How to determine the specific gravity of the soil. General information about the process of earthworks and soils. weight of plant soil. The concepts of specific and volumetric weight of soils

Knowing the properties of the soil is necessary when carrying out any work: from digging a garden to complex construction processes. The specific gravity of the soil is one of the first indicators that we encounter. It must be distinguished from density. Calculating it, divide the weight of a substance by its volume, and the formula for density: mass is divided by volume. Different systems use different units of measurement, the off-system unit is G/cm³.

Composition dependency

The skeleton or composition of mineralogical substances in this case is decisive.

For minerals, it is usually in the range from 2.5 to 2.8 G/cm³. With an increase in heavy minerals, the weight of the soil also increases. With organic substances, on the contrary: the more of them, the less it is.

The influence and role of water

Before carrying out calculations, it is necessary to establish the volume and weigh it. This is determined by immersion in water.

The presence of water in the composition, that is, humidity, has a significant effect on the calculation. According to this indicator, two groups are distinguished: wet clayey and dry loose loose. In group 1, the weight of the soil in kN / m³ is from 19.5 to 21.0. Group 2 has from 15.8 to 16.5 kN/m³.

Watch the video: SOIL TYPES. SOIL ANALYSIS.

Considering that soil is a complex dispersed medium consisting of mineral solid particles and pore space filled in the most general terms with water (pore fluid) and air, the concept of density as a physical quantity is also complex and acquires certainty only in the event that it is indicated exactly the density of which phases of the soil is in question.

Soil particle densityρ s is the ratio of the mass of the solid part of dry soil m s (excluding the mass of water in its pores) to its volume V:

Usually, the following units are used as a unit for measuring the density of soil particles: kg / m 3, g / cm 3, t / m 3, etc.

The density of soil particles depends on their mineral composition and the presence of organic and organo-mineral substances, in this regard, it is the weighted average density of these parts of the soil.

Particle Density certain types dispersed soils has the following values: sands - 2.65 ... 2.67 t / m 3; sandy loam - 2.68 ... 2.72 t / m 3; loam - 2.69 ... 2.73 t / m 3; clay 2.71 ... 2.76 t / m 3; peat 1.50 ... 1.80 t / m 3.

Wet ground densityρ w is the ratio of the mass of wet soil m w to its volume V w:

The density of dry soil ρ d is the ratio of the mass of dry soil m d (excluding the mass of water in its pores) to the volume occupied by this soil, which includes the volume of pores in this soil:

These parameters are used to characterize the physical properties of soils and in dynamic calculations of structure foundations.

For engineering geotechnical calculations, related, in particular, to the determination of natural pressure and backfill pressure on retaining walls, it is not the density characteristic of the soil that is used, but the characteristic of its specific gravity, which is the ratio of the weight of the soil to the volume it occupies and measured in N / m 3 , kN/m 3 , mN/m 3 (SI system).

Specific gravity of soil particles γ s is the ratio of the weight of dry soil to the volume of its solid part.

Specific gravity of wet soil γ w is the ratio of the weight of wet soil to the entire volume occupied by this soil.

Specific gravity of dry soil γ d is the ratio of the weight of dry soil (skeleton) to the volume occupied by this soil, including pores.

Density and specific gravity are related to each other by a simple relationship. So, with the value of the density of soil particles p s = 2.71 t/m3, the specific gravity of the particles of the same soil γ s \u003d 10 p s \u003d 27.1 kN / m 3.

The definition of specific gravity consists of two basic operations: determining the volume of a certain amount of soil and determining the weight of this volume of soil.

Determination of the volume of a sample (monolith) of non-porous rock is carried out by immersing the sample in water and determining the volume of water displaced.

Determining the volume of a clay soil sample by directly immersing it in water is impossible, there is a real danger that the clay sample will either disintegrate or swell, absorbing water. For this reason, a clay soil sample is preliminarily waxed before immersion in water, ᴛ.ᴇ. cover it with a layer of paraffin impervious to water. When paraffin waxing, avoid possible entrapment of air (bubbles) between primer and paraffin. The experiment is then carried out in the usual manner as described above. To determine the volume of clean soil, it is extremely important to subtract the volume occupied by paraffin from the found total volume of waxed soil. The volume of wax is easily determined by weighing the sample before and after waxing and taking into account the specific gravity of the wax itself, usually close to 9 kN/m 3 .

