In the process of drilling oil and gas wells attract high-tech equipment with high power. The list of work performed depends on the characteristics of hydrocarbon deposits. Seams with natural raw materials can be located vertically, horizontally or obliquely, which directly affects the method of its extraction.

What is a well?

The wells are designed for the extraction of gas, water and other useful resources. It is a working in a rock having a cylindrical shape. Its length is much greater than its diameter. The well consists of several parts.

The beginning of a cylindrical recess in the rock is called the mouth, the walls - the trunk, the bottom - the bottom. The diameter of oil wells at the top rarely exceeds 900 mm, and at the bottom - more than 165 mm. By depth, they are divided into shallow (up to 1500 m), medium (up to 4500 m), deep (up to 6000 m), ultra-deep (from 6000 m).

Depending on the purpose of wells for the production of hydrocarbons, they are divided into the following varieties:

• operational. Directly used for hydrocarbon production;
• injection. Water is pumped in to maintain reservoir pressure, which makes it possible to extend the period of development of energy resources deposits;
• exploration. Allow to determine the resource of the identified horizons;
• special. Designed to determine the geological characteristics of the territory, the oil-bearing layer, to discharge effluents into deep layers;
• structural search. Designed to determine the exact location of hydrocarbon deposits.

How is drilling done?

The technology of drilling an oil and gas well involves the following work:

• Well drilling process with different technical specifications begins with the preparation of specialized equipment.
• Carry out the deepening of the wellbore. In the process, water is pumped, which allows you to drill more efficiently.
• So that the recess in the ground does not collapse, its walls are strengthened. For this purpose casing pipes are used. The space between their walls and the soil is concreted, which makes it possible to significantly strengthen the cylindrical surface of the trunk.
• At the final stage of the work, the development of the well is carried out. There is a bottom-hole zone, perforation, oil outflow.

Drilling methods

Various equipment can be used during the time, which determines the way the main work is carried out.

impact method

It implies the sequential destruction of rocks with the help of a chisel suspended on a rope. The working tool of the drilling rig also consists of a shock rod, a rope lock. They are connected via a transition block and a rope to the supporting mast. The main working tool makes movements using a drilling machine. To clear the recess in the ground from the remnants of the rock, the chisel is removed from time to time. A special liquid is injected inside, which is extracted with the help of a bailer to the outside along with small particles of soil.

Rotational way

This drilling technology has become very popular. The destruction of rocks occurs with the help of the rotation of the bit. It is subjected to an axial load, which implies a direct transmission of torque from the drive mechanism to the working tool. When a rotor is used. It transmits rotation through the pipe string. In conventional drilling, an electric drill, a screw motor, which are installed directly above the bit, are used as a drive mechanism.

Features of drilling horizontal wells

It is produced for the extraction of hydrocarbons in hard-to-reach places where it is impossible to do this in other ways. This method has great performance. It is actively used for the extraction of energy resources from the bottom of large reservoirs.

In the course of work, a trunk is created that tilts relative to the vertical axis at a certain angle. Horizontal drilling takes place in several stages:

1. Preparation of drilling equipment for work;
2. It is necessary to drill a well to determine the characteristics of the rock, the depth of oil-bearing layers, their placement relative to the vertical axis;
3. Creation of a solution, careful adjustment of its main characteristics;
4. Carrying out works on jamming;
5. mouth sealing;
6. Carrying out preparatory work for the geological and physical study of equipped shafts;
7. Preparation of the shaft for lowering the tester of existing rocks;
8. Explosion of shells, which allows roll selection;
9. Development of a freshly equipped well;
10. Delivery to the place of production of drilling complexes.

Drilling horizontal wells

Offshore well drilling methods

The technology of drilling wells in reservoirs differs from those applied on land. The easiest way to carry out the necessary operations is to install platforms on a pile foundation on which all equipment is placed. The device of this design occurs in shallow water. Also, the installation of drilling equipment can take place on artificially filled land.

When drilling wells, oil is usually obtained from different parts of the ocean or sea. Therefore, it is advisable to install mobile platforms. After completion of the working cycle, they move to the selected point and continue the process of hydrocarbon production. There are three types of drilling platforms.

Self-elevating

It is a pontoon. There is a cutout on the platform, above which the drilling rig is located. Also on the pontoon is everything necessary equipment, power plant, storage and auxiliary premises, multi-storey cabin. When drilling, the columns are lowered, resting on the bottom, which leads to the rise of the platform above the water surface.

semi-submersible

They are used where the depth of oil production reaches 300-600 m. The semi-submersible platform floats on the surface of the water on huge pontoons. The fixation of the entire structure is carried out by massive anchors weighing about 15 tons.

