Authorized capital of the joint-stock company. Share capital What is included in share capital

In the balance sheet of a corporation, the share of owners is called shareholders' equity, as shown below.

Note that the equity section of the corporate balance sheet has two parts: (1) share capital and (2) retained earnings. Share capital represents the initial investment of shareholders in a corporation. Retained earnings are profits earned by a corporation since the start of business, less losses, dividends, or equity transfers.

In many countries, the amount of retained earnings is the basis for calculating the maximum possible distribution of past profits to shareholders. Retained earnings are not funds to be distributed to shareholders. Retained earnings represent earnings reinvested in the corporation.

In accordance with the principles of completeness of information reflection, the “Share capital” section of shareholders’ equity of the corporate balance sheet contains significant information about the share capital of the corporation: types of shares, their nominal value, the number of shares authorized for issue, the number of shares issued and in circulation. The information contained in the Equity section of shareholders' equity is the subject of the remainder of this chapter. A detailed discussion of retained earnings is given in the chapter on earnings and retained earnings.

Share capital

The unit of ownership in a corporation is a share. The shareholder receives a share certificate showing the number of shares in the corporation that shareholder holds. He can transfer his property as he sees fit. To transfer to another person, the owner of the share must sign the share certificate and give it to the secretary of the corporation.

In large corporations listed on specially established stock exchanges, it is difficult to keep records of shareholders. Such corporations issue millions of shares, and within a single day, several thousand shares may change hands. Therefore, such corporations often appoint independent registrars and transfer agents, which are usually banks or trust companies that perform secretarial functions. They are responsible for conducting the transfer of shares of the corporation, maintaining the register of shareholders, compiling the list of shareholders for shareholders' meetings and paying dividends.

When issuing shares, corporations often involve underwriters who act as intermediaries between corporations and potential investors. For a fee, usually less than one percent of the sale price, the underwriter secures the sale of the shares. In the equity and share premium accounts, the corporation records the amount of net proceeds from the issuance of shares, i.e. the amount paid for shares by purchasers, net of underwriter's fees, legal fees, certificate printing costs, and other costs directly attributable to the issuance of shares.

Capital authorized for issuance

In most countries, when a corporation applies for registration, the draft articles of association must specify the maximum number of shares the corporation is allowed to issue. This amount represents the capital that is allowed to be issued. Most corporations receive permission to issue more shares of stock than is necessary at the time of their incorporation. This allows the corporation to issue more shares in the future to raise additional capital.

For example, if a corporation plans to expand its operations in the future, then unissued shares, permitted in the articles of association to be issued, will be a possible source of capital. If all of the authorized capital was issued at once, then the corporation would have to apply to the state for permission to amend the charter to increase the number of shares in it authorized to be issued.

The articles of association also indicate the face value or nominal value of those shares that were allowed to be issued. The face value, or face value, is an arbitrary amount, often set by law, that must be printed on each share. This value is reflected in the "Share Capital" accounts and represents the authorized capital of the corporation.

The authorized capital is equal to the number of issued shares multiplied by their nominal value; it is the minimum amount that can be shown as share capital. The face value, or face value, is usually not comparable to the market or book value of the shares. When a corporation is created, an entry can be made in the general ledger showing the number and description of shares authorized to be issued.

Issued and outstanding capital

Issued capital represents shares sold or otherwise transferred to shareholders. For example, a corporation is allowed to issue 500,000 shares, but the corporation may choose to issue only 300,000 shares at the time the corporation is organized. The holders of these 300,000 shares own 100% of the property of the corporation. The remaining 200,000 shares are unissued. They do not confer any rights or privileges until they are released.

Capital in circulation are shares issued and outstanding. A share is not considered to be outstanding if it has been redeemed by the corporation that issued it or returned to that corporation by a shareholder. In such cases, the number of shares issued will be greater than the number of shares outstanding. Those issued shares that have been repurchased and held by the corporation are called treasury shares, which we will discuss in more detail later in this chapter.

Ordinary shares

A corporation can issue two main types of shares - ordinary and preferred. If only one type of shares is issued, then they are called ordinary. Ordinary shares are the residual equity of a corporation.