The specific gravity of significant cohesive soil monoliths is determined with sufficient accuracy by directly measuring the monolith, which was given the correct geometric shape, for example, cylindrical, and its subsequent weighing. In practice, to determine the specific gravity of wet (and dry) soil, a metal ring with a pointed cutting edge up to 15 cm in diameter and up to 5 ... 10 cm high is often used. For sampling, the ring is pressed into the soil. The volume of the sample in this case is determined by the internal volume of the cylinder.

The specific gravity of wet clay soils is usually 19.5...21.0 kN/m 3 . The specific gravity of dry non-cohesive loose soils usually ranges from 15.8 to 16.5 kN/m3.

The volume of non-cohesive sandy soils is determined in two states: the most loose and the most dense. The determination is carried out by placing sand in a measuring container, and the sands are tested dry or under water. The required maximum friability of sand is achieved by carefully pouring it into a container, and the ultimate density is achieved by carefully baying it to a constant mass or by placing a container with sand on a vibrating table.

Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of rock particles to their volume.

Numerically, the specific gravity is equal to the weight of a unit volume of the soil skeleton, provided there are no pores.

The specific gravity depends on the mineralogical composition of the soil and increases with an increase in the content of heavy minerals in it. So, in basic rocks containing iron, magnesium, the specific gravity is higher than in acid rocks, consisting mainly of quartz.

The presence of humus and organic matter in the mineral soil reduces the specific gravity.

Specific gravity is usually determined in stationary or field laboratories from rock samples, measuring the volume and weight of the solid phase of the soil. The weight of rock particles is determined by weighing a dried soil sample, and its volume is found in the following ways: pycnometric, volumetric, gas displacement, hydrostatic weighing. The pycnometric method is the most widely used.

Volumetric weight of soil is the weight per unit volume. Volumetric weight characterizes the engineering-geological properties and structural features of the soil (the density of the constituent elements) after the explosion of an explosive charge. Distinguish between the volumetric weight of dry soil (volumetric weight of the skeleton) and wet soil.

The volumetric weight of wet soil is the weight per unit volume of soil with natural moisture and structure.

The volumetric weight of wet soil depends on its mineralogical composition, porosity and moisture content. Soils of the same mineralogical composition and the same porosity may have different volumetric weights due to their different moisture content, and vice versa, soils with the same moisture content may differ in volumetric weight due to their different mineralogical composition and porosity. The volumetric weight of dispersed soils (cohesive, non-cohesive and coarse-grained) ranges from 1.3 to 2.4 g/cm 3 .

The volumetric weight of most rocky soils is close to the specific gravity due to the low porosity of the soils of this group. Thus, the volumetric weight of erupted and metamorphic rocks 2.5-3.5, mudstones and siltstones 2-2.5, sandstones 2.1-2.65 and limestones 2.3-2.9 G 1 cm 3.

The volumetric weight of wet soil is a calculated indicator in determining the pressure of rocks on a retaining wall, the stability of slopes and landslide slopes, and the allowable pressure at the base of structures. In addition, it is used in calculating the volumetric weight of the soil skeleton.

The volumetric weight of dry soil or the volumetric weight of the soil skeleton is the weight per unit volume of absolutely dry rock:
The volumetric weight of the skeleton depends on the porosity and mineralogical composition of the soil. The lower the porosity and the higher the content of heavy minerals in the rock, the greater the volumetric weight of its skeleton.

Methods for determining the volumetric weight of rocks are divided into two groups: methods that allow determining the density of rocks in their natural occurrence, and methods used to determine the volumetric weight, as a rule, of small soil samples extracted from the massif. The methods of the first group are used exclusively in the field, and the methods of the second group are used both in the field and in the laboratory.

How much does 1 (one) cube weigh? ground meter?

The weight of one cubic meter of sand depends on many factors. Indeed, in the soil there may be sand, as well as crushed stone. Therefore, for exact values, special tables are compiled. I found a table for which there is an answer.

1 cubic meter of earth weighs exactly it is not possible, because the earth taken from different places can vary significantly. The earth can be dry or wet, dense or fresh, and the earth can also be of other types and compositions. Each species weighs differently, for example, dry earth - 1200 kg, fresh clay - 2200 kg, dry dense - 1400 kg, wet dense -1700 kg. And if you take other species, then their weight will also be different, with rare exceptions.

Density of dry plant land 1200kg/m3

Loose soil density (loam) 1690 kg/m3

Density of common clay 1500 kg/m3

Density is the weight in 1 m3

The earth (soil) is different. It all depends on the composition (it can be light peat soil, or it can be pebble). You can calculate this by weighing a liter container with soil. Since it is known that a liter of water weighs one kg, and 1 cubic meter a ton, then, having learned the difference in weight, we get the weight of a cubic meter of earth.

