UDC 334.012.44

Publication date: 09/17/2018

International Journal of Professional Science 3

The Essence of Technology Entrepreneurship

The essence of technological business

Korzyuk Dmitry Igorevich
Tekucheva Svetlana Nikolaevna
1. undergraduate student of the Department of "Economics" DSTU.
2. Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Economics, DSTU

Korzyuk Dmitry Igorevich
Tekucheva Svetlana Nikolaevna
1. student-master of the department "Economics" DSTU.
2. Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department "Economics" DSTU

Annotation: In today's world, many companies are investing heavily in the development of new technologies that can take any industry to a potentially new level. This will enable this company to establish a monopoly in this area for the production of this product for some time, thereby earning maximum funds for a certain period of time. But it also encourages other companies to develop their own innovations, thereby establishing healthy technological competition. Progress is moving forward. Technological progress is different in every country. Each of the participants in the innovation race bets on their strengths. That is why this topic is important to study. The concept of work and essence of technological entrepreneurship provides an advantage for entrepreneurs in any field of activity. This work reveals the essence and features of technological entrepreneurship in a rapidly developing business area. The difference between technological entrepreneurship and other types of entrepreneurial activity is described. The composition and structure of the innovative system of technological entrepreneurship and the need to study it are revealed. The main advantage of Technological Entrepreneurship is the ability of people to invent and apply the most modern technologies.

Abstract: In the modern world, many companies are investing heavily in the development of new technologies that are able to raise any of the industries to a potentially new level. This will enable the company to establish a monopoly in this area on the production of this product for some time, thereby earning maximum funds over a certain period of time. But it also pushes other companies to develop their innovations, thereby establishing healthy technological competition. Progress goes forward. In each country, technological progress is different. Each of the participants in the innovation race bets on their strengths. That is why this topic is important to study. The concept of work and the essence of technological entrepreneurship gives an advantage to entrepreneurs of any field of activity. This paper reveals the essence and features of technological entrepreneurship in a rapidly developing business area. The difference between technology entrepreneurship and other types of business activities is described. The composition and structure of the innovation system of technological entrepreneurship and the need for its study are revealed. The main advantage of technology entrepreneurship is the ability of people to invent and apply the most modern technologies.

Keywords: Essence, entrepreneurship, innovation, technological, business.

keywords: essence, entrepreneurship, innovation, technology, business.

Technological entrepreneurship is the focus of many important debates today, including discussions about technology development for start-ups and growth firms, regional economic development, selection of appropriate stakeholders to invest in new projects, training of managers, engineers and scientists. However, a generally accepted definition of technology entrepreneurship has not been established, which makes the debate about its nature even more important.

The relevance of this study is predetermined by the current realities of international economic relations, in which many companies today invest heavily in innovation, and the number of high-tech startups is only growing year by year.

Consider a number of definitions of this phenomenon, proposed for use by foreign and domestic analysts.

For example, T. Bailetti argues that technological entrepreneurship is an investment in a commercial project in order to use these funds as heterogeneous assets aimed at recreating new value characteristics of a product that distinguish it from others.

This definition is based on the desire to change the characteristics of a product, allowing it to qualitatively distinguish it from another product or service. This definition is of a pronounced comparative nature, in other words, “technology” is a service or product, or a quality characteristic that is not yet available in a competitor’s product similar in consumer properties.

The definition of Irina Emelyanovich has a negative connotation in relation to technological entrepreneurship. The author argues that this type of entrepreneurship is an attempt to absolutely commercialize science, both theoretical and applied. Irina points out that the very nature of the emergence of technological entrepreneurship stems from the desire and desire of a businessman and a scientist to improve life. However, this process should not turn into an endless pursuit of profit. This type of entrepreneurship is based on a pronounced creative activity, also aimed at the personal self-development of the entrepreneur and scientist.

Gosteva O.V. and Anikina Yu.A. operate with historical prerequisites for the emergence of technology in the economic structure of society. According to their research, the term "technological entrepreneurship" appeared in 1998. It denoted a type of business based on innovative technologies, advanced knowledge of scientific, technical and organizational areas. Increased requirements are imposed on enterprises of this type, based on the special role of intellectual resources and innovative technologies.

Rybina Z.V. defines technological entrepreneurship as a natural step in the evolutionary development of the economy of economic enterprises in any country. This is due to the fact that gradually, with the complication of science and technology, the key idea of ​​any production process is changing - labor, land, capital and information as means of production are replaced by technologies.

Kuftyrev I.G., Perednyaya S.S. define technological entrepreneurship as part of the international infrastructural development of the economy and business. According to the authors, technology is part of the economic ecosystem that needs to be supported by subsidizing entrepreneurship and R&D.

Therefore, in the question of the formation and development of the institution of innovative entrepreneurship, the prerequisite for the formation of a favorable innovation climate in the economy and the formation of an appropriate infrastructure becomes critical.

Systematizing all the listed characteristics of technological entrepreneurship, we can conclude that the distinguishing feature of technological entrepreneurship from other types of entrepreneurship (for example, social entrepreneurship, small business management and self-employment) is the joint experimentation and production of new products, assets and their attributes, which are inextricably linked. with advances in scientific and technical knowledge and ownership of the firm's property.

For the Russian technology business, the last decade and a half have become a period of assertion in the socio-economic space of the country. The further development of this most massive segment of the economy is largely related to the solution of a number of priority tasks: achieving sustainable economic growth, strengthening the competitiveness of high-tech goods and services produced in domestic and international markets, and increasing the degree of Russia's involvement in the processes of globalization and international integration.

The growing role of technological entrepreneurship in the processes of internationalization, strengthening the innovative vector of development of the national economy, participation in servicing transnational value chains, as well as expanding the range of measures of state support for export-oriented enterprises substantiate the relevance of the research topic chosen by the author.

To identify the essence of technological entrepreneurship, it is necessary to define the essence of the concept of "innovation".

To conduct innovative processes, the company must have:

• Free cash sufficient to finance development;
• Employees capable of generating extraordinary solutions;
• An appropriate material and technical base for the creation and mass production of a new product;

So, innovative development allows an enterprise to increase its economic potential and achieve its goals through strategic changes in the system. Those. the benefits of the new system become apparent and the possibility of realizing these benefits also becomes more likely.

To determine how profitable the introduction of innovations will be, one can only study the innovative potential of the organization.

But first you need to define the concept of "innovation". Innovation is an implemented innovation that provides a qualitative increase in the efficiency of processes or products demanded by the market. It is the end result of human intellectual activity, his imagination, creative process, discoveries, inventions and rationalization. An example of innovation is the introduction to the market of products (goods and services) with new consumer properties or a qualitative increase in the efficiency of production systems.

In our opinion, based on this definition, it is possible to interpret the innovative potential as "a set of characteristics of an enterprise that determine the company's ability to carry out activities to create and practically use innovations."

It is especially important to reveal an element of the external environment - socio-economic, political, financial factors. How the system of innovation potential interacts with the environment, which is manifested in the performance of certain functions by it and makes it possible to attribute innovation potential to a complex open system.

So, we can conclude that the innovative potential of a business characterizes the ability of the subject of innovative activity to implement an innovative idea in the form of a new or improved technological process.

Innovation as an introduced innovation that provides a qualitative increase in the efficiency of processes or products demanded by the market is ensured only by the presence of a number of elements indicated above.

Today, most companies selling high-tech goods and services start their activities as part of a small form of business. Small business has one rather strong advantage for this in relation to other forms of doing business - mobility.

A small number of personnel and production capacities allow a small business (in our case, a business that is opened specifically for the implementation of the development - a startup) to direct all resources to the design and implementation of a technological idea.

Moreover. small business responds faster to changes and to dynamic conditions of changing external market conditions. The history of the development of the world economy from the pre-industrial era to the post-industrial one shows that at the initial stages the role of small business was higher.

Technological small business is also more profitable for accelerating the process of concluding a deal with large corporations that buy its developments.

This statement is also emphasized by the increased role of small business in the history of economic activity of enterprises.

In an industrial society, large firms came to the fore (see Table 1). However, at the present stage, the principles of economic expediency are pushing large companies and corporations to cooperate with small businesses both in domestic markets and international ones.

Table 1

The evolution of formations and types of business

Classification criterion	pre-industrial society	industrial society	post-industrial society
Main factor of production	Earth	financial capital	Human capital
Main production resource	Raw material	Energy	Knowledge and information
Type of production activity	Mining	Manufacturing	Sequential processing
Dominant sector of the economy	Agriculture	Industry	Services sector
Type of underlying technology	labor intensive	capital-intensive	knowledge-intensive
Type of interaction	man nature	Man's transformation of nature	Interaction between people
Manufacturing paradigm	Providing life	Mass production	Customized production, quality of life
Dominant forms of business organization	Individual enterprise	large firm	Small and large firm

In the countries of the European Union, the share of small enterprises reached 99.8%, i.e. There were 45 small enterprises per 1,000 inhabitants, or about 22 people per enterprise. Moreover, more than 90% in Europe are micro-firms with fewer employees.