This means that in the event of liquidation of the company, the turn to satisfy the claims of holders of ordinary shares comes only after the turn of all creditors and holders of preferred shares. Since common stock is usually the only stock that gives its holders the right to vote, it is a way to control the activities of a corporation.

Authorized capital joint-stock company(hereinafter - JSC) must be paid after its registration. The article reveals general information about the authorized capital (hereinafter referred to as the MC) of a JSC, and also highlights questions about how to reduce or increase it.

Authorized capital of JSC

Information about what constitutes the authorized capital of a joint-stock company, as well as the procedure for increasing and decreasing it, is set out in Art. 25-29 of the Law "On Joint Stock Companies" dated December 26, 1995 No. 208-FZ, as well as in Art. 99-101 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

The UK is formed when a joint-stock company is created. It is formed by shares, and the amount of capital is determined by their nominal value and quantity. Par value is a set amount that reflects how much a share is worth in monetary terms. It may differ from market value, expressed in the amount of money that they are willing to give for 1 share in the market in this moment time.

The capital is paid as follows (clause 1, article 34 of the Federal Law No. 208). Half of the shares must be paid within the first 3 months after the registration of the JSC. The remaining half is paid within a year after the registration of the company, if in memorandum of association not otherwise specified. If the shares are not paid, the joint-stock company participant who allowed this cannot participate in the decision-making on the company's activities, that is, vote.

A JSC may have ordinary and preferred shares. The first are always equal in value to each other and provide the same rights to the owners. Price preferred shares may be different, but the same types of such shares cost the same. At the same time, the nominal price of all preference shares cannot be higher than 25% of the size of the JSC's management company. The value of one such share cannot be less than the value of 1 ordinary share.

Minimum share capital public society(whose shares are in free circulation) is exactly 10 times higher than the amount of the LLC's capital and amounts to 100,000 rubles. The capital of a non-public JSC (whose shares cannot be freely bought) is 10,000 rubles (Article 26 of the Federal Law No. 208). By virtue of paragraph 3 of Art. 11 FZ No. 208 all necessary information on the authorized capital of a joint-stock company must be written in the charter.

Minimum UK for some types of JSC

For some types of joint-stock companies, the minimum amount of capital is established by special laws (clause 1, article 66.2 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

In particular, the increased size of the minimum authorized capital is established:

• for banks and other credit institutions due to the requirements of Art. 11 of the Law “On Banks…” dated December 2, 1990 No. 395-1 (from 90 million rubles to 1 billion rubles, depending on the type of credit institution);
• insurance organizations due to the requirements of paragraph 3 of Art. 25 of the law “On the organization of insurance ...” dated November 27, 1992 No. 34015-1 (from 120 million rubles to 480 million rubles, depending on the coefficients established by law for various insurance objects);
• producers of vodka due to the requirements of paragraph 2.2 of Art. 11 of the law "On state regulation…” dated November 22, 1995 No. 171-FZ (80 million rubles).

Increase in the authorized capital of JSC

All JSC shares are non-documentary. This means that information about the owners of shares is reflected in the registers or in the records on the depo account. Shares do not have to be whole. By virtue of paragraph 3 of Art. 25 of the Federal Law No. 208, they can be split up.

Fractional shares also participate in the turnover of a public JSC or within a non-public JSC. If a shareholder has, for example, 2 fractional shares, the size of each of which is ½ of the whole, then it is considered that he owns a whole share.

The capital of a JSC can be increased in 2 ways:

• By increasing the value of existing shares. The decision on this is made at the general meeting of shareholders. It is possible to increase the value of existing shares when the JSC has property that can cover the increase in value.
• By issuing new shares. The decision on this is made either by the general meeting or the board of directors, if such powers are transferred to it in accordance with the charter of the joint-stock company. As a rule, the issue is carried out when it is necessary to attract new shareholders. It is possible to increase the capital both at the expense of the property of the JSC, and in other ways, for example, by attracting funds from new shareholders.

To increase the charter capital of a joint-stock company, all members of the general meeting must vote unanimously. New shares that appear at the expense of the JSC's property are distributed among the shareholders in proportion to their number. It should be noted that the number of shares cannot exceed that specified in the charter of the JSC.