Each type of soil weighs differently, it all depends on mineral composition, impurities, pore size and degree of their filling with water. A cubic meter of peat, for example, can weigh both 700 and 900 kg. The average density of clay is 1.9-2.05 t / m3. Sand, depending on the granulometric composition, can have a density of 1.4-1.95 t/m3. Limestone and sandstone have a density already of 2.2-2.7 t/m3. The heaviest minerals are igneous and metamorphic, their density can reach several tons per cubic meter.

The weight of one cubic meter of earth is calculated based on the composition of the earth, the density of the earth and the type. Density is the mass of one cubic meter in its natural state, for example, the density of clay and sandy soils is 1.6 - 2.1 t / m3, and rocky soils (not loosened) are 3.3 t / m3. if we take on average the weight of one cubic meter of earth is from 1300 to 2100 kilograms. The weight of the earth depends on its composition and in what condition the earth is in loose or dense, and on the category of the earth.

As we know, the earth can be different: dry, wet, loose, dense, etc. And their weight (density) is different from each other.

Just look at the table below, and you can find out the weight of 1 m3 of dry, clay, wet earth:

At construction work, bulk materials are usually measured in cubes (cubic meters - m3).

In a dump truck like MAZ, on average, up to 6 cubic meters of bulk materials can fit, in KamAZ - 12 m3.

Earth (soil) is also measured in cubic meters. meters.

1 (one) cu. a meter of earth weighs on average (depending on humidity and content of constituent particles) - 1450 kg.

A rather difficult question, since each soil is unique in its composition, and may contain a different amount of moisture.

If we take dry soil, then the weight of one cubic meter will be approximately 1200 kg.

Dense soil, of course, will be heavier - about 1700 kg.

These are more or less average indicators, because it is worth considering many factors that will affect the weight of the earth.

Although the earth is one, it can be very different. Basically, the density of the earth depends on the content of organic matter and clay in it. The more organic matter in the soil, the more loose it is and the lower its density, and hence the weight of one cubic meter. On the contrary, the more sand or clay in the soil, which are the same mineral, the greater the density of the earth and therefore the heavier the cubic meter will be. Very light soils are known, the cubic meter of which weighs only 400 kilograms. For agricultural land and fields, the figure is 1.1-1.4 tons per cubic meter. Approximately how much, for example, a cube of earth weighs in a garden or vegetable garden. Finally, for clay soils, the density can be 2.6 tons per cubic meter and this is already heavy soil on which nothing grows.

The composition of the earth is different, including it can be of different humidity, which significantly affects the weight.

Therefore, depending on these indicators, the weight can vary between 1200 - 2200 kg.

Wikimass, for example, gives the following data:

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Conversion factor for building materials

Conversion factor from m3 to tons for building materials(density, volumetric weight)

The conversion factor is the number by which you need
multiply the price of 1 m 3 of material to find out how much
costs 1 ton of the same material.

table of correspondence
Name material	Unit rev.	The weight	Transferable coefficient
Asphalt	1m 3	2.3t	2,3
Asphalt granulate (black crushed stone)	1m 3	1.6-1.8t	1,7
Asphalt crumb	1m 3	1.8-2.0t	1,9
rubble	1m 3	1.4t	1,4
Sand	1m 3	1.5t-2.0t (average bulk: 1.55t)	1,6
Commercial concrete	1m 3	2.4t	Sold only in m3
silicate brick	1m 3	1.7t-1.9t	1,8
Loose soil (loam)	1m 3 loose soil	1.69t	1,69
Soil loosening coefficient (loam)	1m 3 dense soil	1.42m 3 loose soil	1,42

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Primer density kg m3

how many tons in 1m3 of soil

Counter question: "What is the density of the soil?"