Let us consider what proportion of these small forms of business is occupied by technological entrepreneurship. for example, in the EU countries, the number of employees in small industrial enterprises is also quite high - 58-60% of all employed, and in high-tech industries it is 32-40%. The largest proportion of people employed in small enterprises, both in industry in general and in its high-tech industries, is typical for Spain, and the lowest figure (45%) for Germany, Portugal, Finland and Sweden. In addition, every second of the newly created workers places open in the SME sector. The share of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises accounts for 65% of GDP in Europe, 65 million jobs.

As for individual industries of industrial production, in the EU countries as a whole, the largest number of employees takes place in medical, precision and optical instrumentation (63.8%), in the production of electrical equipment (42.5%), in the production of office equipment and computers ( 30.5%). Small enterprises create approximately 40,000 euros of added value per employee per year.

In developing countries, the share of the smallest and small businesses, on average, accounts for about 60% of all employed and 45-50% of the total GDP produced. The variation in the value of this indicator for individual countries is very large. In the economy of the Republic of South Korea, where the process of monopolization of the economy is still actively manifested, the share of small enterprises accounts for approximately 30%, and their share in GDP was only 15%. In Taiwan, where the principle of "efficient small business" is successfully applied, there are more than 70 thousand small enterprises for 8.5 million able-bodied population, which create more than 55% of GDP.

Unlike the United States and a number of other countries, China, using the generalized experience of integrating small businesses in the world community, has programs for the development of the country's economy, including the development of small innovative businesses until 2020, 2050, providing for the restructuring of this area and saturating it with new financial development mechanisms that have been successfully tested in other countries of the world. The fundamental point in the development of small business in China is to provide equal opportunities to all small businesses in matters of investment, lending, improving production, creating and commercializing intellectual property. China has established state funds to support and develop entrepreneurship, financed from the country's budget. Small business is supported by the Chinese Center for Business Coordination and Cooperation, whose main task is to create special conditions for cooperation between Chinese and foreign organizations to support small businesses, and study world experience. Over the past 8 years, the number of MB enterprises in China has rapidly increased, including innovative ones, which have provided significant budget revenues to the state treasury. Small business in China employs 60% of the country's able-bodied population.

Thus, in almost all countries of the world, SMEs play a very significant role: over 50% of GDP is created by small businesses (in Russia - only 21%). Over 60% of the able-bodied population is employed in the SME sector (in Russia - 22%).

However, in our opinion, the most relevant and effective tool for the development of technological entrepreneurship is the ability to combine university education and work in a business development team.

According to Western scientists, nowhere does technical discovery play such a significant role in creating a new venture as in higher education institutions, which are modern fertile ground for scientific achievements and technological innovations. Therefore, university spin-off companies and university incubators are extremely important. The term "spin-off" (spin-off) means that the new company arises from the parent company (spin-off companies are also known as start-up and spin-out companies).

As a result of infrastructural interaction between the university and other actors, three main models of entrepreneurship development have emerged:

1) a classic spin-off, in which a scientist or a group of scientists start a business using the results of their developments;

2) a "hybrid" option, in which an alliance arises between scientists and external entrepreneurial actors; scientists provide knowledge and technology for this business, and the entrepreneur - other resources;

3) "entrepreneurial" option, in which a new innovative business is developed by the efforts of an entrepreneur, and the number of employees includes specialists with relevant knowledge and skills.

At the same time, as the globalization of the world economy intensifies, the transition to an innovative development economy in developed countries and the desire to transition to an innovative path in emerging markets and developing countries, the concept of globalization of small business and its study in the works of scientists has arisen.

Globalization appears as a certain form of international competition that expands the agents of the market, reduces barriers to entering it, which expands the field of activity of subjects of the "small economy", initially oriented to the local market, and at the same time creates conditions for the emergence of a special type of small and medium-sized enterprises, "born global” (the term was introduced by the McKinsey consulting company). If for the former, the objectivity of involvement in the system of the international division of labor and international economic relations is determined by the development of the processes of internationalization of exchange, production and capital, and their role in the world economy is characterized by some passivity (the majority of such enterprises), then the latter is characterized by an initial target setting for the internationalization of activities (“ global start-ups”, “international new ventures”).

Thus, globalization acts as a “world constructor” (K.L. Rozhkov’s term), which divided the small business sphere into two relatively independent areas: “evolutionary globalization of the small business” and “revolutionary globalization of the small business” , which are characterized by their own agents (subjects), strategies of their behavior, forms of international cooperation, functioning environment, as well as functional orientation (see Table 2).

Criterion	Evolutionary globalization of MB	Revolutionary globalization of MB
Agents (subjects)	"mice"	"gazelles", "born global"
Operating environment	"other economy"	"new economy"
Behavior strategy	Adaptation	Global expansion/global interpenetration
Forms of international cooperation	Traditional (trading), ensuring the functioning of transnational business	Progressive (industrial and scientific and technical cooperation) on an innovative basis
The degree of foreign economic activity	low, forced	high
Business internationalization policy	Gradual internationalization of activities	Internationalization is a strategic goal, a breakthrough policy

The evolutionary globalization of MB is an objective historical process of involving small forms of business organization in global competition due to the liberalization of the world economy, the acceleration of scientific and technical progress and the reorientation from purely material to social and humanistic priorities of economic development.

As a result, within the framework of evolutionary globalization, small businesses are implementing an adaptation strategy, focusing more on traditional forms of interaction with each other, but mainly with large businesses.

At the same time, the orientation towards conducting innovative business in the world economic environment through the activation of innovative (progressive) forms of foreign economic interaction of small enterprises is typical for "born global".

Facilitating small businesses in entering foreign markets (export promotion, investment abroad, internationalization of small businesses) is an integral part of German policy (table 3).

Table 3

Directions for assisting technological enterprises in Germany when entering foreign markets

Support Program	Sphere	Company size	Industry affiliation
"National Fair"	Participation in fairs, expansion of sales	SME
"Foreign Fair"	Participation in fairs abroad	All types	Crafts, trade, industrial production, tourism, transport, individual activities
"Support"	Sales expansion	SME	industrial production
"ERP: export financing"	Lending for export deliveries to developing countries	All types	industrial production
Export Credit Insurance (Germes)	Reducing export risks	All types	Exporters, German Credit Organizations
"Investment guarantees in foreign countries"	Investments	All types	Companies headquartered in Germany
KfW Mittelstand program (foreign)	Investments, research and innovation activities	All types	Crafts, trade, industrial production, tourism, transport, individual activities

In the United States, technology development and improvement is carried out by the MT Technology Diffusion Program (STTR), which encourages small firms to interact with non-profit research institutions, provides an opportunity to access financial and technical assistance in creating joint ventures or temporary associations (consortiums) focused on the development initial idea and bringing it to completion. The program is coordinated by the AMB Department of Technology, and the main customers are 5 partner federal agencies with additional budgets for R&D in excess of $ 1 billion. These include: the National Space Research Agency (NASA), the National Science Foundation, the Department of Defense, the Department of Energy, the social security.

Thus, the development of technological entrepreneurship today is the most important task of many states, since it reflects the ability of people to invent and apply the most modern technologies. In this regard, interuniversity programs to support technological entrepreneurship among students are being implemented in Russian practice.

Technology Entrepreneurship

Materials for laboratory work

and development of outline plans

for students studying in the specialty

1-02 06 01 “Technical work and entrepreneurship”

Handout prepared E. S. Astreiko, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of General Physics and Methods of Teaching Physics of the Ural State Pedagogical University. I. P. Shamyakina

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TECHNOLOGICAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP 1. Subject and tasks of technological entrepreneurship. 2. Psychological, legal and economic aspects of entrepreneurial activity. 3. The essence of technological entrepreneurship. Types and types of entrepreneurship. 4. Entrepreneurial activity of an educational institution. 5. Entrepreneurial environment. 6. The market as an environment for the existence of entrepreneurs.
SUBJECTS OF BUSINESS ACTIVITY 7. Subjects of entrepreneurial activity. 8. Individuals. 9. Legal entities. 10. Rights and obligations of entrepreneurs. 11. Personal qualities of entrepreneurs. 12. Individual entrepreneur (IP). 13. The procedure for state registration of IP. 14. Registration with the tax authority. 15. The procedure for keeping records of income and expenses, business transactions of individual entrepreneurs. 16. Termination of IP activity.
FORMS OF BUSINESS ACTIVITY 17. Types of forms of entrepreneurial activity. 18. Economic partnership. 19. Limited Liability Company. 20. Company with additional liability. 21. Joint stock company. 22. People's enterprise. 23. Production cooperative. 24. State and municipal unitary enterprises. 25. Associations of business organizations. 26. Simple partnership. 27. Associations (unions) of business organizations. 28. Intra-company entrepreneurship.
CREATING YOUR OWN BUSINESS 29. General conditions, principles and stages of creating your own business. 30. Acquisition of an enterprise (business). 31. Rent of the enterprise. 32. Franchising is a form of business organization. 33. State registration of organizations, legal entities. 34. Registration with the tax authority. Opening bank accounts. 35. Licensing of certain types of activities. 36. Development and registration of a trademark and service mark.
BUSINESS PLANNING 37. Business planning in the activities of entrepreneurs. 38. Characteristics of goods (services). 39. Market for goods (services). 40. Competition in the sales market. Marketing.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TECHNOLOGICAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Entrepreneurial activity of an educational institution

1. Educational institutions may carry out income-generating activities in accordance with the law.

2. The implementation of income-generating activities by state educational institutions does not entail a reduction in their financing from the funds of the republican and (or) local budgets.