Reduction of the authorized capital of a joint-stock company

The capital of JSC can not only be increased, but also reduced. At the same time, there are cases when it is necessary to do this without fail, for example, when another joins one joint-stock company (clause 4.1 of article 17 of the Federal Law No. 208) or the shares of the joint-stock company were not paid and transferred to the company that must sell them (clause 1 article 34 of the Federal Law No. 208).

IMPORTANT! The capital cannot be reduced if, as a result of its reduction, the size of the authorized capital will be less than 100,000 rubles for public JSCs or less than 10,000 rubles for non-public ones.

The reduction is done in 2 ways:

• By reducing the value of each share of one type (for example, all ordinary shares). The decision can be taken by the general meeting, and the board of directors puts forward a proposal to this effect.
• By reducing the total number of shares. The decision must be made at the general meeting.

IMPORTANT! Reducing the authorized capital of a joint-stock company is possible only when it is prescribed in the charter. Otherwise, you will need to make changes to it.

It is impossible to reduce capital through a decrease in the value of shares if (clause 4 of article 29 of Federal Law No. 208):

• they are not paid;
• they are not redeemed by AO in accordance with Art. 75 FZ No. 208;
• JSC meets the signs of bankruptcy;
• a decrease in capital will lead to bankruptcy;
• the value of assets is less than the total amount of both the management company and the reserve fund, as well as the value of preferred shares;
• the value of assets after the share price is lowered will be less than the total size of the authorized capital, the reserve fund, as well as the value of preferred shares;
• dividends have been declared but not paid;
• JSC is specialized (Article 15.2 of the Federal Law "On the market ..." dated April 22, 1996 No. 39).

Results

So, in most cases, the size of the authorized capital of a public JSC at the beginning of its activity is 100,000 rubles, and of a non-public JSC - 10,000 rubles. It must be paid in full within a year after the registration of the JSC.

Part 7. Intermediate test

1. Using an accounting equation, fill in the gaps in the following table:

2. Briefly explain the following accounting principles. Illustrate your answer with examples.

– The principle of an independent economic entity

– Materiality principle

- Principle of discretion

3. Robinson Sports produces a complete set of sports equipment. On May 1, the firm received an order from K. Gatting and Son, address: 14 Middle Road, Fakenham, for the following goods:

The company provides a trade discount of 25% off the regular price retail, VAT - 17.5%.

Required:

Prepare a credit note to be sent by Robinson when K. Gatting & Son returned 3 pairs of cricket pads, 1 training suit and 2 table tennis rackets on May 5 as defective.

Calculate the profit that "K. Gatting & Son would have received if all of the conditioned items in the above order were sold at the suggested retail price. Show your calculations for each article.

4. Explain the following terms:

– Invoice

– Credit memo

– Trade discount

– Cash discount

Part 8. Answers to the midterm test

Section 2

Part 1
Accounting, Commercial Organizations

Accounting- identification of facts of economic activity, registration and presentation of information about them to interested users.

At the first stage accounting(i.e. at the stage identifying) information is collected about the facts that make it possible to obtain a reliable idea of ​​​​the economic activity of a particular commercial organization.

Registration- an ordered and systematized reflection of the facts of economic activity in chronological order.

Performance information about the facts of economic activity is carried out by compiling and distributing financial statements.

Accounting consists of the following steps:

Discovery > Registration > Information submission

internal users accounting information are managers who carry out planning, organization and operational management of the enterprise. These include marketing managers, service heads internal control, officials companies (see Figure 1.1).

in number external users includes investors, creditors, tax authorities, regulators, trade unions, buyers and customers, and government planners.

Term "bookkeeping" is not synonymous with the concept of "accounting". Accounting refers exclusively to the registration of facts of economic activity, while accounting also provides for their identification, evaluation and presentation of relevant information. Thus, bookkeeping is only a part of accounting.

Commercial organizations

There are different types of commercial organizations:

- Sole proprietorship - an enterprise whose assets are owned by one owner.

– A partnership (partnership) is an enterprise whose assets are owned by two or more partner owners.

– A joint-stock company is an enterprise that is a separate legal entity, whose activities are regulated by the law on joint-stock companies, the property of which is divided into a certain number of shares.

– Other entities such as trustees, joint ventures, consortiums, etc.

balance equation

Basic balance equation:

Assets = Liabilities + Equity

The basic balance equation applies to all economic entities, regardless of size, type of activity and legal form (see Illustration 1.2).

