Presentation on the topic of social life. Social sphere presentation for a lesson in social studies (Grade 11) on the topic. The last slide of the presentation: The social sphere of society

SOCIAL SPHERE OF LIFE OF THE SOCIETY. PRESENTATION OF THE LESSON OF SOCIAL STUDIES. 8 CL. BAZ. LEVEL. SMIRNOV EVGENIY BORISOVICH.

SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND SOCIAL INEQUALITY. SOCIETY CONSISTS OF DIFFERENT GROUPS AND COMMONITIES LARGE SOCIAL COMMONITIES: CLASSES, SOCIAL LAYERS, STATES EVERY PERSON IS BELONGING TO ANY OF THESE SOCIAL GROUPS OR OCCURS INTERMEDIATE POSITION. WHICH GROUP DO YOU BELONG TO?

SOCIAL INEQUALITY. ALL THESE GROUPS HAVE DIFFERENT STATIONS IN SOCIETY AND UNEQUAL ACCESS TO SOCIAL BENEFITS. WHY? Social inequality individual social groups have different opportunities in income, influence on power according to one of the theories of social inequality is a natural inequality that allows the most capable theory of conflicts- believes that the inequality consists in relation to property .. between them, the class struggle other researchers believe, they believe, THAT ATTITUDE TO PROPERTY IS NOT THE ONLY CRITERION OF SOCIAL GROUPS - EDUCATION, LIFESTYLE...

SOCIAL CHANGES IN SOVIET SOCIETY. A PERSON CAN TRANSITION FROM ONE SOCIAL GROUPS TO ANOTHER. BUT SUCH POSSIBILITY DRAFTLY INCREASES DURING REVOLUTIONS AND OTHER SHOCKS. WHOLE SOCIAL GROUPS CAN BE SHUT UP. THE REVOLUTION OF 1917 DISAPPEARED WHOLE ESTATES AND GROUPS (NOBILITY, CLERGY, BOURGEOISIE) INCREASING THE WORKING CLASS AND REDUCING THE PEASANTRY. FORMATION OF A LAYER OF THE SOVIET BUREAUCRACY. THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE HAS CHANGED, WHOLE GROUPS AND INDIVIDUALS CHANGED THEIR PLACE IN ITS STRUCTURE

MODERN STAGE OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT. CHANGES IN THE FORMS OF PROPERTY LEAD TO CHANGES IN THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY NEW SOCIAL GROUPS ARE FORMING: ENTREPRENEURS, FARMERS, ETC. ATTITUDE TO THESE PROCESSES IS DIFFERENT. THE WORKING CLASS, THE PEASANTRY, THE INTELLIGENTIA ARE OCCURRED. SOCIAL INSTABILITY

POSITION OF THE PERSON IN THE SOCIETY. SOCIAL STATUS. STATUS OF A PERSON IN SOCIETY: SOCIAL STATUS SOCIAL STATUS: SOCIAL ORIGIN, GENDER, NATIONALITY, EDUCATION, PROFESSION, ETC. SEX, AGE, SOCIAL ORIGIN DO NOT DEPEND ON THE PERSON -- A REGULATED STATUS. WHAT A PERSON ACHIEVES BY OWN EFFORTS: EDUCATION, WEALTH, QUALIFICATIONS, ETC. MAKE UP - STATUS ACHIEVED

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Stratification Criteria

Income
- power
- education
- prestige
- Lifestyle

A stratum is a “stratum”, a group of people that occupies a certain position in society.

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SOCIAL INEQUALITY

SOCIAL INEQUALITY:

SEPARATE SOCIAL GROUPS HAVE UNEQUAL ACCESS TO SUCH SOCIAL BENEFITS AS MONEY, POWER, PRESTIGE

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THEORIES OF THE APPEARANCE OF SOCIAL INEQUALITY

ACCORDING TO ONE OF THE THEORIES, SOCIAL INEQUALITY IS A NATURAL INEQUALITY THAT ALLOWS THE MOST ABLE TO GO UP
CONFLICT THEORY CONSIDERS THAT INEQUALITY GENERATES PRIVATE PROPERTY. A class struggle begins between the economically ruling class and the working class
OTHER RESEARCHERS BELIEVE THAT ATTITUDE TO PROPERTY IS NOT THE ONLY CRITERIA FOR SOCIAL GROUPS. AMONG THE CRITERIA - PROFESSION, INCOME, EDUCATION, LIFESTYLE...

