoring systems that
operate in various states in accordance with both international
requirements, as well as specific approaches that have developed historically
or due to the nature of the most acute environmental
problems.
International requirements, which must be satisfied
national systems-participants of GEMS include uniform principles
program design (taking into account priority impact factors),
the obligatory nature of observations of objects having a global
significance, transfer of information to the GEMS Center.
On the territory of the USSR in the 70s on the basis of stations of the Hydrometeorological Service
the National Observation and Control Service was organized
state of the environment (OGSNK), built according to a hierarchical
principle.

In 1993, a decision was made to create the Unified State Environmental Monitoring System (EGSEM), which, as the center of a unified scientific

In 1993, a decision was made to create the Unified State
environmental monitoring system (EGSEM), which, as the center of a unified
scientific and technical policy in the field of environmental monitoring
should provide:
coordination of development and implementation of programs
observations of the state of the environment;
regulation and control of collection and processing
reliable and comparable data;
storage of information, maintenance of special banks
data and their harmonization (harmonization,
telecommunications) with international
environmental information systems;
activities for assessing and forecasting the state of objects
environment, natural resources,
responses of ecosystems and human health to
anthropogenic impact;
availability of integrated environmental
information to a wide range of consumers.

The flow of information in the hierarchical system of the USSEM

Ministry of Defense
environment and natural
RF resources
State Committee for Hydrometeorology of the Russian Federation
National Service for Monitoring and Control of
environmental pollution (EGSEM)
Supervision and control of
state of the natural environment
atmosphere
sphere
ra
hydrosphere
over
nostny
e water
sushi
soil
s
surface
awn
water
seas and
oceans
1460
4000
1300
station watcher
guard posts
points
Grade
Effect
ivnosti
nature
security
X
events
yatiy
Forecast
changed
and I
qualities
a
component
ntov
natural
oh
environments
1750
observer
points
Structure and functions of the EGSEM
Provision
e
organizations
yi
institutions
promptly
yi
regime
information
her about
quality
natural
environments

The impact monitoring system should accumulate and analyze detailed
information on specific sources of pollution and their impact on the environment.
In the system that has developed in the Russian Federation, information about the activities of enterprises and the state of the environment in
area of ​​their impact are for the most part averaged or based on the statements themselves
enterprises. Most of the available materials reflect the nature of the scattering
pollutants in the air and in water, established using model calculations, and
results of measurements (quarterly - for water, annual or more rare - for air).
The state of the environment is adequately described only in large cities and
industrial zones.
In the field of regional monitoring, observations are carried out mainly by Roshydromet,
having an extensive network, as well as some departments (agrochemical service
Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Sewer Service, etc.)
There is a network of background monitoring carried out within the framework of the MAB program (Man
and Biosphere).
Small towns and numerous
settlements, the vast majority of diffuse sources of pollution.
Monitoring of the state of the aquatic environment, organized primarily by Roshydromet and, up to
to some extent, sanitary and epidemiological (SES) and communal (Vodokanal)
services does not cover the vast majority of small rivers. At the same time, it is known that
pollution of large rivers is largely due to the contribution of an extensive network of their
tributaries and economic activities in the watershed. In the context of a reduction in the total number
observation posts, it is clear that the state does not currently have the resources
to organize any effective system for monitoring the state of small rivers.

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ECOLOGICAL MONITORING Indeed, many and almost countless observations of changes and phenomena that occur in the air ... were made by nature testers and ... reported to the scientific world, so that one could rely on deliberate authenticity in predicting the weather ... M.V. Lomonosov. A word about the phenomena of air, from the electric force occurring