The components of the main balance equation are:

Assets- resources controlled by the company, from which the company expects to receive economic benefits in the future.

Commitments- the current debt of the company, the repayment of which will lead to an outflow from the company of resources containing economic benefits.

Share capital- the share in the assets of the company remaining after deducting all its liabilities.

Share capital includes the following components:

Issued capital consisting of shares placed in exchange for funds contributed by shareholders and reserves representing capital maintenance adjustments (such as equity adjustments resulting from the revaluation of assets and liabilities).

Undestributed profits, defined as the difference between income and expenses, used for the payment of dividends and the formation of reserves, which represent the target distribution of this profit.

Income represent the total increase in share capital as a result of carrying out economic activities for the purpose of generating profit. This concept includes both revenue arising in the course of the ordinary activities of the company (from sales, remuneration, interest, etc.), and Other income which also fall under the definition of income and may arise in the course of the ordinary activities of the company.

Expenses represent both the costs associated with the consumption of assets or the depletion of resources that arise in the course of the ordinary activities of the company, and other reductions in economic benefits (losses) that fall under the definition of expenses that may arise in the course of the ordinary activities of the company.

The difference between income and expenses results in net profit or net loss:

Revenue/Income > Expenses/Losses = Net Income

Revenue/Income< Расходы/Убытки = Чистый убыток

Business operations

Each operation can be analyzed in terms of its impact on the components of the main balance equation. In addition, the analysis should identify the metrics affected by the operation and the amount of change in each metric (see Exhibit 1.3).

Each business transaction has a double effect on the equation. For example, an increase in the value of a single asset should be accompanied by the corresponding:

– a decrease in the value of another asset, or

– an increase in the liability, or

- increase in share capital.

Check is a unit used in accounting to record the increase and decrease in a single item of assets, liabilities or equity.

In its simplest form, an account can be represented as follows: (a) the name of the account, (b) the left side or debit, and (c) the right side or credit. In its outline, this form resembles the letter "T", so it was called " T-score».

Illustration 1.3

A. Examples of business transactions.

SUMMARY TABLE

BUSINESS OPERATIONS

FOR SEPTEMBER 2001

B. Reflection of accounting data in financial statements.

1. Prepare an income statement and a retained earnings statement based on the September 2001 summary table of business transactions.

REFLECTION OF BUSINESS OPERATIONS

2. Prepare a balance sheet using the month-end account balances from the summary table of business transactions.

Debit and credit, Registration of information in accounting

Terms " debit" and " credit” means “left side” and “right side” respectively.

Recording the amount on the left side of the account is called debit accounts, and on the right side - lending accounts.

When the debit turnover is greater than the credit turnover, the account has debit balance, and if vice versa - credit balance.

Within the system double entry each business transaction is reflected in the same amount on the debit of one account on the credit of another account. Thus, the sum of all debit entries is always equal to the sum of all credit entries.

The following shows the rules for reflecting increase and decrease assets and obligations for debit and credit accounts:

The components of share capital are reflected in various accounts such as Retained Earnings, Earnings and Expenses and accounts relating to issued capital.

The following shows the rules for reflecting the increase and decrease in the components of share capital on the debit and credit of the accounts:

The main balance equation in expanded form is as follows:

Assets = Liabilities + Issued Equity + Retained Earnings

Retained Earnings = Income - Expenses

ILLUSTRATION 1.4

RULES OF DOUBLE RECORDING

REGULATIONS

The main stages of registration of information in accounting are:

– Analysis of a business transaction for reflection in the accounts of accounting.

– Record information about the operation in the log.

Transferring data from the journal to the appropriate general ledger accounts.

ILLUSTRATION 1.5

REFLECTION OF INFORMATION IN ACCOUNTING

ILLUSTRATION 1.6

ANALYSIS OF OPERATIONS AND THEIR REGISTRATION IN THE JOURNAL

Task: analyze and register the following business transactions in the journal:

BUSINESS JOURNAL

Questions

1. What is the main distinguishing feature of all assets?

a. Long service life.

b. High price.

c. Material and material form.

d. Future economic benefits.