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CLASS STRUGGLE

CLASS STRUGGLE:

CONFLICT THEORY CONSIDERS CLASS STRUGGLE AS THE MAIN DRIVING FORCE OF HISTORY

OPPOSITORS OF THIS THEORY PAY ATTENTION TO THE DESTRUCTION AND DISASTERS THAT ACCOMPANY REVOLUTIONS

YOUR POINT OF VIEW: ?

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A PERSON CAN TRANSITION FROM ONE SOCIAL GROUPS TO ANOTHER. BUT THIS POSSIBILITY IS DRAFTLY INCREASED DURING REVOLUTIONS AND OTHER SHOCKS. WHOLE SOCIAL GROUPS CAN BE SHUT UP.

REVOLUTION OF 1917:

WHOLE ESTATES AND GROUPS DISAPPEARED (NOBILITY, clergy, bourgeoisie)
THE INCREASE OF THE WORKING CLASS AND THE REDUCTION OF THE PEASANTRY. THE FORMATION OF A LAYER OF THE SOVIET BUREAUCRACY
THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE HAS CHANGED: WHOLE GROUPS AND INDIVIDUALS CHANGED THEIR PLACE IN ITS STRUCTURE

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The social status of the individual

Social status is the position of a person in society, occupied by him as a representative of a certain social group and including a certain set of rights and obligations.

Social status depends on:

age,
- floor,
- origin,
- professions,
- marital status.

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prescribed status:

does not depend on the individual, it is given from birth (gender, race, age)
his family provides

achieved status:

depends on the personality, what a person becomes (education, profession)
acquired

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Slides captions:

SOCIAL SPHERE The main questions of the Unified State Examination

Codifier issues Social relations Social stratification and mobility Social groups Youth as a social group Ethnic communities Interethnic relations, ethno-social conflicts, ways to resolve them Constitutional principles (foundations) of national policy in the Russian Federation Social conflict Types of social norms Freedom and responsibility Deviant behavior and its types Social role Socialization individual Family and marriage

Sociology is the science of society The term was introduced by Auguste Comte (1798-1857), a French philosopher. The concept of "sociology" is derived from two words: the Latin soci (etas) - society and the Greek logos - a word, a doctrine. Hence sociology is the science of society by Auguste Comte (1798-1857)

Basic concepts Social groups Differentiation Stratification Social institution and their types Social mobility and its types Social descent Social rise Marginals Lumpens Social lifts Social status Social role Socialization Social control Social norms Deviant behavior Social interaction Cooperation Rivalry Social conflict (stages) Ethnos Nation Interethnic relations Interethnic conflicts National politics Demography Family as a social institution Family functions

The social structure of society is the structure of society as a whole, the system of connections between the main elements. Individual Social groups (communities) Social institution A real-life set of people characterized by common features A specific public education created to meet the most important needs of human society. Individual (Greek "atom" - indivisible) - the term characterizes a person as one of the people

Types of social institutions Economic (need for material goods) Political (state, parties, law, movements) Family institution (marriage, kinship, etc.) Cultural (science, education, culture, religion)

Theory of stratification Pitirim Sorokin - American sociologist Differentiation - the division of society into groups characterized by different characteristics. There is no subordination between them. Stratification - a set of social strata arranged in a hierarchical order = distribution of social groups Inequality scale

Criteria for stratification - income - power - education - prestige

Types of stratification Economic is expressed in the difference in income, standard of living, in the existence of rich, middle and poor sections of the population Professional involves the separation of various groups in society according to the nature of their activities and occupations Political involves the division of society into managers and managed, political leaders and the mass

Social mobility - the transition of people from one social group to another The horizontal transition of a person to a group located at the same level as the previous one. Vertical movement from one level of the hierarchy (ladder) to another. It is possible to make both social ascent and descent - downward and upward mobility individual group

The way people move from one group to another is called the "social elevator". Army School Church Channels of social mobility

Marginals (marginalis - located on the edge, on the border) are social groups that occupy an intermediate position between stable communities. Lumpens (German lumpen - rags) are people who have sunk to the bottom of society.