Gravity

Mounted on a massive concrete base that rests on the seabed.

The listed methods of drilling wells for the extraction of useful hydrocarbons are actively used all over the world. They are constantly being improved, which allows them to increase their productivity.

Video: Fundamentals of oil and gas geology

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION

GOUVPO "UDMURT STATE UNIVERSITY"

Department of Economics, Oil and Gas Industry Management

Course work

On the topic "Drilling oil and gas wells"

Head Borkhovich S. Yu.

Questions to control work

1. Well drilling methods

1.1Percussive drilling

1.2 Rotary drilling

2. Drill string. Main elements. Load distribution along the length of the drill string

2.2 Drill string composition

3. Appointment of drilling fluids. Technological requirements and restrictions on the properties of drilling fluids

3.1 Mud functions

3.2 Drilling fluid requirements

4. Factors affecting the quality of well cementing

5. Types of drill bits and their purpose

5.1 Types of solid drill bits

5.2 Cone bits

5.3 Paddle bits

5.4 Milling bits

5.5 ISM bits

Literature

Questions for the test

Well drilling methods

Drill column. Main elements. Load distribution along the length of the drill string

Appointment of drilling fluids. Technological requirements and restrictions on the properties of drilling fluids

Factors affecting the quality of well cementing

Types of drill bits and their purpose

1 . Well drilling methods

There are different ways of drilling, but mechanical drilling has received industrial distribution. It is divided into shock and rotational.

1.1 Hammer drilling

When percussive drilling the drilling tool includes: bit (1); shock rods (2); rope lock (3); A mast (12) is installed on the surface; block (5); pull roller balancer (7); auxiliary roller (8); drilling rig drum (11); rope (4); gears (10); connecting rod (9); balancing frame (6). When the gears rotate, making movements, raising and lowering the balancing frame. When the frame is lowered, the draw roller raises the drilling tool above the bottom of the well. When the frame is raised, the rope is released, the chisel falls into the face, thereby destroying the rock. In order to prevent the collapse of the walls of the well, a casing string is lowered into it. This drilling method is applicable to shallow depths when drilling water wells. At the moment, the impact method for drilling wells is not used.

1.2 Rotary drilling

Rotary drilling. Oil and gas wells are drilled using the rotary drilling method. With such drilling, the destruction of the rock occurs due to the rotation of the bit. The rotation of the bit is given by the rotor located at the wellhead through the drill pipe string. This is called the rotary method. Also, the torque is sometimes created with the help of an engine (turbodrill, electric drill, screw downhole motor), then this method will be called drilling with a downhole motor.

Turbodrill- This is a hydraulic turbine driven by a flushing fluid pumped into the well by pumps.

electric drill- is an electric motor electricity it is supplied to it is supplied by cable from the surface. Well drilling is carried out using a drilling rig.

1-chisel; 2 - near-bit drill collar; 3.8 - sub; 4 - centralizer; 5 - sleeve sub; 6.7 - drill collars; 9 - safety ring; 10 - drill pipes; 11 - safety sub; 12.23 - rod subs, lower and upper; 13 - leading pipe; 14 - reducer; 15 - winch; 16 - swivel sub; 17 - hook; 18 - crown block; 19 - tower; 20 - traveling block; 21 - swivel; 22 - hose; 24 - riser; 25 - rotor; 26 - sludge separator; 27 - mud pump

The destruction is carried out with the help of a bit, lowered on drill pipes, to the bottom. The rotational movement is imparted by means of a downhole motor through the drill pipe string. After lowering the drill pipes with a bit, two inserts are inserted into the hole of the rotor shaft, and two clamps are inserted inside them, which form a square section hole. In this hole there is also a leading pipe, also of a square section. It perceives the torque from the rotor table and moves freely along the rotor axis. All tripping operations and holding the weight of the drill pipe string are carried out by a lifting mechanism.

2 Drill string. Main elements. Load distribution along the length of the drill string

2.1 Purpose of the drill string

The drill string is a link between the drilling equipment located on the day surface and the downhole tool (drill bit, formation tester, fishing tool, etc.) used at the given time to perform any technological operation in the wellbore.

The functions performed by the drill string are determined by the work carried out in the well. The main ones are the following.