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Literature Main: Degtev M.I., Kudryashova O.S. Ecological monitoring: Educational-methodical manual. Perm, 2007. Degtev M.I., Strelkov V.V., Degtev D.M. Environment and ecological monitoring. Ekaterinburg: UrO RAN, 2004. 330 p. Fundamentals of analytical chemistry. In 2 books: Tutorial. Book 1: General questions. Separation Methods / Ed. Yu.A.Zolotova. M.: Higher school. 2002. 351 p. Fundamentals of analytical chemistry. In 2 books: Textbook. Book 2: Methods of chemical analysis / Ed. Yu.A.Zolotova. M.: Higher school. 2002. 494 p. Additional: Degtev M.I. and others. Ecological monitoring: Textbook for universities. Perm, 1999. Degtev M.I. Separation and Concentration Methods: Textbook. Perm, 1998. GOST 17.2.3.07-86 Rules for air control in settlements. GOST 17.1.3.07-82 Nature protection. Hydrosphere. Rules for monitoring the quality of water, reservoirs and watercourses. GOST 17.4.4.02-84 Nature protection. Soils. Methods of sampling and preparation of samples for chemical, bacteriological, helminthological analysis. Degtev M.I., Toropov L.I. Analytical control of the content of pollutants in environmental objects. Perm, 2003. Monitoring and environmental control methods: Textbook: in 2 hours / Yu.A. Afanasiev, S.A. Fomin, V.V. Menshikov and others - M.: Publishing House of MNEPU, 2001.- 337p. Recommended: Bespamyatnov G.P., Krotov Yu.A. Maximum Permissible Concentrations of Chemicals in the Environment: A Handbook. L.: Chemistry, 1985. 528 p. Muravieva S.I., Kaznina N.I., Prokhorova E.K. Handbook for the control of harmful substances in the air. Moscow: Chemistry, 1988. 320 p. Lurie Yu.Yu. Analytical chemistry of industrial Wastewater. Moscow: Chemistry, 1984. Zolotov Yu.A. Environment - a challenge to analytical chemistry // Vestn. RAN. 1997. V. 67, No. 11. S. 1040-1041.

slide 3

Functions of environmental control verification of the implementation of laws, norms, rules, modes of operation of controlled objects. This is environmental management control - EUK measurement of the parameters of controlled objects. These are ecological and analytical control - EAK and technological and analytical control - TAK

slide 4

The main tasks of EAC and TAK Control of pollution sources: environmentally significant parameters of technological processes, primarily control of organized emissions and discharges; leaks from technological equipment, gas emissions from chemicals, materials, products and other fugitive emissions and discharges. Control of the air environment and safety of people: pollutants in the air of working and residential areas; individual chemical dosimetric control.

slide 5

Basic operations of the EAK algorithm and SO sampling; analysis of selected samples; processing of test results; metrological support of measurements.

slide 6

Environmental monitoring is an information system for observing, assessing and forecasting changes in the state of the environment, created to highlight the anthropogenic component of these changes against the background of natural processes

Slide 7

Slide 8

The environmental monitoring system accumulates, systematizes and analyzes information about the state of the environment; about the causes of observed and probable changes in the state (i.e., about the sources and factors of influence); on the admissibility of changes and loads on the environment as a whole; about the existing reserves of the biosphere.

Slide 9

State report "On the state of the environment in the Russian Federation in 1995" Environmental monitoring in the Russian Federation is a complex of observations, assessments, forecasts carried out according to scientifically based programs, and recommendations and options developed on their basis. management decisions, necessary and sufficient to ensure the management of the state of the environment and environmental safety

slide 10

The main activities of monitoring monitoring of impact factors and the state of the environment; assessment of the actual state of the environment; forecast of the state of the environment and assessment of the predicted state.

slide 11

Environmental control - activities government agencies, businesses and citizens to comply with environmental standards and regulations. Distinguish between state, industrial and public environmental control

slide 12

RF Law "On the Protection of the Environment" Article 68. Tasks of environmental control. Environmental control sets as its tasks: monitoring the state of the environment and its change under the influence of economic and other activities; checking the implementation of plans and measures for nature protection, rational use natural resources, improvement of the natural environment, compliance with the requirements of environmental legislation and environmental quality standards. The environmental control system consists of public service monitoring the state of the environment, state, industrial, public control.