The social status of a person Social status is the position of a person in society, occupied by him as a representative of a certain social group and including a certain set of rights and obligations. Social status depends on: - age, - sex, - origin, - profession, - marital status.

The social status of the individual the prescribed status the achieved status does not depend on the individual, it is given from birth (sex, race, age) it is provided by the family depends on the individual, what a person becomes (education, profession) is acquired

Prestige and authority assessment by society or a social group of the social significance of certain positions occupied by people associated with social status prestigious can be a profession, type of activity indicates the degree of recognition of a person’s personal or business qualities by society or a group of people associated with personal status authoritative can be certain, specific human

The social role of a person A social role is the expectation and prescription of behavior corresponding to a given status. The set of roles performed by a person is called a role set. And the set of statuses is a status set

Socialization and adaptation The process of assimilation by an individual of patterns of behavior, social roles, norms and spiritual values

Socialization and adaptation Social adaptation is the process of adapting a person to a changing social environment with the help of various social means.

Socialization and its levels 1 2 Primary - occurs in small groups: family, peers, teachers Secondary - occurs at the level of large social groups: institutions, army, state Primary agents of socialization Secondary agents of socialization Agents - people responsible for the transfer of cultural experience

Social control - the mechanism of relations between the individual and society Social norms - rules generally accepted in society that regulate people's behavior Sanctions - encouragement or punishment aimed at maintaining social norms Formal and informal Formal and informal positive negative legal Customs, traditions religious moral political aesthetic ethical

Deviant (deviant) behavior Deviant (deviant) behavior is behavior that is not consistent with the norms, does not correspond to what society expects from a person. The most dangerous manifestations of deviant behavior: - crime, - alcoholism, - drug addiction. positive negative

Forms of social interaction Cooperation - participation in a common cause Stages of conflict Social conflict - special interaction (confrontation) of individuals and groups when their views, positions, interests collide Rivalry - intersection and mismatch of interests Conflict resolution methods Pre-conflict Conflict Post-conflict Method of conflict avoidance Negotiation method Mediation method

Ethnic communities Ethnicity is a historically formed set of people in a certain territory who have a common culture, language and are aware of their unity Nation is an ethnic community that takes shape during the formation of capitalist relations: 1) a national market is formed; 2) a single economic organism is being formed - the national economy, this unites various peoples 3) into a single whole - the nation.

Interethnic relations and national policy Integration - cooperation of nations, rapprochement of various aspects of the life of peoples Differentiation - the desire of peoples for national independence Ethnic conflict is any competition (rivalry) from confrontation to social competition Causes of conflicts: Territorial (separatism) Economic Social Cultural and linguistic (nationalism , xenophobia, chauvinism, discrimination) discrimination

Family as a social institution Family as a social institution is a system of connections and interactions of individuals that perform the functions of reproduction of the human race and socialization of the individual. A family as a small group is an association of people connected by a common life, mutual assistance and mutual responsibility. Relationships can be based on marriage and consanguinity.

Typology of families Traditional (patriarchal) Family of partnership type Simple nuclear Monogamous (2 spouses) Polygamous (more than 2 spouses) Polygyny (1 m + several women) Polyandry (1 f + several men)

Functions of families Reproductive - reproduction of the population Educational - socialization of the younger generation Household - support for physical health, care for children and elderly parents Economic - obtaining material resources of some family members for others Sphere of primary social control - regulation of the behavior of family members Function of spiritual communication Social status – presentation of a certain social status to family members Leisure – organization of rational leisure

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Slide text:

SOCIAL SPHERE OF SOCIETY LIFE

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Slide text:

Stratification Criteria

Power

Education

Prestige

Lifestyle

A stratum is a "layer", a group of people that occupies
certain position in society

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Slide text:

SOCIAL INEQUALITY

SEPARATE SOCIAL GROUPS HAVE UNEQUAL ACCESS TO SUCH SOCIAL BENEFITS AS MONEY, POWER, PRESTIGE

CAUSE?