3. The provision of paid services in the field of education cannot be carried out in exchange for or as part of educational activities financed from the funds of the republican and (or) local budgets, to worsen the quality of the provision of services in the field of education, which are provided at the expense of the republican and (or) local budgets .

4. Funds received by educational institutions from income-generating activities shall be at their independent disposal and spent in accordance with the legislation and their charters.

5. It is prohibited to establish standards for the implementation of income-generating activities for educational institutions.

Entrepreneurial environment

Entrepreneurship can develop if there are certain external and internal factors (conditions) in the country, which together provide favorable opportunities for the development of a civilized successful entrepreneurship, i.e. if a certain business environment is formed. Under entrepreneurial environment one should understand the favorable socio-economic, political, civil and legal situation that has developed in the country, which ensures economic freedom for capable citizens to engage in entrepreneurial activities aimed at meeting the needs of all subjects of a market economy.

Entrepreneurs operate under certain conditions that collectively make up the business environment, which is an integrated set of various (objective and subjective) factors that allow entrepreneurs to succeed in achieving their goals, in implementing entrepreneurial projects and contracts and making a profit (income). As an integrated complex system, the business environment is divided into external, as a rule, independent of the entrepreneurs themselves, and internal, which is formed directly by the entrepreneurs themselves.

The entrepreneurial environment is formed on the basis of the development of productive forces, the improvement of production (economic) relations, the creation of a favorable social and state climate, the formation of the market as an environment for the existence (activity) of entrepreneurs and other important conditions.

Well-known scientists involved in research on favorable conditions for the development of entrepreneurship believe that an effective business environment should provide civilized and law-abiding entrepreneurs with the necessary economic freedoms as the first and determining condition for the formation of entrepreneurship, and as the second condition - organizational and economic innovation.

Independence and economic freedom as characteristic features of entrepreneurship and the conditions for its development mean: the independence of individuals in organizing their own business in any economic area, except for those prohibited by law; free choice of the subject of activity and type of business; Entrepreneurs have a certain set of rights and guarantees that allows them to organize and develop their business, use its results at their own discretion in accordance with constituent documents and regulations.

The independence and economic freedom of business entities do not mean their willfulness, therefore, the legislation establishes measures of state regulation of business activities and the responsibility of entrepreneurs for violation of relevant legal acts, which is absolutely justified both economically and legally. The main principle in setting such limits should be the fundamental principle: entrepreneurship develops on the basis of independent decision-making by its subjects within the framework of the law, and the state should not interfere in the specific business life of entrepreneurs.

Termination of IP activity

Termination of entrepreneurial activity carried out with the formation of a legal entity is possible through reorganization or liquidation commercial organization. Reorganization can be carried out by merging, accession, separation, separation, transformation. At the same time, upon separation, a commercial organization continues to carry out its activities, and one or more legal entities are created on the basis of its separate divisions. The rules on the reorganization of legal entities are contained in Art. Art. 53-56 of the Civil Code of the Republic of Belarus.

General provisions regarding the liquidation of legal entities are contained in Art. Art. 57-62 of the Civil Code of the Republic of Belarus. The procedure for liquidation (termination of activity) of business entities is also established by special regulatory legal acts.

The activities of business entities, commercial organizations and individual entrepreneurs may be terminated in voluntary(for example, by decision of the founders (participants), an individual entrepreneur) or in compulsory order(for example, by decision of a court or a registering authority) and only on the grounds provided for by regulatory legal acts.

Economic partnership

Household A partnership is a firm organized by individuals on the basis of a combination of entrepreneurship and personal labor.

Only individuals can participate. In the household partnerships need to work, and not just invest money in it. Each person can be a member of one partnership.

There are two types:

1) general partnership: does not pay income tax, pays only income tax, responsibility for all property, it is profitable to organize where there is a constant stable sales (medicine, law and audit firms)

The main disadvantage is the presence of full responsibility. And not only for their own actions, but also for the actions of partners, this condition gives rise to the need for joint conduct of business, unanimity in management.

The main advantage is high creditworthiness.

2) partnership on faith: general partnership (responsible with all their property), limited partnership (invest money, but do not work, these people do not answer with their personal property).

They are widespread in countries with market economies, since they easily allow attracting deposits from a significant number of small investors, which means they improve the conditions for financing enterprises.

Joint-Stock Company

joint stock company a business company is recognized, the authorized capital of which is divided into a certain number of shares.

The authorized capital of a joint-stock company is made up of the nominal value of shares.

The authorized capital of an open joint stock company and a closed joint stock company must be at least the minimum amount provided for by law.

In the event of a decrease in the value of the net assets of a joint-stock company following the results of the second and each subsequent financial year below the minimum size of the authorized capital established by law, this joint-stock company is subject to liquidation.

people's enterprise

The Law of the Russian Federation "On the Peculiarities of the Legal Status of Joint-Stock Companies of Employees (People's Enterprises)" introduced a new organizational and legal form of entrepreneurial activity into civil legislation - a joint-stock company of employees (People's Enterprise). At the same time, the rules of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Joint-Stock Companies" on closed joint-stock companies apply to a people's enterprise, unless otherwise provided by the Law on People's Enterprises. A joint-stock company is a commercial organization, the authorized capital of which is divided into a certain number of shares, certifying the obligations of the company's participants (shareholders) in relation to the company.

Each of the shares determines the totality of the obligations of this company to its owner, shareholder. These obligations of the company are reflected in the fact that each shareholder, even if he owns one share, has very specific rights: to take part in the work of the general meeting of shareholders, to be elected to the management bodies of the company, to receive dividends, etc.

Features of the legal status of the people's enterprise:

1. Employees of a people's enterprise must own more than 75 percent of its shares.

2. A people's enterprise has the right to annually increase its authorized capital by issuing additional shares in an amount not less than the amount of net profit actually used for the purpose of accumulation during the reporting financial year. These additional shares, as well as shares redeemed by the people's enterprise from its shareholders in accordance with the procedure established by the Law, are distributed among all eligible employees in proportion to the amounts of their wages for the reporting financial year. This rule applies to workers newly hired by a people's enterprise if they have worked for at least 3 months in the reporting financial year. The charter of the people's enterprise may establish a different period of work, after which newly hired persons are endowed with shares. However, it cannot be less than 3 and more than 24 months.

3. One employee-shareholder cannot own the number of shares of a people's enterprise, the nominal value of which exceeds 5 percent of its authorized capital. This maximum share of shares may be reduced by the charter of the people's enterprise. If, for any reason, one employee-shareholder has more shares than the maximum number determined by the charter, the people's enterprise is obliged to buy out the excess shares from the employee-shareholder, and the employee-shareholder is obliged to sell this surplus to the people's enterprise.

4. An employee-shareholder has the right to sell his shares only in the manner prescribed by this Law.

5. The people's enterprise is obliged to redeem from the resigned employee-shareholder, and the latter is obliged to sell to the people's enterprise the shares of the people's enterprise belonging to him at their redemption value. Under certain circumstances, this shareholder has the right to sell his shares to employees of the people's enterprise at an agreed price.

6. The number of employees who are non-shareholders for the reporting financial year should not exceed 10 percent of the total number of employees of the people's enterprise.

7. When the general meeting of shareholders of a people's enterprise makes decisions that affect the interests of all employees-shareholders (regardless of the number of shares they own), the voting principle "one shareholder - one vote" is applied.

23. Production cooperative

A production cooperative is a commercial organization whose participants carry out entrepreneurial activities on the basis of combining property shares and personal labor participation, and bear subsidiary liability for its obligations in equal shares, unless otherwise specified in the charter, within the limits established by the charter, but not less than the annual income received in a production cooperative (clause 1 of article 107 of the Civil Code).

Participants , taking into account the requirements for personal labor participation, only individuals can be, and the status of an individual entrepreneur is not required. The number of participants in a production cooperative that is not associated with property participation, its participants are referred to as members of the cooperative. The trade name of a production cooperative must contain its name and the words "production cooperative". Instead of the latter, the Civil Code also allows the use of the word "artel" (clause 3, article 107 of the Civil Code).

The only founding document production cooperative is the charter, which, in addition to the information specified in paragraph 2 of article 48 of the Civil Code, must contain the information provided for in paragraph 2 of article 108 of the Civil Code. The property of a production cooperative initially consists of shares of its members and is its property. It is divided into shares, however, this does not mean the presence of shared ownership. The size of the share does not depend on the share contribution and other contributions and, in turn, does not affect the rights of the member in relation to the cooperative. In any case, a member of a production cooperative has one vote in making decisions by the general meeting (clause 4, article 110 of the Civil Code).