In the process of mechanical drilling, the drill string:

· is a channel for bringing to the bottom of the energy required to rotate the bit: mechanical - in rotary drilling; hydraulic – when drilling with hydraulic downhole motors (turbodrill, screw downhole motor); electric - when drilling with electric drills (through a cable located inside the pipes);

· perceives and transmits to the well walls (at a small current depth of the well also to the rotor) reactive torque when drilling with downhole motors;

is a channel for the circular circulation of the working agent (liquid, gas-liquid mixture, gas); usually, the working agent moves down to the bottom hole through the tubular space, captures the destroyed rock (sludge), and then moves upward through the annulus to the wellhead (direct flushing);

serves to create (by the weight of the lower part of the string) or transfer (with the forced feed of the tool) the axial load on the bit, simultaneously absorbing dynamic loads from the operating bit, partially extinguishing and reflecting them back to the bit and partially passing them higher;

· it can serve as a communication channel for receiving information from the bottomhole or transferring control action to the downhole tool.

· During tripping operations, the drill string is used for lowering and lifting the bit, downhole motors, various downhole assemblies;

· for the passage of downhole instrumentation;

for working out the wellbore, carrying out intermediate washings with

to remove sludge plugs, etc.

When eliminating complications and accidents, as well as conducting research in the well and testing the formations, the drill string serves:

· for injection and blowing plugging materials into the reservoir;

· for descent and installation of packers for the purpose of hydrodynamic studies of formations by selection or injection of fluid;

for descent and installation of overlappers in order to isolate absorption zones,

· strengthening of areas of shedding or collapses, installation of cement bridges, etc.;

· for descent of the fishing tool and work with it.

When drilling with coring (rock sample) with a removable core barrel, the drill string serves as a channel through which the core barrel is lowered and raised.

2.2 Drill string composition

The drill string (with the exception of the recently introduced continuous pipes) is made up of drill pipes using a threaded connection. The connection of pipes to each other is usually carried out using special connecting elements - drill joints, although toolless drill pipes can also be used. When lifting the drill string (in order to replace a worn bit or when performing other technological operations), the drill string is each time disassembled into shorter links with the latter installed inside the derrick on a special platform - a candlestick or (in rare cases) on racks outside the derrick, and when descending, she again gathers in a long column.

It would be inconvenient and irrational to assemble and disassemble the drill string with its disassembly into separate (single) pipes. Therefore, individual pipes are preliminarily (when building up the tool) assembled into so-called drill stands, which are not further dismantled (while drilling is being carried out with this drill string).

A stand with a length of 24-26 m (at a drilling depth of 5000 m or more, drilling stands with a length of 36-38 m can be used with a drilling rig 53-64 m high) is made up of two, three or four pipes when using pipes with a length of 12, 8 and m, respectively In the latter case, for the sake of convenience, two 6-meter pipes are pre-connected using a coupling into a two-pipe (elbow), which is not further disassembled.

As part of the drill string directly above the bit or above the downhole motor, drill collars (DCs) are always provided, which, having a mass and rigidity many times greater than conventional drill pipes, allow you to create the necessary load on the bit and provide sufficient rigidity of the bottom of the tool during avoiding its longitudinal bending and uncontrolled curvature of the wellbore. Drill collars are also used to control vibrations of the bottom of the drill string in combination with its other elements.

The composition of the drill string usually includes centralizers, calibrators, stabilizers, filters, often - metal sludge traps, check valves, sometimes - special mechanisms and devices, such as reamers, flywheels, downhole feed mechanisms, waveguides, resonators, shock absorbers of longitudinal and torsional vibrations, tread rings with the corresponding purpose.

To control the curvature of the wellbore in a given direction or, on the contrary, to straighten an already deviated wellbore, deflectors are included in the drill string, and special, often quite complex, layouts of the lower part of the drill string are used to maintain the straight direction of the wellbore.

Mining is the extraction of natural resources from the depths of the earth. The development of solid minerals is carried out by a quarry or mine method. Wells are drilled to extract liquid and gaseous natural resources. Modern technologies well drilling allows the development of oil and gas fields at a depth of more than 12,000 meters.

Importance of hydrocarbon production in modern world hard to overestimate. Fuel is made from oil (see) and oils, rubber is synthesized. The petrochemical industry produces household plastics, dyes and detergents. For oil and gas exporting countries, fees from the sale of hydrocarbons abroad are a significant, and often the main method of replenishing the budget.