slide 13

slide 14

Monitoring levels impact (study of strong impacts on a local scale -I); regional (manifestation of the problems of migration and transformation of pollutants, the combined impact of various factors specific to the economy of the region - R); background (on the basis of biosphere reserves, where any economic activity is excluded - F).

slide 15

slide 1

The work was done by Zakozhurnikova Olesya Pupil of the 10th grade of the secondary school No. 13

Environmental monitoring

slide 2

The relevance of environmental monitoring

All over the world there is an increased public interest in the state of the natural environment. And this is understandable: we have entered the 21st century in a global environmental crisis. The deterioration of the ecological situation on the Earth as a whole and in many industrial countries in the second half of the 20th century led to a revision of environmental concepts of nature conservation, the search for new effective methods for assessing environmental pollution and the state of biota at all levels of its organization.

slide 4

Environmental monitoring and its purpose

Ecological monitoring is a system of regular long-term observations in space and time that provides information about the state of the environment in order to assess the past, present and future forecast of environmental parameters that are important to humans. The monitoring system itself does not include environmental quality management activities, but is a source of information necessary for making environmentally significant decisions.

slide 6

The relevance of public monitoring of the natural environment

In the Russian Federation, monitoring functions are performed by various departments that are not related to each other. This leads to duplication of efforts, reduces the effectiveness of the entire monitoring system and makes it difficult to access the necessary information, both for citizens and for government organizations. Therefore, in 1993, it was decided to create a Unified state system environmental monitoring (EGSEM), which should combine the capabilities and efforts of numerous services to solve the problems of integrated monitoring, assessment and forecasting of the state of the environment in Russian Federation.

Slide 7

Currently, work on the creation of the EGSEM is at the project stage.

This makes the problem of monitoring the quality of the natural environment quite relevant. Under these conditions, every person should be able to study the state of the natural environment, therefore, to research work it is necessary to join from an early age, developing the skills of assessing the quality of the environment and thereby laying the seeds for future public, people's monitoring.

Slide 9

Purpose and hypothesis of the work

The purpose of the work is to get acquainted with bioindication as an accessible and reliable method of monitoring, to learn how to use this method to assess the quality of the environment of one's life. I assume that the determination of the state of the natural environment with the help of indicator organisms, despite the availability of the method, is a rather complicated study.

slide 11

Object and subject of work

The object of the educational search is the method of monitoring and assessing the state of the natural environment using indicator organisms. Subject of study: a population of indicator plants - young pines growing on the ecological path in the area of ​​"School Hill".

slide 12

Stages, tasks, methods and predicted result of the work:

Stage I - search and selection of scientific information on the topic "Bioindication - an accessible and reliable method of environmental monitoring of the natural environment (September - October 2009); Stage II - writing an abstract on the topic: "Bioidification as a set of methods for searching for information about an ecosystem", defining the research problem (November 2009 - December 2009); Stage III - the choice of the object and subject of the study, the study of the methodology integrated assessment natural environment on coniferous trees, acquaintance with the results of similar practical work in previous years (January - February 2010); Stage IV - implementation of own observations in nature (April - May 2010); Stage V - registration of the results of the work on the topic "Assessment of the state of the pine population on the "School Hill" (May 2010); Stage VI - preparation of a presentation on the topic of work, placement of some materials practical research on the school website (June 2010).

slide 13

"Bioidification as a set of methods for searching for information about an ecosystem" (abstract part)

The abstract contains four chapters that reveal the role of environmental monitoring as a multi-purpose information system for the state, society and individual. The main part of the abstract is devoted to explaining the essence of biomonitoring, its methods, advantages and disadvantages. In addition, in this part of the work, you can get acquainted with the variety of indicator organisms as objects of monitoring.