2. Choose the most accurate description of the share capital.

a. Assets = Liabilities

b. Liabilities + Assets

c. Share capital + Assets

d. Assets - Liabilities

3. Which of the equations corresponds to the main balance equation?

a. Assets = Equity

b. Assets - Liabilities = Share Capital

c. Assets = Liabilities + Equity

d. All of the above equations.

4. What are the obligations of the company?

a. Future economic benefits.

b. The company's current debt.

c. Values ​​used by the company in the course of its activities.

d. All of the above.

5. What is not included in the obligations of the company?

a. Bills payable.

b. Accounts payable.

c. Payroll debt.

d. Cash.

6. Liabilities of the company represent debt to:

a. debtors;

b. charitable organizations;

c. creditors;

d. underwriters.

7. Share capital can be represented as:

a. share in assets claimed by creditors;

b. the share in the assets claimed by the shareholders;

c. share in the assets claimed by charitable organizations;

d. the share in the assets claimed by the debtors.

8. The main balance equation cannot be represented as:

a. Assets - Liabilities = Share Capital

b. Assets - Equity = Liabilities

c. Share capital + Liabilities = Assets

d. Assets + Liabilities = Share Capital

9. If total liabilities increased by $6,000, does this mean that:

a. assets decreased by $6,000;

b. share capital increased by $6,000;

c. assets increased by $6,000 or share capital decreased by $6,000;

d. assets increased by $3,000 and share capital increased by $3,000.

10. Repayment of receivables in the amount of $400 means:

a. increase in assets by $400, decrease in assets by $400;

b. increase in assets by $400, decrease in liabilities by $400;

c. decrease in liabilities by $400, increase in share capital by $400;

d. decrease in assets by $400, decrease in liabilities by $400.

11. What are income?

a. The value of the assets consumed during the period.

b. The total increase in share capital in the course of business activities.

c. Cost of services used during the period.

d. Current or expected cash payments.

12. Net profit arises when:

a. Assets > Liabilities

b. Income = Expenses

c. Income > Expenses

d. Income< Расходы

13. What is reflected in the balance sheet?

a. Income, liabilities and share capital.

b. Expenses, dividends and share capital.

c. Income, expenses and dividends.

d. Assets, liabilities and share capital.

14. What does the income statement show?

a. Changes in share capital over a specific period.

b. Changes in assets, liabilities and equity over a given period.

c. Assets, liabilities and share capital as at the reporting date.

d. Income and expenses for a certain period.

15. What does an asset account debit entry mean?

a. Error.

b. A credit entry has been made to the liability account.

c. Reduction of assets.

d. Increase in assets.

16. Which of the equations is an expanded version of the main balance equation?

a. Assets = Liabilities + Issued Capital - Income - Expenses

b. Assets + Expenses = Liabilities + Issued Capital + Income

c. Assets - Liabilities = Issued Capital - Income - Expenses

d. Assets = Income + Expenses - Liabilities

17. Which of the following characteristics is not a qualitative characteristic of financial statements?

a. Relevance.

b. Reliability.

c. Conservatism.

d. Comparability.

18. To be relevant, information must:

a. have a low acquisition cost;

b. help assess past, present and future events, confirm and correct past assessments;

c. not be presented to external users;

d. used by many companies.

19. Information must be free from material errors and misleading to ensure:

a. comparability;

b. credibility;

c. sequences;

d. forecast.

20. If information is used for forecasting, then this means that it:

a. verified by an external auditor;

b. prepared on an annual basis;

c. confirms or corrects previous calculations;

d. neutral.

21. Information is relevant if it:

a. has been audited;

b. presented for the longer of the two periods: operating cycle or one year;

c. is objective;

d. capable of influencing economic decision making.

22. What most accurately reflects the following qualitative characteristics?

23. The going concern assumption assumes that the company:

a. will be eliminated in the near future;

b. will be acquired by another company;

c. is a dynamically developing enterprise;

d. operates and will continue to operate for the foreseeable future, will not be eliminated, and the scale of its activities will not be significantly reduced.

24. The going concern assumption is not applicable when:

a. the company is just starting its activities;

b. liquidation of the company is expected;

c. fair value exceeds the cost;

25. To determine the materiality of a financial statement item, an accountant should compare it with all of the following except:

a. total assets;

b. total liabilities;

c. total employees;

d. net profit.