Authorized fund. To the moment state registration of a production cooperative, a member of the cooperative is obliged to pay at least 10% of the share contribution, and the rest within a year from the date of state registration, if a shorter period is not established charter . The Civil Code contains rules providing for the possibility of creating a unanimous decision of the members of the cooperative, unless otherwise provided by the charter, of indivisible funds used for the purposes determined by the charter of the production cooperative. The legal nature of these funds, unfortunately, is not clearly defined in the norms of the Civil Code. Considering that, in accordance with the norm of paragraph 1 of Art. 109 of the Civil Code, the property of the cooperative is divided into shares, the use of the term "indivisible funds" allows us to conclude that it denotes such a part of the property of the cooperative, which can't be divided into shares. This assumption is confirmed by the norm of clause 5 of article 111 of the Civil Code, according to which the collection of debts of a member of the cooperative consists of two parts: 1) shares of all members of the cooperative;

2) indivisible funds, if they are formed.

Due to the absence of a special indication in the norms of the Civil Code, it is logical to assume that they will be formed at the expense of the profits of the cooperative. Therefore, if the general meeting of the cooperative decides to form indivisible funds (which should be reflected in charter ), not all profits will be distributed among its members. Moreover, if a member of the cooperative leaves the organization, transfers his share or part of it to another person, is excluded from the cooperative, he does not have the opportunity to receive part of the property of the cooperative, which constitutes indivisible funds. A similar situation arises when a share is received by the heirs of a deceased member of the cooperative, as well as when foreclosure is levied on the share of a member of the cooperative. Part of the property constituting indivisible funds may become the property of members of the cooperative only in cases of liquidation of the production cooperative and transformation into a business partnership or company. In economic partnerships and companies, indivisible funds are not created, therefore, when a production cooperative is transformed into a business company or partnership, all property, including indivisible funds, is subject to distribution into shares of members of the cooperative, which (shares) form the contribution of the participant to the authorized fund of the created in as a result of the transformation of a company or partnership. In our opinion, the same approach should be applied to transformation production cooperative into a unitary enterprise.

It should be noted that the norms of the Model Charter of a collective farm (agricultural production cooperative), approved by Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus of February 2, 2001 No. 49 “On some issues of organizational and legal support for the activities of collective farms”, allow part of “newly created at the expense of own funds of fixed assets enroll in a special fund - a share fund of collective farm members, distribute the funds of this fund in monetary terms among the members of the collective farm and credit them to personal accounts. All other property, except for share contributions and property contributions, is not subject to distribution among members of the collective farm and is used only for its intended purpose by decision of the general meeting of members of the collective farm (subclause 23.4, clause 25 of the Model Charter).

Production cooperative management system similar AO system with the only difference that the formation of a supervisory board is not obligatory, but if created, it, like the executive bodies, can only include members of the cooperative. The list of issues constituting the exclusive competence of the general production cooperative is defined in the provisions of clause 3 of article 110 of the Civil Code. A member of a production cooperative has the right to transfer his share or part of it to another member of the cooperative, unless otherwise provided for in the provisions of regulatory legal acts or the charter. Since the transfer of a share to third parties means their acceptance as members of the cooperative, it is possible only by decision of the general meeting of the production cooperative. The norm of paragraph 2 of Article 111 of the Civil Code provides for the possibility of expulsion from the members of the cooperative as a measure of responsibility for non-performance or improper performance of the duties of a member of the cooperative. Other grounds for exclusion may be provided for in the provisions of regulatory legal acts on production cooperatives or the charter of the cooperative.

Production cooperative May be converted into a business partnership or company. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that when transforming into a business partnership, all or part of the members of the cooperative must register as individual entrepreneurs.

The number of members of the cooperative must not be less than three. In this regard, the norm of clause 2 of article 112 of the Civil Code establishes that a production cooperative may be transformed into unitary enterprise in cases where there is only one member left in the cooperative.

simple partnership

Under contract simple partnership(agreement on joint activities) two or more persons (partners) undertake to combine their contributions and act jointly without forming a legal entity to make a profit or achieve another goal that does not contradict the law.

Only individual entrepreneurs and (or) commercial organizations can be parties to a simple partnership agreement concluded for the implementation of entrepreneurial activities.

Contribution of a comrade everything that he contributes to the common cause is recognized, including money, other property, professional and other knowledge, skills and abilities, as well as business reputation and business connections.

The partners' contributions are assumed to be equal in value, unless otherwise follows from the simple partnership agreement or actual circumstances. The assessment of the value of a non-monetary contribution of a partner is made by agreement between the partners.

Contributed by comrades property, which they possessed by right of ownership, as well as the products produced as a result of joint activities and the fruits and incomes received from such activities are recognized as their common shared property, unless otherwise established by law or a simple partnership agreement or does not follow from the essence of the obligation.

The property contributed by the comrades, which they possessed on grounds other than the right of ownership (on the right of economic possession, operational management, under a lease agreement, under an agreement for the gratuitous use of property, etc.), is used in the interests of all comrades and, along with property, constitutes being in their common property, the common property of comrades.

Accounting of the common property of partners may be entrusted by them to one of the persons participating in the contract.

The use of the common property of comrades is carried out by their common consent, and in case of failure to reach an agreement - in the manner established by the court.

The obligations of partners in maintaining common property and the procedure for reimbursement of expenses associated with the performance of these obligations are provided for by the contract.

At conducting common affairs each partner has the right to act on behalf of all partners, unless the simple partnership agreement establishes that the conduct of business is carried out by individual participants or jointly by all participants in the simple partnership agreement.

When doing business together, each transaction requires the consent of all partners.

In relations with third parties, the authority of a partner to make transactions on behalf of all partners is certified by a power of attorney issued to him by the other partners, or by a partnership agreement made in writing.

In relations with third parties, partners may not refer to restrictions on the rights to conduct common affairs of a partner who has made a transaction, unless they prove that at the time the transaction was concluded, the third party knew or obviously should have known about the existence of such restrictions.

A partner who has made transactions on behalf of all partners in respect of which his right to manage the common affairs of partners has been limited, or who has concluded transactions in the interests of all partners on his own behalf, may demand reimbursement of expenses incurred by him at his own expense, if there were sufficient grounds to believe that these deals were necessary in the interests of all comrades. Partners who have suffered losses as a result of such transactions have the right to demand their compensation.

Decisions relating to the common affairs of comrades are taken by comrades by common agreement.

Each comrade, regardless of whether he is authorized to conduct the common affairs of comrades, has the right to get acquainted with all documentation on the conduct of affairs. Waiver of this right or its restriction, including by agreement of comrades, is void.

General expenses and losses of comrades. The procedure for covering expenses and losses associated with the joint activities of partners is determined by their agreement. In the absence of such an agreement, each partner shall bear the costs and losses in proportion to the value of his contribution to the common cause.

An agreement that completely exempts any of the comrades from participating in covering the general expenses or losses is void.

Liability of partners for common obligations

1. If a simple partnership agreement is not related to the implementation of entrepreneurial activities by its participants, each partner is liable for general contractual obligations with all his property in proportion to the value of his contribution to the common cause.

For common obligations arising not from the contract, the comrades shall be jointly and severally liable.

2. If a simple partnership agreement is connected with the implementation of entrepreneurial activities by its participants, the partners shall be jointly and severally liable for all common obligations, regardless of the grounds for their occurrence.

Profit distribution. The profit received by the partners as a result of their joint activity is distributed in proportion to the value of the contributions of the partners to the common cause, unless otherwise provided by the simple partnership agreement or other agreement of the partners. An agreement to remove one of the comrades from participation in profits is void.

Allocation of a share of a comrade at the request of his creditor. The creditor of a participant in a simple partnership agreement has the right to present a claim for the allocation of the debtor's share in the common property in accordance with Article 258 of this Code.

Termination of a simple partnership agreement

1. A simple partnership agreement is terminated due to:

1) recognition of one of the partners as missing, incapacitated or partially incapacitated, if the simple partnership agreement or a subsequent agreement does not provide for the preservation of the agreement in relations between the remaining partners;

2) declaring one of the partners economically insolvent (bankrupt), with the exception specified in subparagraph 1 of this paragraph;

3) death of a partner (declaring him dead) or liquidation or reorganization of a legal entity participating in a simple partnership agreement, if the simple partnership agreement or a subsequent agreement does not provide for the preservation of the agreement in relations between other partners or the replacement of a deceased partner (reorganized legal entity) by his heirs (successors) );

4) refusal of any of the partners from further participation in the open-ended agreement of a simple partnership, with the exception specified in subparagraph 1 of this paragraph;

5) termination of a simple partnership agreement concluded with an indication of a period, at the request of one of the partners in relations between him and the other partners, with the exception specified in subparagraph 1 of this paragraph;

6) expiration of the simple partnership agreement;

7) allotment of a partner's share at the request of his creditor, with the exception specified in subparagraph 1 of this paragraph.