Slide 14

Having completed the abstract, I was convinced that bioindication plays an important role in a complex-targeted system of environmental monitoring, since under specific environmental conditions this method is the most accessible and reliable. A community, by the speed of development, structure and well-being of which one can judge the general state of the environment, including its natural and artificial changes, is called an indicator community.

slide 16

Live indicators

Bioindicators are living organisms, by the presence, condition and behavior of which one can judge the degree of changes in the environment, including the presence of pollutants. For research, lower and higher plants, microorganisms, various types of animals (mink, otter, rodents, etc.) are used. Lichens and mosses are especially sensitive indicators of air pollution.

Slide 18

used as indicator organisms.

Bacteria Algae, mosses, ferns Invertebrates (ciliates, crustaceans, mollusks). By wild plants, one can judge the nature and condition of the soil, because the habitat of plants is determined by such soil properties as moisture capacity, structure, density, temperature, oxygen content, nutrients, heavy metals and salts.

Slide 20

Benefits of bioindication

Live indicators have significant advantages, sometimes eliminating the use of expensive and time-consuming physical and chemical methods to determine the degree of contamination. external environment. They summarize all, without exception, biologically important data on pollutants, indicate the rate of ongoing changes, the ways and places of accumulation of various kinds of toxicants in ecosystems, and also make it possible to judge the degree of harmfulness of certain substances to wildlife and humans. While the instruments of measuring stations determine only those substances for which they are intended.

slide 22

Bioindication methods

To assess the significance of environmental factors on living organisms, there are many methods of bioindication. Scientists have developed such methods as: comparison of populations with universal standards; comparison of the magnitude of the impact of the factor with the average values ​​of this parameter for the area under consideration; assessment of the degree of contamination by the composition of bionts; biotesting or the use of biological test objects under controlled conditions to identify and evaluate the action of factors.

slide 24

Conclusions on the abstract

Emphasizing the importance of bioindication studies, it should be noted that bioindication involves the identification of already existing or ongoing environmental pollution by the functional characteristics of individuals and the ecological characteristics of communities of organisms. Gradual changes in the species composition are formed as a result of long-term poisoning of ecosystems, and they become apparent in the case of far-reaching changes. The species composition of indicator organisms serves as a final characteristic of the toxicological properties of the environment for a certain period of time and does not give its assessment at the time of the study.

Slide 25

Assessment of the state of the pine population on the "School Hill" (practical study)

The practical part of the work substantiates the relevance of local phytomonitoring in the recreational area of ​​the village of Cheremukhovo, introduces the methodology and results of a visual assessment of the quality of the natural environment by the indicator plant - pine.

Slide 27

The relevance of local phytomonitoring in the recreational area of ​​the village of Cheremukhovo

One of the alarming phenomena of recent years in the life of the forest is the drying up of tree crops. This the new kind destruction of forest ecosystems is called "environmental stress". The reason for the "ecological stress" of trees is a whole complex of natural and anthropogenic conditions. Trees that have undergone "environmental stress" are in crisis. This crisis manifests itself in them in anomalies and disorders of growth and development. The ecosystem begins to degrade and eventually dies. The degradation of forests in various regions of the world has led to the expansion and deepening of bioindicative studies. The purpose of these observations is to identify the causes of forest drying out according to the indicator manifestations of trees.

Slide 29

"School Hill" - a place for educational research

"School Hill" is one of the most attractive objects located on the ecological path in the recreational area of ​​our village. Long years The hill was a favorite vacation spot for schoolchildren both in winter and in summer. From the top of this hill you can see the whole village, at a glance. It was from here that school graduates remembered the image of their small homeland for the rest of their lives. For more than 8 years "School Hill" has been a place for educational excursions and exploration of the nature of the native land.