26. Dixon's entry-level accountant made accounting entries for transactions for the year ending 31 December 2000. The Comptroller questioned the correctness of these entries. Net income for the year, based on the accounting entries below, was $250,000.

1. A company purchased a wastebasket worth $20.

2. Inventory costing $16,000 has a replacement cost of $22,000.

3. Equipment purchased in liquidation sale for $12,000, fair value of equipment is $20,000.

Exercise

For each entry, indicate the accounting principles or requirements that were violated and determine the correct amount of net income for 2000.

27. Indicate which of the following items relates to assets, liabilities or equity by identifying each item with the appropriate code:

28. The Wine Company's total assets at the beginning of the year were $800,000 and total liabilities were $300,000. Answer the following questions.

(1) What is the amount of share capital at the end of the year if during the year total assets increased by $250,000. and total liabilities decreased by $150,000?

(2) What is the year-end total assets if total liabilities increased by $360,000 and equity decreased by $130,000 during the year?

(3) What is the year-end total liabilities if total assets decreased by $90,000 and equity increased by $190,000 during the year?

29. Jacquet Carpet Cleaning included the following items in the balance sheet:

Assets (excluding cash) ……. $150,000

Obligations……. $90,000

Share capital ……. $60,000

All assets were sold for cash.

Exercise

Prepare a balance sheet immediately after the sale of assets for cash for each of the following options:

31. Fill in the gaps in the following balance equations.

32. Analyze the following transactions performed by the joint-stock company and complete the table using the “+” sign to indicate an increase and the “-” sign to indicate a decrease in the components of the main balance equation.

33. Below are a number of transactions carried out by Baxter. Under each transaction, list its effect on assets, liabilities, and equity.

For example: Case open. Cash deposited.

Answer: Increase in assets and increase in share capital.

Paid monthly utilities.

A showcase was purchased for cash.

Paid for the repair of the security system.

Billed customers for services rendered.

Received funds from customers on the issued invoice (operation 4).

Dividends declared to holders of ordinary shares.

Dividends paid to holders of ordinary shares.

Paid annual rent.

Received cash from customers for services rendered.

34. Prepare the income statement, retained earnings and balance sheet for Ben Gray based on the following data for September 2000.

(3) Share capital - ordinary shares, retained earnings

(a) $252,000 ($350,000 – $98,000 = $252,000)

(b) $95,000 ($178,000 – $83,000 = $95,000)

(c) $452,000 ($202,000 + $250,000 = $452,000)

32. (10 min.)

Reduction of assets and reduction of share capital. The assets don't change. Reduction of assets and reduction of share capital. Increase in assets and increase in share capital. The assets don't change. Increase in liabilities and decrease in share capital Decrease in assets and decrease in liabilities. Increase in liabilities and decrease in share capital. Reduction of assets and reduction of share capital. Increase in assets and increase in share capital.

34. (15 min.)

BEN GRAY DDS

Report about incomes and material losses

For the month ending September 30, 2000

Service revenue……….. $25,000

Costs for wages……….. $ 10,000

Dental equipment expenses……….. 3,500

Rental expenses……….. 2,000

Utility costs……….. 700

Total expenses……….. $16,200

Net Income……….. $8,800

BEN GRAY DDS

Monthly retained earnings statement,

ending September 30, 2000

Plus: Net income……….. 8,800

Minus: Dividend 6,000

BEN GRAY DDS

Balance sheet

September 30, 2000

Part 2 "Accounting on an accrual basis"

Assumption of periodicity

According to periodicity assumption economic activity enterprises can be divided into certain periods of time. Reporting periods are usually month, quarter or year. An accounting period of one year is called financial year.

Principle of income recognition

The main issue that arises when accounting for income concerns the moment of their recognition.

Principle of income recognition means that income is recognized in the reporting period in which it is earned.

Joint Stock»

Owns the ability and properties to combine various forms of ownership shareholding form organizations.

Share capital- this is financial condition a company of shareholders, which is formed in connection with the combination of several own capital in order to attract small entrepreneurs (depositors) using the sale of shares and bonds. Share capital is in general, but is only held by large financial representatives.