2. Upon termination of a simple partnership agreement, things transferred to the common possession and (or) use of the partners shall be returned to the partners who provided them without compensation, unless otherwise provided by agreement of the parties.

From the moment of termination of the simple partnership agreement, its participants bear joint and several liability for unfulfilled general obligations in relation to third parties.

The division of the property that was in the common ownership of the partners, and the common rights of claim arising from them, is carried out in the manner established by Article 255 of this Code.

A partner who has contributed an individually defined thing to common ownership is entitled, upon termination of a simple partnership agreement, to demand in court that this thing be returned to him, provided that the interests of other partners and creditors are observed.

Private partnership

1. A simple partnership agreement may provide that its existence is not disclosed to third parties (tacit partnership). The rules on a simple partnership agreement provided for by this chapter shall apply to such an agreement, unless otherwise provided by this article or follows from the essence of a silent partnership.

2. In relations with third parties, each of the participants in a private partnership is liable with all his property for transactions that he concluded on his own behalf in the common interests of the partners.

3. In relations between partners, obligations arising in the course of their joint activities are considered general.

CREATING YOUR OWN BUSINESS

29. General conditions, principles and stages of creating your own business.

Any citizen of active age can become an individual entrepreneur (hereinafter - IP). He independently (single-handedly) makes a decision on the conduct of entrepreneurial activity and its termination. An individual entrepreneur carries out business personally on his own behalf and is personally responsible for its results. He is the sole owner of the property used in the course of entrepreneurial activity.

State registration of an IP is carried out at its location, that is, the place where it permanently or predominantly resides.

For state registration as an individual entrepreneur, the following is submitted to the registering authority:

■ application for state registration;

■ personal photo;

■ the original or a copy of the payment document confirming the payment of the state duty (0.5 of the base value).

The application is drawn up according to the approved one and it confirms that the citizen who applied for state registration as an individual entrepreneur:

^ does not have an outstanding or unexpunged conviction for crimes against property and the procedure for exercising economic activity;

^ there is no unexecuted court decision on foreclosure on the property of this citizen;

^ at the time of state registration, this citizen is not the owner of the property (founder, participant, head) of a legal entity that was in a state of economic insolvency (bankruptcy);

^ as of the date of state registration, was not an individual entrepreneur recognized as economically insolvent (bankrupt), less than a year has passed since the date of exclusion from the Unified State Register of Legal Entities and Individual Entrepreneurs;

^ as of the date of state registration, was not the owner of the property (founder, participant) of a legal entity, an individual entrepreneur, whose debt was recognized as a bad debt and written off in accordance with legislative acts, from the date of exclusion from the Unified State Register of Legal Entities and Individual Entrepreneurs, less than three years have passed years.

Documents for the state registration of an individual entrepreneur are submitted by personal appeal, i.e. a citizen who is registered as an individual entrepreneur.

When submitting a document, you must have a passport or other identity document with you.

At the same time, the Regulations on State Registration allow submission of documents for registration of an individual entrepreneur not by the applicant himself. In this case, the signature of the person who signed the application for state registration of the IP must be notarized, and the representative of the citizen must have a power of attorney certified by a notary.

It should be noted that in accordance with the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus dated 31.08.2011. No. 1164 in Minsk, electronic state registration of individual entrepreneurs is carried out (web portal of the Unified State Register of Legal Entities and Individual Entrepreneurs http://egr.gov.by).

The application form for state registration of an individual entrepreneur in electronic form is given in Appendix 2.

An individual entrepreneur is considered registered from the date of filing documents submitted for state registration and making an entry in the Unified State Register (USR).

The certificate of state registration is issued no later than the working day following the day of submission of documents for state registration.

The registering authority, within 5 working days from the date of making an entry in the Unified State Register, issues documents confirming registration with the tax authorities, statistics authorities, the social protection fund, registration with the Belgosstrakh insurance company.

Registering and other state bodies (organizations) are prohibited from requiring that the types of activities carried out by them be indicated in the certificate of state registration of an individual entrepreneur.

In the event of a change in the surname, first name, patronymic of an individual entrepreneur, his place of residence, an individual entrepreneur is obliged to apply to the registering authority within a month to make appropriate changes to the certificate of state registration of an individual entrepreneur.

An authorized employee of the registering body does not carry out state registration of an individual entrepreneur in the event of:

Failure to submit all documents required for state registration;

Making an application in violation of the law;

Submission of documents to the wrong registration authority.

In this case, an appropriate stamp is placed on the application and the grounds for which state registration was not carried out are indicated.

Re-state registration of a citizen as an individual entrepreneur is not allowed if the individual entrepreneur is not excluded from the Unified State Register of Legal Entities and Individual Entrepreneurs.

An individual entrepreneur is responsible for the accuracy of the information in the documents submitted for state registration, incl. in a statement.

In case of loss or damage of the certificate of state registration, a duplicate of this certificate is issued on the day of applying to the registration authority with the collection of a state fee in the amount of 50 percent of the rate established for the state registration of an individual entrepreneur.

The activity of an individual entrepreneur registered on the basis of knowingly false information is illegal and prohibited. Incomes received from such activities are collected in the income of local budgets in a judicial proceeding.

A citizen whose state registration as an individual entrepreneur has been canceled has the right to apply for state registration as an individual entrepreneur only after three years from the date of such a decision.

38.03.05 Business informatics
Undergraduate
Duration of study: 4 years
Beginning of the academic year: from September 1st

Passing score

238 Passing score
2018

Entrance tests 2019

Entrance tests

Minimum score 1

Russian language (USE / written)

Entrance tests

Minimum score 1

Social studies (USE / written)

Russian language (USE / written)

Mathematics (USE - profile level / in writing)

1 The minimum score is the minimum score required to participate in the competition

ABOUT THE PROGRAM

The qualifications obtained by bachelors in Business Informatics (profile - technological entrepreneurship) correspond to the priorities of the Digital Economy of the Russian Federation Program (approved by order of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 28, 2017 No. 1632-r). Graduates of the business informatics program are in demand in the new economy, as they have competencies at the intersection of information and communication technologies, economics and management. The educational program (EP) of the bachelor's degree was developed on the basis of the professional standards "Specialist in Information Systems" and "Product Manager in the field of information technology.

TRAINING COURSES

EP training courses allow students not only to gain knowledge in relevant scientific fields, but also to master modern technologies for creating and running a business based on innovations in the field of information technology (IT).
Students receive fundamental and at the same time practice-oriented training in three areas of knowledge:

1) mathematics and basic knowledge in the field of IT (Mathematical Analysis, Data Analysis, Operations Research, Theoretical Foundations of Informatics, Programming, Databases, Operating Systems, Object-Oriented Analysis and Programming, etc. disciplines);

2) economics and management (Micro- and Macroeconomics, Econometrics, Organization Theory and Organizational Behavior, Management, Financial Management, Enterprise Economics and Business Analysis, Innovation Management, Business Fundamentals and Business Law, Knowledge Management, Quality Management, Marketing and Market Research, Human resources management, Creation of startups and other disciplines);

3) application of IT to improve business efficiency (Enterprise Architecture, Project Management, IT Service and Content Management, Accounting Systems, E-Business, Business Process Modeling, Web Programming Fundamentals, Information Security, Dynamic Modeling, Information Systems Design, Intelligent Systems, Business models and entrepreneurship on the Internet, Methods and tools for developing information systems for business and other disciplines).

ADVANTAGES

The number of personnel graduating from universities in the direction of business informatics lags behind the needs of the modern IT market by about 30-40%. (Softline company). According to a study by the Career Service, the increase in vacancies in the IT industry for young professionals was 44%. Currently, every 11th vacancy in the IT market is aimed at a young specialist in business informatics. According to hh.ru, the number of vacancies in the IT field is about 60,000 throughout Russia.
Close cooperation with leading innovative companies in the IT industry allows graduates to defend VKR with positive opinions from government agencies and business organizations on completed projects. The State Attestation Commission includes practitioners with experience and professional achievements in the field of business informatics and management. Graduates of the program work in management positions and positions of leading specialists.
The profile of technological entrepreneurship is in demand in the context of the strategy of innovative development of Moscow, because involves the formation of special competencies for the creation of innovative companies in the IT industry, for the development of entrepreneurship in the Internet economy, for the assessment and selection of IT for informatization and automation of applied tasks in entrepreneurial activity and other competencies.
More than 80 percent of the teachers involved in the EP are scientific and pedagogical workers with a scientific degree. A distinctive feature of this EP is that at least 10% of academic disciplines are taught by representatives of employers and practitioners from organizations (companies) that cooperate with the Department of Business Informatics.

PRACTICE

Early professionalization of students in the undergraduate program is implemented through the organization of practices, project and research work, starting from the first year of study. The Department of Business Informatics practices public defense of term papers and projects, holding scientific and methodological seminars, meetings of sections of the scientific student society. The department maintains cooperation relations with a number of leading companies in the IT industry of the Russian Federation (1C, 1C-Analytics, RG-Soft, Inforus Corporation, etc.); business organizations (Gazprom divisions, small and medium-sized businesses); authorities and administrations, organizations of the social sphere (Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, educational and medical organizations in Moscow, etc.