Field exploration, installation of drilling rigs

In the proposed location of the mineral deposit, a geological survey is carried out and a location for a research well is determined. Within a radius of 50 meters from the exploration well, the site is leveled and a drilling rig is mounted. The diameter of the research well is 70-150 mm. During the drilling process, samples of drill cuttings are taken from different depths for subsequent geological survey. Modern complexes for geological research make it possible to accurately answer the question of whether it is worth starting the extraction of energy resources through this well on an industrial scale.

When the geological study of the drill cuttings showed the prospects for industrial development, the construction of the drilling site begins. The previously cleared site is concreted and fenced, a grader road is laid (a road without a hard surface). On the created one they build a tower, mount a winch, drilling pumps, install a generator and everything necessary. The assembled equipment is tested, gradually brought to the planned capacity, and put into operation.

The most commonly used technology mechanical well drilling, which is carried out in a rotational, percussion or combined way. The drill is attached to a square drill string and lowered into the well with the help of a traveling system. The rotor, located above the wellhead, transmits the rotary motion to the drill.

As the well is drilled, the drill string grows. Simultaneously with the process of drilling a production well, special pumps are used to flush the well. To flush the well from broken rock particles, a flushing liquid is used, which can be industrial water, an aqueous suspension, clay solutions or hydrocarbon-based solutions. After pumping the drilling fluid into special containers, it is cleaned and used again. In addition to cleaning the bottomhole from cuttings, flushing fluids provide cooling of the drill, reduce the friction of the drill string against the borehole walls and prevent collapse.

At the final stage of drilling, the producing well is cemented.

There are two cementing methods:

• direct method- the solution is pumped into the drill string and forced into the annulus.
• reverse method- the solution is pumped into the annulus from the surface.

A number of specialized machines and mechanisms are used for drilling wells. On the way to the design depth, areas of rock with increased hardness often come across. For their passage, it is necessary to give an additional load to the drill string, therefore quite serious requirements are imposed on the production equipment.

Drilling rig equipment is expensive and designed for long-term use. In the event of a stop in production due to a breakdown of any mechanism, it will be necessary to wait for a replacement, which will seriously reduce the profitability of the enterprise. Equipment and mechanisms for hydrocarbon production must be made of high quality and wear-resistant materials.

The drilling platform equipment can be divided into three parts:

• Drilling part- drill and drill string.
• Power part– rotor and travel system, providing rotation of the drill string and tripping manipulations.
• Auxiliary part- generators, pumps, tanks.

Trouble-free operation of the drilling rig depends on the correct operation of the equipment and Maintenance mechanisms, within the time limits prescribed by the manufacturer. It is equally important to change consumable parts in a timely manner, even if appearance everything is fine with them. Without compliance with the operating rules, it is impossible to guarantee the safety of the personnel of the drilling platform, the prevention of pollution environment and uninterrupted production of oil or gas.

Methods for drilling production wells

Well drilling methods are divided depending on the method of impact on the rock.

Mechanical:

• Shock.
• Rotational.
• Combined.

Non-mechanical:

• Hydraulic fracturing.
• high temperature exposure.
• Undermining.

It should be noted that the main drilling method is rotational and rotational-impact, other methods are rarely used in practice.

Our civilization has reached today an unprecedented flourishing of science and technology, as a result of which we have a chance to enjoy all its benefits. However, this would not be possible without the extraction of the most important thing - its drilling of oil and gas wells today is the most important work that is carried out on a global scale in order to replenish the resources spent on the development of new technologies.

Today, geological exploration is subject to rather high requirements regarding the accuracy of determining the location of oil and gas, as well as calculating their estimated volume. This is primarily due to the rather high costs of installing high-tech equipment, where direct drilling of oil and gas wells is quite expensive. After all, when doing this work, there is always big risk the fact that the calculations could be erroneous, as a result of which the investor industrial company may suffer significant losses.

There are several ways to carry out drilling operations, but the most optimal and rational is which is also used in the exploration of minerals. It is also widely used in hydrogeological studies, structural mapping surveys and gas and oil fields. Thanks to drilling, exploration shafts and pits are also being created, thanks to which soils of various horizons can be extracted from the bowels of the earth to determine its origin and the possibility of using it for practical purposes.

Drilling of oil and gas wells begins with the preparation of the appropriate site, as well as the formation of convenient access roads. When installing a drilling station in the open sea, there is a special technology by which a floating station is designed, mounted directly above a gas or oil field, after which, using special fasteners, it is installed in the right place and begins to function. If the deposits are on a solid surface, then after the first stage and burying the tanks for the flushing liquid, they proceed to the direct collection of the oil or gas rig.

The schematic diagram of the drilling rig includes the following composite structures:

Tower directly;

drilling building;

Drilling mechanism;

Powerful internal combustion engine.