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Slide text:

ACCORDING TO ONE OF THE THEORIES, SOCIAL INEQUALITY IS A NATURAL INEQUALITY THAT ALLOWS THE MOST ABLE TO GO UP

CONFLICT THEORY CONSIDERS THAT INEQUALITY GENERATES PRIVATE PROPERTY. A class struggle begins between the economically ruling class and the working class

OTHER RESEARCHERS BELIEVE THAT ATTITUDE TO PROPERTY IS NOT THE ONLY CRITERIA FOR SOCIAL GROUPS. AMONG THE CRITERIA - PROFESSION, INCOME, EDUCATION, LIFESTYLE...

THEORIES OF THE APPEARANCE OF SOCIAL INEQUALITY

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Slide text:

CLASS STRUGGLE

CONFLICT THEORY CONSIDERS CLASS STRUGGLE AS THE MAIN DRIVING FORCE OF HISTORY

OPPOSITORS OF THIS THEORY PAY ATTENTION TO THE DESTRUCTION AND DISASTERS THAT ACCOMPANY REVOLUTIONS

YOUR POINT OF VIEW: ?

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Slide 8

Slide text:

SOCIAL CHANGES IN SOVIET SOCIETY

A PERSON CAN TRANSITION FROM ONE SOCIAL GROUPS TO ANOTHER. BUT THIS POSSIBILITY IS DRAFTLY INCREASED DURING REVOLUTIONS AND OTHER SHOCKS. WHOLE SOCIAL GROUPS CAN BE SHUT UP.

REVOLUTION OF 1917

WHOLE ESTATES AND GROUPS DISAPPEARED (NOBILITY, clergy, bourgeoisie)
THE INCREASE OF THE WORKING CLASS AND THE REDUCTION OF THE PEASANTRY. THE FORMATION OF A LAYER OF THE SOVIET BUREAUCRACY

THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE HAS CHANGED: WHOLE GROUPS AND INDIVIDUALS CHANGED THEIR PLACE IN ITS STRUCTURE

Slide 9

Slide text:

The social status of the individual

Social status is the position of a person in society, occupied by him as a representative of a certain social group and including a certain set of rights and obligations.
Social status depends on:
- age,
- floor,
- origin,
- professions,
- marital status.

Slide 10

Slide text:

The social status of the individual

prescribed status

achieved status

does not depend on the individual, it is given from birth (gender, race, age)
his family provides

depends on the personality, what a person becomes (education, profession)

Interaction of people in different groups and communities

SOCIAL SPHERE

The social structure of society

An integral set of interconnected and interacting social groups, strata and communities

Macrogroups

family, work collective, informal association

Microgroups

a large number of people who do not know each other have a decisive influence on the social process

a small number of participants who know each other have a common goal

The complication of the social structure is the main trend of change

Differentiation for social reasons

Differentiation for biological reasons

Economic differentiation (rich, middle class, poor)

Ethnic differentiation (peoples, tribes)

Political differentiation (governing and ruled, leaders and the masses)

Demographic differentiation (sex, age, place of residence)

Professional differentiation

The workforce is:

macrogroup
microgroup
social community
stratum

Biosocial differentiation includes:

political
economic
demographic
professional

community of territory

common language

The totality of people who have a common culture and are aware of this commonality

Nation

Nationality

Family and tribe

Family and tribe

Genus - a group of blood relatives, leading their origin along the same line (maternal or paternal) and realizing themselves as descendants of a common ancestor (real or mythical).
Tribe - the union of several genera on the basis of consanguinity.

community property,

primitive collectivism

private property,

classes, monogamous family

arose on the basis of territorial, neighborly ties

Nationality

a historically established community of people with its own language, territory, culture, emerging economic ties

Nationalities were formed during the slave and feudal societies

arose on the basis of the formation of a common economic life of people

the highest form of an ethnic community of people, characterized by the unity of the territory, economic life, historical path, language, culture, ethnic identity

National identity - conscious attribution of oneself to a particular nation

historical

traditions and

national

dignity

patriotism

There are more than 100 ethnic groups in Russia, including about 30 nations

National relations in the modern world

Differentiation

Integration

Nationalism

cosmopolitanism

national question - the question of the emancipation of the oppressed

peoples, their self-determination and overcoming ethnic inequality

Ways to solve the national question

democratization of all aspects of public life
observance of the principles of humanism in solving ethnic problems
granting all nations the widest possible self-government
refusal of national minorities from separatism
constant search for consensus, fight against nationalism and chauvinism