Mass is equal to volume multiplied by density ... 1m3 * 2300kg / m3 \u003d 2300kg \u003d 2.3t

With a soil density of 2300kg/m3.

about 1 ton, but generally depends on the composition of the soil

Classification of soils, GOST, snip, density of clay and other soils by groups

The physical, mechanical and physical properties of soils have a significant impact on the design of the subgrade, methods of work and, ultimately, on the cost of the entire highway.

gravel soil- not rounded sharp-angled destroyed rocks with a particle size of up to 200 mm and a bulk density of 1750 ... 1900 kg / m3, a natural moisture content of 2 ... 6% and a loosening coefficient of 1.3 ... 1.4.
gravelly soil- clastic rock, consisting of non-cemented rounded grains up to 70 mm in size. Rounded particles from 70 to 200 mm are called pebbles. Bulk density of gravel soil reaches 1700…1900 kg/m3, natural humidity – 2…8% and loosening factor – 1.14…1.28.
Sand- loose rock, consisting of fragments of various minerals and rocks in the form of grains with a diameter of 0.12 to 5 mm. Sand is divided into coarse sand with a predominance of a fraction of 0.5 ... 5 mm, medium with a predominance of a fraction of 0.25 ... 0.5 mm; fine with a particle content of 0.1 ... 0.25 mm more than 50%. Sand, in which a fraction of less than 0.1 mm predominates, is called silty. Bulk density of sand is 1500…1600 kg/m3, natural humidity is 8…12% and loosening factor is 1.0…1.1.
sandy loam- soil containing from 30 to 50% sand particles. Bulk density is 1500…1600 kg/m3, natural humidity is 10…15%, loosening factor is 1.2…1.3, plasticity number is 1…7.
Clay is a silicate containing alumina, silica, impurities of sand, lime, etc., as well as chemically bound water. Clay contains more than 30% particles smaller than 0.005 mm. When the content in the clay of particles smaller than 0.005 mm is more than 60%, it is called heavy. The density of clay at natural humidity - 20 ... 30% is 1500 ... 1600 kg / m3. Loosening coefficient - 1.15 ... 1.30. The number of plasticity, depending on the content of clay particles, is 17…27.
Loam- soil containing from 10 to 30% clay particles. The density of loam at a natural moisture content of 14...19% is from 1500 to 1600 kg/m3. The loosening coefficient varies from 1.2 to 1.3. Loam with a plasticity number of 7-12 is called light, and with a plasticity number of more than 12 - heavy.
plant soil has in its composition humus from 4 to 22%. In terms of mechanical properties, it approaches heavy loams. The density of plant soil at a moisture content of 20 ... 25% is 1200 ... 1300 kg / m3, and the loosening coefficient is 1.3 ... 1.4.

The suitability of soil for the construction of a subgrade is determined by its road construction properties.

For embankments, soils are used, the state of which under the influence of natural factors does not change or changes slightly, which does not affect their depravity and stability in subgrade. Such soils include: rocky, non-softened rocks, coarse-grained, sandy (except for fine and dusty), large and light sandy loam.

Soil classification

Soil classification 15.03.09 00:00 Physical-mechanical and physical properties of soils have a significant impact on the design of the subgrade, methods of work and, ultimately, on the cost of the entire highway.

The soils used for the construction of embankments are divided into four main groups: rock, mined by destroying natural solid or fractured rock masses; coarse-grained, occurring in natural conditions in the form of alluvial and deluvial deposits; sandy; clayey. According to their physical and mechanical properties, the soils occurring in the upper thickness of the earth's crust are divided into:

Crushed stone soil - unrounded sharp-angled destroyed rocks with a particle size of up to 200 mm and a bulk density of 1750 ... 1900 kg / m3, a natural moisture content of 2 ... 6% and a loosening coefficient of 1.3 ... 1.4.

Gravelly soil is a clastic rock consisting of unconsolidated rounded grains up to 70 mm in size. Rounded particles from 70 to 200 mm are called pebbles. Bulk density of gravel soil reaches 1700…1900 kg/m3, natural humidity – 2…8% and loosening factor – 1.14…1.28.

Sand is a loose rock consisting of fragments of various minerals and rocks in the form of grains with a diameter of 0.12 to 5 mm. Sand is divided into coarse sand with a predominance of a fraction of 0.5 ... 5 mm, medium with a predominance of a fraction of 0.25 ... 0.5 mm; fine with a particle content of 0.1 ... 0.25 mm more than 50%. Sand, in which a fraction of less than 0.1 mm predominates, is called silty. Bulk density of sand is 1500…1600 kg/m3, natural humidity is 8…12% and loosening factor is 1.0…1.1.

Sandy loam - soil containing from 30 to 50% sand particles. Bulk density is 1500…1600 kg/m3, natural humidity is 10…15%, loosening factor is 1.2…1.3, plasticity number is 1…7.

Clay is a silicate containing alumina, silica, sand, lime, etc., as well as chemically bound water. Clay contains more than 30% particles smaller than 0.005 mm. When the content in the clay of particles smaller than 0.005 mm is more than 60%, it is called heavy. The density of clay at natural humidity - 20 ... 30% is 1500 ... 1600 kg / m3. Loosening coefficient - 1.15 ... 1.30. The number of plasticity, depending on the content of clay particles, is 17…27.