Modern technological entrepreneurship has little in common with traditional forms. This is due to the specificity of innovative products and technologies. The business of innovation is built around the latest technologies, progressive structures of organization and management of enterprises. Experts predict an increase in investment in projects in the near future.

The difference between technological entrepreneurship and other forms

Innovation entrepreneurship split off into a separate form in the 1990s, when the first high-tech start-ups began to emerge and operate in Silicon Valley. For the first time, attention was paid to the path from the birth of an idea to the final goal - commercialization.

There are many definitions of the concept of entrepreneurship in the field of innovative technologies, but they all correspond to the statement that this form of activity consists in the synthesis of related areas of business and innovation. Technological business differs significantly from traditional forms of entrepreneurship.

Distinctive features:

1. "Supply creates demand." Innovations are not related to the demands of society, on the contrary, the development of society and technology depends on innovations introduced through innovative projects. Technical innovations are offered to the consumer and are successful when they are effective and useful.
2. The effectiveness of innovation is manifested not in reducing the costs of the manufacturer, but in new qualities or properties of the product (technology, structure, etc.).
3. The defining motivation for the synthesis of innovation is the creation of a new useful product, and not profit.

There is a basic model for the development of a startup in the business of innovation, which contains 3 stages:

1. Source of financing. Startup funding can come from a targeted grant, a business angel, a venture capital fund, an investment partnership, or an IPO company.
2. Innovative product. At the second stage, the author provides a proof of concept, operability and profitability of the project, sometimes the best indicators for investors are high sales in the early stages of implementation.
3. Technology entrepreneur. This is the author of innovation, the creator of a new and sought-after technology. At the third stage, the author of the innovation, who has proven the effectiveness of the product, is ready to start large-scale implementation (operation) and development.

Today, the level of development of the regional economy depends on innovation activity, which directly affects the place of the state in the world. The potential for economic growth is provided by the mechanism of entrepreneurship in the field of future technologies.

Spreading

According to statistical studies (global innovation index), the leaders in the field of technological entrepreneurship are the countries of Europe, among which are:

• Switzerland (1st place);
• Sweden (2nd place);
• United Kingdom (3rd place).

Scientific and technical innovations in these states are developing most actively. Progressive methods of creation and innovation accelerate the process from startup creation to monetization.

The Russian Federation in this regard is inferior to most states, even such as Malta and Slovenia, and is in 48th place in the world ranking. At the same time, business in Russia has the necessary opportunities for development: entrepreneurship in Russia is characterized by rapid growth, and also has experience and successfully implemented technological innovations. The main rival of the Russian Federation in many respects - the United States - ranks 4th, which is associated with the high level of scientific and technological progress of America.

Conditions for successful operation

High-tech business involves risk in the face of uncertainty. The success of an enterprise depends on 4 factors:

1. Basic entrepreneurial knowledge. Creating your own business in any industry is initially a gamble if the creator does not have basic knowledge and skills.
2. Rational investment. A reasonable distribution of own and borrowed funds is an important condition for business development.
3. Trained personnel. Investments in education show stable returns, and in relation to technological entrepreneurship, this is a necessary condition for success.
4. Access to the latest technologies. The creation of a new useful product requires taking into account all the world experience in the chosen direction. The goal of innovation is to outperform analogues.

It is impossible to develop new technologies without the described components. However, the totality of "success factors" does not at all insure the entrepreneur from the risks associated with doing business.

Examples of Successful Tech Entrepreneurs

If we cite popular examples of innovation as an example, Apple inc stands out first of all. Apple is a classic example of a successful product of technology entrepreneurship from the "cradle of startups" - Silicon Valley. The CEO of the global technology giant is Tim Cook.

The latest examples from the 21st century are Tesla Motors (a project of technology entrepreneur Elon Musk) and SOLAR RAS, led by shareholders from 13 countries. In addition, revolutionary breakthrough technologies that are promising for investment belong to "Google inc." under the leadership of Sergey Brin and Microsoft Company (Bill Gates).

All processes and phenomena of the modern world are complex, dynamic and contradictory. The annual expansion of social space entails an incredible growth rate of social time. Evolution, as the basic law of the development of civilization, makes us continuously improve, climbing the steps of progress. This means that the formation and new technologies for business are vital in the activities of advancing enterprises.

How new technologies affect the company's business processes

New technologies for small businesses allow for a more rational organization of production in order to increase the profitability of the enterprise while reducing its costs. In his own business, every entrepreneur tries to get stability and maximum efficiency from his production. This makes it possible to introduce modern innovations and efficient forward-looking logistics systems into the business.

The continuous development of the market and the constant growth of competition require the creation of competitive products as an incentive for further expansion of the business, especially if it has won the recognition of consumers.

Best Article of the Month

The first half of 2018 is coming to an end - it's time to sum up the interim results. Even if the company's commercial performance has grown compared to the previous period, make sure that there are no hidden difficulties in the company's operation that can bring trouble.

To diagnose problems, fill out the checklists from our article and find out which side of the business to pay attention to.

The expert assessment of the transition to new technologies for business in 2017 is expressed as follows.

• The entrepreneur feels the natural riskiness of transferring his offspring to new technological processes due to the habit and difficulty of abandoning a long-established business process.
• Of course, any innovation in industrial technology, together with a change in the organization of production, requires high costs, which raises concerns about unknown investments.
• The latest business development methods and modern industrial technologies cover the risks of businessmen with a quick payback, which is confirmed by the proven methods of specialists that raise small businesses to a higher level of commercial development.

Benefits of a business process based on new technologies:

• optimization of entrepreneurial activity in a selected market segment after the use of innovations;
• improving the efficiency of commercial activities;
• improvement of indicators of energy costs in the direction of their reduction;
• reduction of general production costs;
• improving the quality and competitive potential of products;
• improvement of environmental standards of production processes of a small enterprise.

What areas are relevant for the use of new technologies in business

New technologies for small businesses are applicable in various areas of entrepreneurship, such as:

• production processes in small enterprises;
• production and consumption of modern materials in construction;
• production of agricultural products;
• processing of secondary raw materials;
• salons and workshops in light industry;
• production of products for the population;
• providing quality services to Russians;
• production of cosmetic products;
• other areas of activity.

A lot of innovation has been provided to mini-factories, which are very popular among entrepreneurs in many fields of activity. For them, the key benefits of development are:

• compactness of production capacities;
• enterprise mobility;
• actual production volumes, giving tangible profits.

Where to look for new technologies for business

The field of application of innovations is constantly being updated, and exclusive innovative ideas are promptly published by a mass of thematic publications, both Russian and translated foreign ones.

In addition, new business information technologies and methods of their implementation are reflected in various presentations and exhibitions. These events allow entrepreneurs to immediately discuss the possibility of introducing the latest technologies into their own production with representatives of companies of interest.

But the best information medium for promoting innovation is the Internet. In the virtual field there is a great variety of popular science and economic resources that tell not only about the highest technologies. They illustrate examples of their successful application around the world. Of course, a colossal flow of such information is published by foreign portals, therefore, in order to use advanced techniques, it is necessary to know foreign languages. In addition, the Internet also belongs to the unique developments of technologists and makes life easier for most of the population of our planet.

Examples of new technologies for business

1. New technologies in construction

Recently, new technologies for business are being introduced at an accelerated pace in construction. Of the variety of innovations in this industry, the most important ones are singled out.

• Frame housing construction

This type of housing construction implies a separation of the roles of each structure. The supporting function is performed by a rigid frame, for the construction of which horizontal beams, vertical posts and diagonal braces are used. It is assembled from wood or metal, and the walls serve simply as a fence. The most elementary method of such construction is frame-frame. The main frame with wall filling is mounted on the construction site, moisture-resistant plates are used for the exterior cladding, and all voids and gaps are filled with a heat insulator.

• Using 3D panels

Panel 3D construction came to us from America. The frame of the building consists of polystyrene foam panels wrapped in reinforcing mesh and fastened with diagonal rods. Such rods are welded to the grids at the right angle, thus creating a three-dimensional structure. Then the panels are covered with a layer of concrete, creating a monolithic shell.

• Fixed formwork

Fixed formwork made of blocks, slabs or panels is placed according to the project, after which it is combined with special fasteners. The resulting voids are filled with solid reinforcement and poured with concrete. In the future, the formwork is not removed, it serves as thermal insulation and form-building material. With this technology, the supporting functions of the structure are performed by monolithic reinforced concrete.

• Removable modular formwork

This new business technology is being used in low-budget construction. All modules are closed using a hand drill and do not need an underlying solution. For the triviality of this technique, it was called folk construction.

2. New technologies in production

Any kind of industry is greatly influenced by innovation, where new technologies for small businesses are most often translated into reality.

In terms of investment volume and small business opportunities, it is hardly possible to find a completely new direction, not counting, for example, very expensive 3D printers with the same inaccessible consumables.

Of course, starting mass production of plastic hooks using such a printer is a direct path to bankruptcy, since the cost of the finished product will be sky-high. But to establish their production on the basis of conventional classical equipment is very realistic for an average entrepreneur.