The determining condition for the formation of a nation is:

mutual language
common area
community of economic life
community of culture

Nations arose:

in primitive society
in a slave society
in a feudal society
in bourgeois society

Cosmopolitanism is:

A. Refusal of local limitation.

B. Abandoning narrow national perspectives.

only A is correct
only B is correct
both A and B are correct
both statements are wrong

small group based on marriage and consanguinity

Family Functions:

reproductive
educational
labor force reproduction
household
leisure
emotional and psychological protection

Stages of development of family and marriage relations

L. Morgan

Disordered sexual relations
Consanguineous family (prohibition of marital relations between parents and children, brothers and sisters)
group family
couple family
Monogamous family (stronger marriage ties)
Partner (nuclear) family

Trends in the development of the modern family

Women have gained greater economic independence, but it has become more difficult for them to fulfill family responsibilities

The number of divorces is on the rise
The birth rate is declining
The number of civil marriages is on the rise

The main function of the family:

educational
reproductive
leisure
labor force reproduction

types of social stratification

The social structure of traditional society

Estates - social groups whose position was fixed by law and inherited
castes - closed groups of people engaged in a traditional activity, connected by origin and legal status

Russia: nobles, clergy, merchants, petty bourgeois, peasants

India: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Sudras

types of social stratification

slaves and slave owners, peasants and feudal lords,

workers and capitalists

class theory

signs

K.Marx and V.Lenin

the place of a class in a historically defined system of social production
the role of the class in the social organization of labor
relation of class to ownership of the means of production

M. Weber (1864-1920): between the classes of workers and capitalists

there are numerous middle class

types of social stratification

Middle class

business owners,

representatives of highly paid

professions

Citizens who have

economic

independence

Problems that arise are solved

through civil society institutions

Make a society

stable

Make up 60-80%

population

In Russia 12-15%

types of social stratification

lat. "layers"

P. Sorokin

Stratification is the process by which groups of people are unequal to each other and unite into hierarchically arranged layers.

association on status grounds: property, power, education, profession ...

M. Weber: three components of inequality -

property inequality,

unequal prestige,

different amount of power

Layers in modern Russian society

Elite(oligarchs, top bureaucracy, generals) - 3-5%
middle layer(small and medium businessmen, workers of trade, service) - 12-15%
base layer(intelligentsia, technical staff, peasants, workers) - 60-70%
bottom layer(elderly, disabled, dependents, unemployed, refugees) - 10-15%
Desocial bottom or underclass(thieves, bandits, killers, homeless people, drug addicts, alcoholics, prostitutes) - 3-5%

Trends in the development of the social structure of Russian society

differentiation (appearance of new layers and groups)
integration (convergence of working conditions)
marginalization (an increase in the number of people occupying an intermediate position between the main social strata)
lumpenization (an increase in the number of people who have sunk to the bottom of public life)
polarization (increase in the number of people living below the poverty line)

from 16 to 25 years old

Youth as a social group

potential strength (the ability to improve the social structure)
specificity of consciousness (the predominance of the incentive-motivational orientation)
formation of the inner world of the individual
the main priorities are education and getting a profession
membership in various interest groups
own subculture

The main features of the classes are:

place in a historically defined system of social production
role in the social organization of labor
relation to ownership of the means of production
the size and share of social wealth held by the class

movement of individuals and groups from one layer to another

social mobility

Types of mobility:

Voluntary (due to change of place of work, position, place of residence…)
Forced (under the influence of structural changes in society - industrialization, computerization ...)
Individual
group
Vertical (up or down status)
Ascending (moving to a higher social stratum)
Descending (moving to a lower social stratum)
Horizontal (does not lead to a change in social status)

Factors of social mobility

social structure system (traditional / industrial society)
changes in the technology of social production (the emergence of new professions)
social upheavals (wars, revolutions)
education
family social status