The technology of drilling oil and gas wells is the following scheme for the implementation of work: depending on the type of soil, the drill column, spindle and drill set the appropriate speed and a certain axial load. Rotating and gradually penetrating into the ground, the bit drills out the annular bottomhole and forms a core, which in turn fills the core barrel. With the help of special flushing liquids or process water, it is washed out and brought to the surface. All drilling of oil and gas wells is a well-organized cycle of work, in which the systems clearly interact with each other.

It is difficult to overestimate the importance of the global oil and gas industry, because without the main raw materials, the development of mechanical engineering, the chemical industry and metallurgical industry would be simply impossible. Under conditions of gradual depletion of existing fields, drilling oil wells in new places is a very topical issue. We can be sure that in the coming decades we will witness the emergence of a new series of large drilling rigs that will continue to provide modern civilization with oil and gas.

Name: Equipment and technology for drilling oil and gas wells

Format: PDF

Size: 14.1 Mb

Year of publication: 2003

Foreword
PART 1. TECHNOLOGY FOR DRILLING OIL AND GAS WELLS
Chapter 1. Fundamentals of oil and gas field geology
1.1. The composition of the earth's crust
1.2. Geochronology of rocks
1.3. Sedimentary rocks and forms of their occurrence
1.4. Formation of oil and gas deposits
1.5. Physical and chemical properties of oil and gas
1.6. Search and exploration of oil and gas fields
1.7. Drawing up a geological section of the well
1.8. Composition and mineralization of groundwater
1.9. Well research
Chapter 2 General concepts on well construction
2.1. Basic concepts and definitions
2.2. Geological substantiation of the location and design of the well as an engineering structure
2.3. Installation of equipment for well construction
2.4. Wellbore drilling
2.5. Drill bits
2.6. Drill string
2.7. bit drive
2.8. Features of drilling wells in water areas
2.9. Well casing and reservoir isolation
Chapter 3. Mechanical properties of rocks
3.1. General provisions
3.2. Mechanical and abrasive properties of rocks
3.3. Influence of all-round pressure, temperature and water saturation on some properties of rocks
Chapter 4
4.1. Roller bits
4.2. Kinematics and dynamics of cone bits
4.3. diamond bits
4.4. Blade bits
Chapter 5
5.1. Physical model of the drill string
5.2. Drill string stability
5.3. Stresses and loads in drill string pipes
Chapter 6
6.1. Terms and Definitions
6.2. Functions of the well flushing process
6.3. Drilling Fluid Requirements
6.4. Drilling fluids
6.5. Preparation and purification of drilling fluids
6.6. Drilling fluid chemical treatment technology
6.7. Hydraulic calculation of flushing a well with an incompressible fluid
6.8. Disposal Methods for Waste Drilling Fluids and Drilling Cuttings
6.9. Methods for the neutralization of waste drilling fluids and cuttings
Chapter 7
7.1. Classification of complications
7.3. Loss of liquids in wells
7.4. Gas-oil-water manifestations
7.5. Clamping, tightening and landing of the pipe string
Chapter 8. Drilling Modes
8.1. Introductory concepts
8.2. The influence of various factors on the drilling process
8.3. Influence of differential and oppressive pressures on the destruction of rocks
8.4. Rational development of bits
8.5. Design of drilling modes
8.6. Cleaning a drilled well from cuttings
Chapter 9
9.1. Goals and objectives of directional well drilling
9.2. Fundamentals of directional well design
9.3. Factors that determine the trajectory of the bottom hole
9.4. Downhole assemblies for drilling directional wells
9.5. Well trajectory control methods and devices
9.6. Features of drilling and navigation of horizontal wells
Chapter 10
10.1. Reservoir drilling
10.2. Technological factors providing drilling and opening of a productive formation
10.3. Change in the permeability of the bottomhole formation zone. Well completion drilling fluids
10.4. Formation testing and well testing while drilling
Chapter 11 Filters
11.1. Fundamentals of well design
11.2. Well bottom structures
Chapter 12
12.1. Wellbore preparation
12.2. Well casing technology
12.3. Well cements and mortars
12.4. Calculation of well cementing
Chapter 13
well development
13.1. Bullet perforation