Let's discuss a number of promising areas into which modern, relatively cheap equipment has “bursted”.

• Milling machines

Innovations in production are mainly aimed at high precision and environmental protection.

A striking example of high-precision equipment is the familiar milling machines that have been serving people for many decades. They process metals, stone, wood and other materials.

Precision machines are available for 3D (2D) milling, and their scope is quite wide:

• facades for furniture with carvings of varying complexity;
• curvilinear cutting of furniture parts;
• carved parts for fireplaces, stairs and baseboards;
• door and window sculptural elements;
• decorative elements for wooden buildings;
• unique products - souvenirs, figurines, panels and frames;
• vacuum cliches, forms;
• advertising emblems, logos, letters.

• Manufacturing of polyethylene chips

New technologies for small businesses have also affected such a type of business as the production of plastic chips - the result of PET waste processing.

Since much attention in Europe is paid to the impact of polyethylene on the environment, the market is quickly filled with high-tech and relatively cheap devices for its processing costing from $2,000.

This direction is actually relevant and very popular.

Finished PET chips packed in color-sorted bags are purchased by plastics manufacturers. Packing is very necessary, without it the price will be reduced three times.

• Production of crumb rubber

The production of rubber crumb is an advanced business area, which new technologies for business have also not bypassed, since the idea is not new in principle.

The interest lies in the fact that the modern market is saturated with a whole series of technological lines that provide high efficiency at a price that tends to stability (about 2000-2500 rubles).

Each of them is characterized by a standard set of equipment:

• tire shredder;
• magnetic separator;
• rubber restructuring agent;
• vibrating sieves;
• Assembly line.

This business has a great future.

In addition to the fact that the owner of the rubber will pay for the recycling (disposal) of tires, you will receive money for the delivery of the product from the end user represented by the asphalt concrete plant (ABZ). Such goods are always in demand and pay off very quickly. These facts indicate the extreme importance of improving the manufacturability of production.

• Production of fuel briquettes

The production of fuel briquettes from wood processing products does not require large expenditures, but at the same time it is very promising. The main thing in this business is a nearby source of raw materials and appropriate equipment for its processing.

At first glance, this technology does not cause difficulties. The spacious form is filled with sawdust and filled with starch or diluted PVA glue for binding. Then the mass is placed under pressure or sent for heat treatment. Such a process requires certain equipment and some skills.

New technologies for small businesses are being introduced here as well. Due to the huge costs of imported production lines (tens of thousands of dollars), Russian entrepreneurs use their own developments. For example, the production of molds from conventional jacks (the productivity of the process is low and amounts to two briquettes per minute), from screw compressors, etc. Thus, this is one of the most fertile grounds for the creative ideas of modern Kulibins.

3. New technologies in the service sector

This type of activity contains a large number of innovative proposals, which are formed in two directions:

• own intellectual ideas;
• personal transformations into available new technologies for business.

From the point of view of your own intellectual ideas, first of all, it is worth considering the software of mobile devices and, first of all, various application services.

For example, applications that control the health of users are very popular. With the appropriate sensors, any online user will be able to track the main indicators of his body (pressure, pulse, temperature) throughout the day.

Most private clinics offer their patients the service of monitoring their condition through a centralized computer for a fee. And the number of such services is only increasing over time.

New technologies for small and medium-sized businesses have become an effective weapon in the hands of domestic entrepreneurs! The use of existing innovations to implement personal business ideas implies their technical use in one's own interests for profit.

The service sector opens up a huge field of activity for this. You should carefully analyze the information and skillfully introduce innovations into each section of the chain of your activity in order to achieve the main indicator of success - the influx of customers.

4. In other industries

Modern innovations can be implemented in almost any area of ​​business. You can always find a fresh or long-forgotten idea, free from competition. For example, let's call:

• production of 3D casts, allowing parents to make memorable copies of the arms (legs) of their babies;
• production of decorative plaster products that are in harmony with any interior;
• drilling artesian water wells in rural areas;
• congratulatory inscriptions on flowers, giving uniqueness to the realized bouquets;
• free photocopies on the back of advertising sheets with profit from advertisers;
• sale of rare tropical plants grown on their own;
• manual production of exclusive stained glass.

A typical example of the introduction of new technologies for business is social networks. A dozen years ago it was hard to imagine that Internet communication would become so popular. Now the owners of these resources have huge profits for advertising. But once they only needed to come up with a fresh idea, make a little effort, take the time and promote their product.

Today, there are still a lot of free niches in online business: specialized dating sites, learning rare languages, virtual consultations, etc.

Expert opinion

New technologies for IT business

Manfred Reitner,

Vice President, NetApp (Sunnyvale, California, USA)

Cloud computing is the latest type of outsourcing that allows you to soften and reduce the cost of technical processes in every IT company. Here are some ways to optimize the activities of enterprises using these technologies.

1. CRM as a cloud service

No matter how strange it may sound, even our company, as a developer of IT ideas, actively uses them from the outside. This is how we order cloud CRM services from Salesforce.com. Why do I think this solution is more advanced than buying your own CRM system, you ask? Everyone knows that even top IT professionals make mistakes. It is impossible to provide complete protection of information within one company, it is difficult and costly. But another company took care of this, which acquired the necessary software and hardware. Based on the contract, it guarantees you reliable storage of information. When data from your company's internal resources disappears, you can only fire the culprit. And if the information is lost by the company whose cloud services you receive, it will bear material responsibility for this under the terms of the contract.

2. Cloud technologies for saving data

Another example of the productive use of new technologies for business is the storage of a duplicate copy of important information in the cloud (backup). Of course, for a large company, the systematic purchase of new server equipment is not a problem. But for a medium-sized company, this is sometimes unthinkable and expensive. It is much more profitable to buy a backup service so as not to think about the compatibility of your own systems and server equipment.

Expert opinion

New technologies in retail

Sergei Galeev,

co-founder and CEO of AddReality

Here, endless opportunities for communication with consumers are open to them. This is confirmed by the participants of world technological expositions. Let's discuss retail innovations that have a great future behind them.

The largest shopping centers in Russia and Europe have already caught the trend of "digital transformation", that is, the steady replacement of printed POS materials with digital signs. In addition to conveying relevant content, these retail innovations provide a personalized interaction with customers.

Recently, services have appeared in our country that process analytics about consumer behavior (Watcom, Yandex Data Factory, etc.). The technique of face and movement recognition made it possible to show commercials for a dedicated audience. If a girl approaches a still screensaver, the screen is animated by a demonstration of seasonal sales of youth collections, if a young man approaches, a video about new costumes and accessories is broadcast.

Using digital services, retailers get a detailed analysis of attendance, monitor the fruitfulness of promotions, which was previously problematic. In our country, cloud systems with an average cost of 5,000 rubles are actively used. per one outlet.

2. Digital Advisors and Labels

New technologies for business, and in particular retail methods, greatly improve the store service. Often, customers observe the incompetence of staff, the importunity of salespeople, or, on the contrary, their absence at the right time. These problems are easily eliminated by touch-screen kiosks that have complete information about the product, suggest the optimal color or size that is not available in this store, and also allow you to pay for purchases out of turn.

A growing number of retailers are using RFID tags to track inventory. These innovations allow you to capture barcodes from the entire batch at once, rather than item by item. For this purpose, a frame equipped with sensors is placed in the store. When packages pass through it, the system instantly scans each position. A well-known company offers software that, through a door frame in a fitting room, displays in a mirror the goods taken away by the buyer. In addition, it broadcasts photos of models in this clothing, product descriptions and the presence of a size range in the store. This retail technique increases the attendance of fitting rooms. Cash register RFID tags provide scanning of several goods selected by the client at once.

For the retailers themselves, this helps to remotely control the movement of goods through the hall, to see what is most often tried on and what is discarded. As a result, the buyer has a personal service, and the firm has detailed analytics.

3. Online upsell near the checkout

The settlement area is equipped with screens that recognize the age and gender of consumers, as well as broadcasting special offers for a similar group of customers.

When the cashier scans products, related offers appear on the screen. The client can add the desired product to the check with a light click. Thus, the cashier is not burdened with promotions and additional advertising and can promptly serve visitors.

4. 3D mirrors

Touch kiosks and digital screens are not enough for retailers. They form a space where the consumer is immersed in the atmosphere of the brand. This is facilitated by digital installations, interactive games, quests, merging with social networks. The main thing is to use everything in a complex way: sound, visualization and sensory. For the buyer, emotions and a chance to distance themselves from the outside world are very important.

New technologies in trade

The overwhelming majority of successful companies began their activities with consumer demand. In any business niche, there are a huge number of enterprises working in the same direction. However, every successful entrepreneur has his own zest - significant or not, which positions him among many competitors. Here are a few ideas that, with minor refinement, become original.

Idea 1. Vending

It is this new technology of trading in small business that is the most profitable and the most low-cost. Its meaning is to sell products through the machine. Everything is sold here - from chewing gum, drinks and coffee to exclusive goods such as live crabs, successfully sold in Japan through the same machines. Of course, the range of goods depends entirely on consumer demand.