Slide 31

The purpose of my practical work

Evaluation of the population of pines growing on the territory of the "School Hill" and identifying the dynamics of the state of trees for 7 years, as an indicator of the ecological well-being (ill-being) of the natural environment.

slide 32

Stages, tasks and methods of practical work

Stage 1 (March 2010) - acquaintance with the methods of visual assessment of the condition coniferous tree traditionally used on ecological excursions; Stage 2 (April and June 2010) – approbation of methods for phytotesting of pine as an indicator plant; Stage 3 (May 2010) - generalization of the results of bioindication of pines on the territory of the "School Hill", performed by students of grade 11A; Stage 4 (June 2010) – comparative analysis the results of phytotesting of the pine population in dynamics over the past 7 years and the formulation of conclusions

Slide 33

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Result #1. A brief description of the methods for assessing the condition of coniferous trees.

During excursions along the ecological trail, we study pine populations at different sites using the “Visual examination of the condition of indicator plants” method. The author of this technique is Vinokurova N.F.. Its essence lies in the fact that pine plants are sensitive to both atmospheric and soil pollutants.

Slide 35

Visible signs of plant damage are not only drying and necrosis of pine needles, but also other signs:

crown thinning due to premature dropping of needles; dryness and lifelessness of the bark; red-brown dry top; the appearance of resin on the branches and trunks in the foliar region of the crown; tortuosity of a woody stem.

Slide 37

To determine the severity of the "environmental stress" that woody vegetation suffers, we use a scale of visual assessment

The scale was compiled in accordance with the requirements of sanitary rules in the forests of the Russian Federation. The author of the methodology “Assessment of environmental pollution according to the state of pine needles” is V. I. Erokhin (1987). The peculiarity of this technique is that for the study, pine needles of the previous year are used, taken in different places (from different young trees of the trial site).

Slide 38

Phytotesting algorithm:

We select several young pines and examine their needles on the shoots of the previous year. We count the needles of one or two such shoots. We tear off the needles with signs of drying out from these shoots. We examine them for drying out of the needles, using the rating scale: Grade 1 - no dry areas; Grade 2 - the tips of the needles have dried up; Grade 3 - a third of the length of the needles has shrunk; Grade 4 - the entire needle is yellow or most of it is dry.

Slide 39

Needle drying classes

Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4

Slide 40

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Needle necrosis classes

Slide 42

We draw a conclusion about the state of immunity of pine trees and the degree of pollution of the natural environment in a particular area, comparing the data obtained with the average values. The described methods of bioindication of pine complement each other in the most optimal way, allow assessing the state of plant immunity and the quality of the environment.

slide 43

Slide 44

1. Visual assessment of pine populations on different sampling sites ecological trail allowed to determine the area of ​​"School Hill" as the most disadvantaged

The visible signs of this trouble are the following damage to trees: Many trees have thinned their crowns (under young pines we observe prematurely shed green, but dry needles). On young branches, dryness and lifelessness of the bark is diagnosed by changing its color. Some plants are characterized by a red-brown dry top (red-brown needle necrosis led to the development of pine side branches). Resin appeared on the trunks in the foliated area of ​​the crown. This feature is most pronounced in this population of pines. The tortuosity of the woody stem in some older pines is a sign of a viral disease they suffered in the past.

Description of the presentation on individual slides:

1 slide

Description of the slide:

Typical structure, schemes, procedures for local environmental monitoring and monitoring of environmental pollution sources

2 slide

Description of the slide:

3 slide

Description of the slide:

Organization and tasks of local environmental monitoring When organizing and conducting local monitoring, priority pollutants should be determined, first of all, which are already being monitored under global and national monitoring programs (or at least most of them) To interpret the results of observations, data on local hydrometeorological conditions are needed, which makes it necessary to participate in local monitoring of Roshydromet subdivisions. Grid of sampling points, frequency of observations, timing of issuance of information to authorities local government and other details of the organization of monitoring are determined on the basis of general requirements above, and the specifics of local conditions Based on the results of local monitoring, the relevant competent authorities may suspend the activities of enterprises that lead to excess pollution of the environment until the emergency situation and its consequences are eliminated or the technological process is improved to eliminate the possibility of such pollution.