P. Sorokin

elevators

(channels)

a family

school

army

church

the place of man in the system of social relations

Status types

prescribed

(from birth):

gender, nationality,

age, social

origin

Unprescribed

(purchased):

profession,

education,

job title

Prestigious

non-prestigious

The manifestation of vertical social mobility is:

moving from one area to another
retirement
promotion
birth of a child

the expected behavior of a person associated with his status

social role

teacher

administrator

educator

Professor

Responsibilities prescribe that

what the performer should do

one suggests the other

Rights say that a person can

freely allow or admit

towards other people

social control

A system of means and techniques that regulate the behavior of people in society and prevent its deviation

self control- internal correlation of their actions

and actions with accepted society rules

Social self-regulation– mechanism

maintaining public order

instructions on how to behave in society

established order of conduct

what is inherited from

predecessors

Customs and traditions
Legal regulations
Political norms
moral standards
Religious norms

enshrined in laws, enforced by the power of the state

are reflected in laws, international treaties, political principles, moral norms

are evaluative in nature, compliance is ensured by the power of public opinion

observance is supported by the moral consciousness of believers, faith in the punishment for sins

rewards or punishments that encourage people to comply with social norms

public approval from official organizations: awards, titles, titles…

formal positive
informal positive
formal negative
informal negative

public approval from the public: friendly praise, compliment, applause...

official punishments: imprisonment, deprivation of civil rights, excommunication…

punishments not provided for by official authorities: remark, reproach, ridicule, nickname ...

If a norm has no sanction, then it

ceases to regulate people's behavior

Are the following statements about social norms correct?

A. Social norms include only those prescriptions that are enshrined in laws.

B. Behavior that does not correspond to the norms accepted in society is called conformism.

only A is correct
only B is correct
both A and B are correct
both statements are wrong

a form of interaction based on the clash of interests and needs of individuals and social groups

Conflict

G. Spencer (1820-1903): conflict is a manifestation of the process of natural selection and the struggle for survival; society must evolve.
K. Marx (1818-1883): the conflict is temporary, it can be resolved by a social revolution
G. Simmel (1858-1918): conflicts are inevitable and even useful (they help people to be more aware of their interests, promote intra-group cohesion, etc.)

Conflictology:

conflict is not an anomaly, but the norm

between people, one of the ways they interact

(along with competition, cooperation, accommodation, etc.)

Subjects of the conflict

Witnesses - those who observe the conflict from the sidelines.
Instigators - those who push other participants to the conflict.
collaborators - people who contribute to the development of the conflict, providing assistance to the conflicting parties.
Intermediaries - those who by their actions try to prevent, stop or resolve the conflict.

PARTICIPANTS

an event or circumstance, as a result of which contradictions pass into the stage of open confrontation

incident (cause) conflict escalation consensus

escalation of the conflict, increase in the number of participants in the conflict

majority agreement

Types of conflicts

depending on the conflicting parties(intrapersonal, interpersonal, intergroup…)
on duration and character leaks (long-term, short-term, one-time, protracted ...)
on form(internal, external)
on scale distribution (local, regional, global)
by used funds(non-violent, violent)
on spheres in which they occur ↓

about the distribution of power, dominance, influence, authority

political conflict
National-ethnic conflict
Socio-economic conflict
cultural conflict

based on the struggle for the rights and interests of ethnic and national groups

about the means of subsistence, the level of wages, the level of prices for various benefits, access to these benefits

associated with religious, linguistic and other contradictions in the spiritual sphere

Forms of social conflicts:

discussions, requests, adoption of declarations…

rallies, demonstrations, pickets, strikes…

war is an extreme form

Conditions and ways to resolve the conflict

Terms:

Ways:

identification of existing contradictions, interests, goals
mutual interest in overcoming contradictions
joint search for ways to overcome the conflict

direct dialogue of the parties, negotiations
development and improvement of the social sphere of society (expansion of the system of education, healthcare, social security, housing construction, i.e. creation of a developed social infrastructure)

a state that proclaims a person, his worthy existence as the main goal of its activity

welfare state

The main features of the welfare state:

developed market relations, variety of forms of ownership, freedom of entrepreneurship
price mechanism and competition without government intervention
freedom of choice for employees
a reasonable balance between market principles and the redistribution of benefits through the state system of social assistance
high standard of living of the population
developed social legislation
effective policy to ensure social, economic, cultural human rights

The main task - improve relations between

entrepreneurs and consumers in whole efficient

functioning of the economy without disturbing the balance between

private sector and government