Running such a business does not require personnel costs. It is enough for the owner to buy vending machines for trading, put them in visited places and ensure their timely replenishment.

Vending is interesting not so much because of the possibility of a quick start from scratch, but because of the lack of great competition. With proper selection of goods and the continuous development of commercial activities, you can get the status of a monopolist in any niche.

Idea 2. Frontend

Like it or not, trade has been and will be the most popular in small business. To modernize the sales system, increasing its efficiency, you can introduce a front-end into your business. This is an eye-catching product that is usually offered for free.

If a second product is added free of charge to the product being sold, the client, having received this offer, as a rule, makes a purchase again. What is important here is not the real value of the product, but the fact that it is free. As this application, samplers of your products or interesting inexpensive souvenirs are suitable.

For companies providing services to the public (taxi, hairdressers, beauty salons), there is always the opportunity to offer customers a free service under certain conditions. For example, every tenth trip or visit to the salon is paid for by the institution. A paid front-end is also possible in the form of regular discounts on certain products. This new technology of trade will help to attract customers faster and keep them stronger than large retail chains constantly use.

Idea 3. Wanselling

In English, van selling means “trade from wheels”. Such an idea is very useful for a distribution scheme for servicing dealer networks. Its meaning lies in the delivery (shipment) of goods and the registration of the transaction in the company's accounting system directly at the points of sale. In other words, the agent brings the entire range of offered products with him.

This technique greatly increases sales volumes and eliminates losses from the sale of perishable products. A big plus is the speed of service to consumers due to the reduction in the cost of processing pre-orders.

New technologies for small businesses on a global scale form the basis for the productive development of an enterprise, its successful operation and real profit. Statistics say that the introduction of various innovations in developed countries gives a GDP growth of 50-80%.

Using technology, you can raise any business to an international level. Moreover, success is determined not by the amount of financial injections, but by the originality of the idea and the timeliness of its implementation.

How to properly implement new technologies for business

Rule 1 Be Patient

Statistics say that only every third modification of production brings a tangible result. You should not pay attention to minor single equipment updates.

Rule 2 Anticipate risks

Before purchasing new equipment, imagine that you spent money, but did not receive the purchased equipment. If this option does not interfere with the normal activities of the company, feel free to make a purchase.

Rule 3 Analyze the workflow

This is the sacred duty of every leader who wants to make his production really efficient. Otherwise, you will have to look for new competitive advantages. By completely trusting the production director, you can get your "lame horse", where the modernization was also entrusted to specialists.

Rule 4 Remove obsolete equipment

Otherwise, work on assembled new machines will be delayed all the time. The determination of the manager and the psychological shake-up of the staff from stopping the work cycle will increase their desire to master new technology.

Rule 5 Don't allow an "arms race"

When buying modern equipment, you gradually provoke partners to modernize your own. Do your best to prevent a competitor from following your example by acquiring more advanced technology and outperforming you in efficiency.

Rule 6 Do not arouse the interest of the auditors

Updating the business process and new technologies in production always fall into the field of view of regulatory authorities. If it does not work out to do it quietly, dismiss the employees at home and notify the inspectors about the crisis of the enterprise and wage arrears. This is almost impossible to verify. But there will be a hope that you will be included in the "black" list of organizations that it does not make sense to visit.

Rule 7 Do not calm down after buying modern technology

Even with the latest equipment, you need to be aware that this is the past day. It is known that at least ten years pass from the beginning of creation to mass production, and the “new” technology already needs urgent modification.

Rule 8 Calculate additional costs

Buying imported equipment requires a whole string of expenses. For example, claims to labor protection and sanitation standards in Russia are tougher than in the EU. Therefore, European technology will have to be brought into line with our standards. (By and large, it is not necessary to comply with these norms, but you still need to be aware). In addition, you will need to purchase several machines to service innovative technology. You also need to spend money on staff retraining.

Rule 9 Convert foreign machines to Russian raw materials

You will not buy consumables abroad! That is, only the bed will remain from foreign equipment, and all attachments will need to be made anew. Such re-equipment also requires extra costs.

Rule 10 Teach staff to remember their effectiveness every minute

Undoubtedly, the introduction of new technologies for business is an endless process. You can come up with some conditional dates that limit the period of modernization, but all this is useful only for creating the history of the enterprise.

Rule 11 Abolish the salary system

Remuneration must be either piecework or as a percentage of the result received by the employee.

Rule 12 Reward employees as much as possible for each implemented idea in monetary terms

Do not allow criminal thoughts about cutting wages after the launch of modernized equipment.

Rule 13 Celebrate merit so that the whole company discusses it

The maximum reward worthy of a good worker is a family trip abroad. In addition, during the rest he will incur large expenses, therefore, when he returns, he will work more efficiently.

Rule 14 Look for people who are willing to take on new jobs

You should not keep them in normal production. Give them difficult tasks and check the result, even if it is not very important yet. But if necessary, these workers will be able to quickly master new equipment and teach others.

Expert opinion

An example of introducing new technologies into production

Andrey Byakov,

general director of the company "Painting Brushes", Kirov

The first introduction of new technologies for business in my production, I undertook in 1998. We then made very simple art brushes. For our consumers (wholesalers and retail outlets), price was more important than quality. But still I tried to make products better than the rest. We bought the usual device for applying elegant inscriptions to the handles. Back then, only the number was indicated on all the brushes, and we added the name of the hair there.

Naively thinking that the sellers would appreciate my innovation, I was surprised when they at first simply warned that such modernization did not suit them, after which they completely abandoned our products. Instantly, the company lost the market. As it turned out, all of them (both wholesalers and retailers) profited from sorting small things. That is, they bought inexpensive products without labeling, and sold them as expensive high-quality ones. So, with my idea, I encroached on their superprofits. Then I realized that any modifications to the product, even undeniably useful, should be agreed with the consumer. In the late nineties, we made modernization for modernization, without taking into account the needs of the buyer, which is absolutely unacceptable.

Already in 2002, I had to think about the large-scale application of new technologies for business in my enterprise. Having visited the specialized exposition in Frankfurt, I saw that at the technological level our German colleagues were ahead of us by 15-20 years. So my dream arose to catch up with the "decaying bourgeoisie."

A couple of years later, one of the German companies offered us machines, since the production of brushes in the country became unprofitable due to the dominance of cheap Chinese products. The Germans started selling equipment. Of course, these were obsolete machines, but along with them technologies were offered that were not yet available in Russia at that time. Yes, and our company was too weak to pull a 40-machine plant. And we began to choose from the surrounding competitors those who could do it, hoping, thus, to get closer to the German methods.

In Kirov, brushes are produced by about 10 companies. To the largest of them, I proposed a partnership. I understood that two scenarios of events were relevant. First, we conclude an agreement on cooperation, together we find funds for the purchase of machine tools, after which each of us has a chance to use German technologies in our production. Then the responsibility for the success of the launched campaign would lie with me. The second plan: the partner will be attracted by German technologies, he will express his gratitude to me for the tip and draw up a deal with the Germans on his own. In the end, that is what happened. I was even a little pleased with this “kidok”, as I saw the difficulties of future work and did not want to plunge into credit dependence. Now I had enough information about technologies and machines, and I got them for free. Less than two years later, I was able to buy modern equipment without any loans.

I think my unstoppable desire to modernize production is generated by the desire to create an oasis of prosperity for my company. And also to prove to Russian business that we can successfully develop and pay taxes. Today our goal is to show European competitors that Russian companies make brushes better than theirs. Domestic products should be better quality than German ones and cheaper than Chinese ones. It is for this purpose that we increase production efficiency. However, we have proven that it is possible.

Information about experts

Manfred Reitner, vice president of NetApp (Sunnyvale, California, USA). Net App. Field of activity: production of innovative products - data storage systems and software for storing, maintaining, protecting and archiving data. Territory: head office - in Sunnyvale (California, USA); more than 150 branches - all over the world. Number of personnel: over 11,000 (in the Moscow office - 22). Annual Revenue: $6.233 billion (Fiscal 2012)

Sergei Galeev, co-founder and CEO of AddReality. Sergey Galeev graduated from St. Petersburg State Marine Technical University and St. Petersburg Humanitarian University of Trade Unions. From 2007 to 2008, he was the CEO of LV Produce. In 2010-2012, he headed the La Ville Produce company. Since 2011 - in the current position. AddReality. The company was founded in 2011. Develops software for managing interactive communications with customers on digital panels, tablets, electronic kiosks. Representative offices are located in Moscow, St. Petersburg and Dubai (UAE). Among major clients: Microsoft, Nike, Lukoil, Rive Gauche, Russian Railways. Staff - 40 people. Official site - addreality.ru.

Andrey Byakov, General Director of the company "Painting Brushes", Kirov. "Painting brushes". Business profile: production of brushes for painting under the brand name Roubloff. Form of organization: LLC. Location: Kirov. Number of employees: 70. Market coverage: ТМ Roubloff is known in Russia, CIS countries, Western Europe, North and South America, Australia.