4 slide

Description of the slide:

Local environmental monitoring Due to the presence of a large number of licensed areas Organized to track the dynamics of the state of the components of the natural environment under the influence of the oil and gas complex at the local level Provides the bulk of systematic observations of the quality of the components of the natural environment

5 slide

Description of the slide:

For proper organization local monitoring, it is necessary to determine the most sensitive to the expected or already existing set of pollutants, the ecosystem link in the given area, or at least a number of such alleged critical links in the environment and biota. Often, identifying one of the most sensitive links is a very difficult task that cannot be solved unambiguously. When planning and conducting local monitoring, it is necessary to take into account not only the spread of pollutants from local sources, but also their entry from the outside due to global and regional transport, which is also essential when determining the MPE and the permissible load on the environment.

6 slide

Description of the slide:

7 slide

Description of the slide:

When developing measures to improve the air basin of a particular city or a large industrial area, it is sometimes necessary: ​​- to study in detail the state of atmospheric pollution in order to identify areas subject to the influence of certain sources of pollution; - clarify the distribution over the territory of the city of the main and some specific harmful substances, which have not been previously monitored; - to clarify the correctness of the calculation of the fields of maximum concentrations in the development of MPE standards, the features of the transfer of harmful emissions to tens, and sometimes hundreds of kilometers from the source and the study of the mutual influence of individual industrial centers on a large industrial area.

8 slide

Description of the slide:

The program should include the following activities: 1. Refinement of emission characteristics industrial enterprises and vehicles (list of enterprises to be surveyed; substances whose emissions must be determined; highways to determine traffic characteristics, indicating the survey period and their frequency). 2. Study of the meteorological regime (determination of meteorological parameters that should be monitored, the timing of observations, indication of observation points on the map). 3. Determination of the observation program: - establishment of the number of stationary posts and additional observation points indicating their location on the map of the city, - drawing up a list of substances subject to control and the timing of observations, - a list of enterprises in the area of ​​which under-flame observations will be carried out, indicating the distances and the number of observation points, timing of observations and substances whose concentrations will be determined. 4. Collection of medical and biological information (compilation of a list of indicators of examination sites, etc.), which is carried out in accordance with the guidelines of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, as well as with special programs to study the effect of atmospheric pollution on the state of public health.

Monitoring (from the English monitoring - tracking, tracking) is a system of observations, assessment and forecast of the environment. The term "monitoring" appeared shortly before the Stockholm UN Conference on the Environment (June 5-16, 1972). The principal scheme of monitoring was proposed by Academician Yu.A. Israel.

Bioecological monitoring Bioecological (biological, sanitary and hygienic, sanitary and toxicological) monitoring includes observations of: the state of the environment; the degree of pollution of natural objects with harmful substances; the impact of these pollutants on humans and biota as a whole (the totality of flora, fauna and microorganisms); for the presence in the environment of allergens, pathogenic microorganisms, dust; for the content in the atmosphere of oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, heavy metals; for the content of water bodies, the degree of their pollution, etc.

Geoecological monitoring Systemic geoecological (natural-economic) monitoring consists in monitoring: changes in ecological systems (bogeocenoses); for the productivity of biogeocenoses; behind the dynamics of mineral reserves, water, land and plant resources;

Biospheric monitoring Global biospheric monitoring aims to: control the state of the environment on a global scale, observe global background changes in nature, predict possible changes in the biosphere and geographical envelope as a result economic activity person.

Biospheric monitoring The objects of biospheric monitoring are: radiation balance, atmospheric transparency and its anthropogenic change, world balance and pollution of the World Ocean, large-scale changes in the biochemical cycles of elements and substances (CO 2, O 2, N, P, S, H 2 O, etc. .), energy exchange of the geographic shell with space, world migration of animals (including birds, insects) and plants, climate change on the planet.

Biosphere monitoring In order to conduct background observations around the world, a network of biosphere reserves is being created, on the territory of which it is prohibited production activity posing a danger to all living things. Currently, more than 230 biosphere reserves have been created in 62 countries of the world.