Loam - soil containing from 10 to 30% clay particles. The density of loam at a natural moisture content of 14...19% is from 1500 to 1600 kg/m3. The loosening coefficient varies from 1.2 to 1.3. Loam with a plasticity number of 7-12 is called light, and with a plasticity number of more than 12 - heavy.

The plant soil contains humus from 4 to 22%. In terms of mechanical properties, it approaches heavy loams. The density of plant soil at a moisture content of 20 ... 25% is 1200 ... 1300 kg / m3, and the loosening coefficient is 1.3 ... 1.4.

The suitability of soil for the construction of a subgrade is determined by its road construction properties.

For embankments, soils are used, the state of which under the influence of natural factors does not change or changes slightly, which does not affect their depravity and stability in the subgrade. These soils include: rocky non-softened rocks, coarse-grained, sandy (except for fine and dusty), large and light sandy loam.

Tkk - sealant primers

Primer KVZ 16, PU 10, PL

Apply the primer to a clean, dry and grease-free surface. Wait until dry (see drying time in the table) and start working with the appropriate sealing compound.

Primer KVZ 12 First of all, mix both components well, each separately, then both together in a ratio of 7:2 (A:B). Apply the primer to a clean, dry and grease-free surface. Start compaction after the primer has dried (2 hours).

Primers must only be used for the prescribed sealing compounds and surfaces, as otherwise, they can act as a separating agent. The "Use of Primers" table shows which primer and sealer is recommended for a given surface. A test check is recommended for each use case.

What kind of work does the excavator do? - school knowledge.com

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How much does chernozem weigh, and what is the specific gravity of a cube of chernozem?

First of all, we note that all units of soil volume, without exception, are especially important engineering-geological characteristics. So, in modern soil science, the following indicators are used that characterize the weight of rocks: specific gravity, volumetric weight of soil, soil skeleton, soil under water, as well as dry (dried) soil. The most popular are the first 3 indicators.

The share of black soil.

What is the specific gravity of chernozem and what is its value? The phrase "specific gravity of chernozem" means the ratio of the weight of solid particles to the volume they occupy. Numerically, this value is identical to the weight of a unit volume of the soil skeleton in the absence of any pores in nm. The following off-system units of measurement are used - G/cm3.

Important! The weight of chernozem itself is a value that is determined by the mineralogical composition and the presence of organic substances. Due to the fact that the specific gravity of these components is far from the same, the specific gravity of chernozem varies depending on the region of the country, depth of occurrence, humidity, etc.

Chernozem weight

This feature is traditionally taken into account in the process of acquiring the above fertile soil for various purposes and tasks.

Find out the cost of black soil

All about soil and peat

It is necessary to determine the volumetric weight of the soil. We all dig, dig, take out, bring in something ... It is always necessary to determine at least the required tonnage of the ordered car, so as not to get into a mess.

The soil is transported quite often. How to determine its volumetric weight (SW)? Let's consider this question.

First you need to understand how OM differs from HC (specific gravity), we solved a similar problem with sand.

The specific gravity of the soil will be the ratio of its volume to the mass of its solid particles, which are dried at T=100-105°C.

It must be remembered that the SW depends on:

mineralogical composition;
the amount of organic matter;
the absence (or presence) of all kinds of plant residues.

Why do we need to know UV? This value will be needed when determining RH. The table of specific gravity of the most common soils looks like this.

Now, knowing these figures, we can begin to determine the volumetric weight of the soil, i.e. per unit volume.

The main factor that affects this parameter is humidity. Depending on it, the volumetric weight of the soil is divided into 2 types.

Dry.
Wet.

Attention should be paid to this circumstance.

Sometimes it's the little things that make the calculation go wrong.

RH of dry material is calculated by the formula:

As for the RH of the wet material, it is calculated like this:

Of course, an amateur developer will not use these formulas. He needs to calculate everything quickly and without too much headache.

The desired average values for the bulk density of wet ground material can be taken from this table.

As you can see, it is necessary to take into account the porosity of the material. Soil is a very complex, multifaceted and dispersed medium, consisting of many components. Which ones?

Solid mineral particles.
Void (pore space, which is usually filled with air and water).

Accurate calculations for calculating its RH are sometimes very difficult. However, an ordinary developer does not need this. It is enough to take the averaged data and substitute them into your calculations.