Types of share capital:

• main capital- this is a part of the capital that can be used in production, and which transfers its value to a new manufactured product in parts, its value is prescribed in the Charter of the enterprise;

• subscribed capital- these are shares that the company of shareholders has issued within the prescribed period and for the purchase of which investors have agreed and subscribed;

• - this is a certain part of the authorized capital, which represents the value of paid-in shares in general.

Equity capital can be viewed from two perspectives:

1. capital for production- production buildings, equipment, tools;

Availability of authorized capital is a prerequisite for the functioning of an organization engaged in production or other commercial activities. The authorized capital performs three functions:

starting - is the source of the organization's property;

share - establishes the share of participation of each owner in the authorized capital;

guarantee - guarantees the fulfillment of obligations to third parties.

Depending on the organizational and legal form of commercial organizations, the authorized capital as an integral part of equity capital can act as:

authorized capital (in JSC and LLC);

share capital (in partnerships);

share fund (in production cooperatives);

statutory fund (in unitary enterprises).

For accounting purposes in organizations that have passed state registration, these concepts are reduced to the concept of authorized capital.

Authorized capital (UK)- this is a set of contributions (contributions) of the founders (owners) to the property of the organization in the amounts specified in the constituent documents. The value of the authorized capital characterizes property size, guaranteeing the interests of the organization's creditors. The value of the UK must be indicated in the constituent documents of the organization. The minimum size of the authorized capital is stipulated by federal laws: for a newly established OJSC it is 1000 minimum wages, for a closed joint-stock company or LLC - 100 minimum wages. The minimum size of the share capital and share fund is not established by law. Changing the size of the UK is possible only after making changes to the register of state registration. As a result of ongoing operations, changes in the size of the authorized capital are not allowed.

To account for the authorized capital, its changes and settlements with the founders, the following accounts:

passive account 80 "Authorized capital". Designed to summarize information about the state and movement of the authorized capital of the organization;

active-passive account 75 “Settlements with founders”. Designed for all types of settlements with the founders (participants) of the organization. Sub-accounts can be opened for account 75:

75/1 "Settlements on contributions to the authorized (share) capital"

75/2 "Calculations for the payment of income"

active account 81 "Own shares (shares)". Designed to account for repurchased own shares and shares.

In the balance sheet, the share capital is reflected in section III "Capital and reserves" in the line "Authorized capital".

1. The procedure for the formation of the authorized capital during the establishment (creation) of the organization

Consider the formation of the authorized capital in joint-stock companies and in limited liability companies.

Formation of the authorized capital of joint-stock companies

Authorized capital of joint-stock companies is formed at the expense of the contributions of participants through exchange these contributions to shares and consists frompar value of shares acquired by shareholders. A share is a unit of ownership in a joint-stock company. The promotion has the following attributes: cost (price) and earnings per share. There are the following types share price: nominal, balance sheet, liquidation, exchange rate (market). earnings per share acts as a dividend and represents a part of the JSC's profit received during the reporting period, which is distributed among shareholders.

Joint stock companies can be open and closed. Shares of an open joint stock company can be purchased by any investor. Shares of a closed joint stock company are distributed among predetermined participants.

Stock by way of granting rights to owners are divided into two groups:

ordinary shares;

privileged.

Ordinary shares have the same nominal value and grant their owners the following rights:

participation in the general meeting of shareholders of the company with the right to vote on all issues of its competence;

receiving part of the company's net profit (dividend) for the current year;

participation in the distribution of the property of the company during liquidation after satisfaction of the requirements of the owners of preferred shares specified by the charter.

Preference shares provide their holders with certain privileges in comparison with ordinary shares. The owner of preferred shares receives income in the form of a percentage of the nominal value of the shares, regardless of the results of the organization's activities.

When establishing a joint-stock company the following conditions must be met:

the payment price of the shares must not be lower than their par value;

the form of payment for shares is determined by the founders;

money can be a contribution to the authorized capital, securities, other types of property, property rights, etc. Evaluation of non-monetary contributions is made by agreement of the parties. In the cases established by the laws "On Limited Liability Companies" and "On Joint Stock Companies", an independent appraiser is invited;

the payment period for the shares is determined by the founders, but at least 50% of the shares must be paid within 3 months from the date of state registration joint-stock company, the rest - within a year from the date of state registration.