13.2. Cumulative perforation
13.3. Underbalanced perforation
13.4. Perforation during overbalance
13.5. Special solutions for well perforation
13.6. Buffer delimiters
13.7. The technology of filling the well with a special fluid
13.8. Inducing inflow by displacement of fluid in the production string
13.9. Calling inflow with an air cushion
13.10. Calling inflow using trigger valves
13.11. Calling inflow with jet devices
13.12. Interval lowering of the liquid level in the well
13.13. Lowering the liquid level in the well by pistoning (swabbing)
13.14. Calling inflow from the reservoir by aeration method
13.15. Reducing the liquid level in the well under conditions of abnormally low reservoir pressure
13.16. Reservoir stimulation using two-phase foams
13.17. The technology of inducing inflow from the formation with foams using ejectors.
13.18. Reservoir induction with test kits
13.19. The use of gaseous agents for the development of wells. Well development with nitrogen
PART 2. OIL AND GAS DRILLING TECHNIQUE
Chapter 14
14.1. Requirements for drilling rigs
14.2. Classification and characteristics of installations
14.3. Complete drilling rigs for production and deep exploration drilling.
14.4. Selection of the type and main parameters of the drilling rig
14.5. Selection of scheme and layout of drilling rig equipment
14.6. Requirements for the kinematic scheme of the drilling rig
14.7. Drilling rigs produced by OAO Uralmagnzavod
14.8. Drilling rigs manufactured by OAO Volgograd Drilling Equipment Plant
Chapter 15
15.1. The process of lifting and lowering columns. Functions of the complex
15.2. Kinematic scheme of the complex for SPO
15.3. Travel system
15.4. Selection of steel ropes for traveling systems
15.5. Crown blocks and traveling blocks
15.6. Drill hooks and hook blocks
15.7. Traveling gears of drilling rigs of JSC "Uralmagnzavod"
15.8. Traveling mechanisms of VZBT drilling rigs
15.9. Drill hooks
15.10. Drawworks
15.11. Drawworks braking systems
15.12. The scope of tripping operations
15.13. Kinematics of the lifting mechanism
15.14. Hoist dynamics
Chapter 16
16.1. mud pumps
16.2. Manifold
16.3. Swivel
Chapter 17
17.1. Parameters and completeness of circulation systems
17.2. Blocks of circulation systems
17.3. Agitators
17.4. Drilling Mud Cleaning Equipment
17.5. Drilling mud degassers
17.6. Centrifuge Mud Treatment Unit
17.7. Suction lines for mud pumps
Chapter 18
expanders, calibrators
18.1. Roller bits
18.2. Blade bits
18.3. Milling bits
18.4. ISM bits
18.5. diamond bits
18.6. Roller drill heads
18.7. Paddle and milling carbide drill heads
18.8. Diamond drill heads and ISM drill heads
18.9. core receiving tool
18.10. Extenders
18.11. Centralizer calibrators
Chapter 19 Drill string calculation
19.1. Kelly pipes
19.2. Drill pipes with upset ends and their couplings
19.3. Upset drill pipe tool joints
19.4. Drill pipes with welded tool joints
19.5. Light Alloy Drill Pipes
19.6. Drill collars
19.7. Drill string subs
19.8. General principles and methodology for calculating the layout of drill pipes in a string
Chapter 20
20.1. Drilling Rotors
20.2. Turbodrills
20.3. Downhole motors
20.4. Turboprop downhole motors
20.5. Electric drills
Chapter 21
21.1. column heads
21.2 Blowout protection equipment
Chapter 22 Calculation of casing strings
22.1. Casing pipes and couplings for them
22.2. Calculation of casing strings
Chapter 23
23.1. Types of drives, their characteristics
23.2. Choice of drive motors
23.3. Synthetic Fittings for Actuators
23.4. Couplings
23.5. Chain transmissions of drilling rigs
23.6. Power units and engines of modern drilling rigs
23.7. Layout of power drives and transmissions
Chapter 24
processes
24.1. Bit feed automation
24.2. Automation of descent-ascent (ATS)
24.3. Drilling wrench automatic stationary
24.4. Pneumatic wedge grip
24.5. Auxiliary winch
Chapter 25
25.1. Features of the development of offshore oil and gas fields
25.2. The main types of technical means for the development of offshore oil and gas fields
25.3. Floating drilling facilities (PBS)
25.4. Jack-up floating drilling rigs (jack-up drilling rigs)
25.5. Semi-submersible floating drilling rigs (SSDR)
25.6. Drilling ships (BS)
25.7. Drilling rigs for PBS
25.8. Subsea wellhead equipment
25.9. Floating drilling equipment containment systems at the drilling site
25.10. Offshore fixed platforms (SMEs)

25.11. Environmental Protection in Offshore Drilling