The products that are manufactured at the enterprise's production facilities and the operations that are performed to produce them must comply with industry standards. Products are subject to certain requirements regarding characteristics, packaging, labeling and safety for humans. All requirements are regulated by GOST. Each enterprise must comply with the technical specifications for garbage bags, including inspection methods, acceptance rules, as well as storage, transportation, use and warranty service. Also, the regulatory document may describe procedures by which it will be possible to determine product compliance with established standards.

Control methods

It includes different sections. These include a block where control methods are described in detail.

These include:

• Methods by which it is possible to establish the characteristics and features of products;
• Rules in accordance with which sampling is taken, as well as samples, materials and equipment for the production process.
• Technology for preparing and carrying out analyses, measurements and tests;
• Methods of processing data obtained during the study;
• The technical conditions for garbage bags include standards regarding labor safety and working with technical equipment.

Development of technical specifications for garbage bags

GOST 2.114-95 describes the basic requirements regarding the preparation of a regulatory document. It must be remembered that the requirements must be reviewed at least once a year. Here you will find ready-made technical specifications for garbage bags, which can be obtained on very attractive terms. This is due to the fact that now technical means are actively developing and are regularly modernized. All significant changes must be reflected in the technical specifications. GOST is also being updated, which you need to remember to keep track of. The development of technical specifications must be carried out by qualified specialists who take into account all requirements when drawing up documentation. This is a complex and time-consuming process that requires certain knowledge and experience.

Technical specifications can be updated by the enterprise itself, or you can turn to third-party companies that specialize in this for help. The project is subject to mandatory approval, and all identified deficiencies must be eliminated within a short period of time.

Ready specifications

With us you can download the technical conditions and receive them by email, which will save a lot of time. You will receive a certificate that will be created based on all the features of your company's activities.

Polyethylene is not just a widely used material, but also a part of our modern life. Polyethylene is used in various fields - from the food industry to space exploration. Garbage bags made from polyethylene are very popular. They are convenient for collecting waste and make cleaning work more efficient. Such bags can be used everywhere: in factories, offices, on the street or at home.

Mass production of polyethylene bags began in 1957, and they immediately began to be in great demand. Bags with handles appeared much later, almost twenty years later. Today, garbage bags are made from the following materials:

• HDPE - low-density polyethylene;
• LDPE - high pressure polyethylene.

Types of bags made from LDPE polyethylene

Several brands of LDPE are produced. In the industrial and household spheres, polyethylene 15813-020, which is of the highest grade, is very common. LDPE bags are stored indoors, protected from direct sunlight. Bags are stored at a distance of at least 1 m from heating devices.

The material has the following features:

• Resistance to mechanical damage;
• Elasticity;
• Convenient application of dyes and long retention of dyes on the surface;
• Brightness and attractiveness of colors;
• Resistance to cold;
• Strength.

Garbage bags have a strength of up to twenty kilograms. The same material is used to strengthen the cut-out handles of packages made from PSD or HDPE. The use of this technology helps increase lifting capacity. Such bags are widely used in trade in cases where not only the colorful emblem on the packaging is important, but also the strength of the bag. In addition, such bags are used in the food industry and medicine.

The production and characteristics of HDPE bags are regulated in accordance with GOST 16338-85. These bags have a characteristic rustling sound. The molecular structure of the material ensures its high strength. At the same time, such bags are not inferior in elasticity to LDPE bags. If you make a cut-out handle in such a product, there will be no need to strengthen it, and the load-carrying capacity of the package, which is 25-30 kilograms, will not decrease. The disadvantages of HDPE bags include their low resistance to negative temperatures: in severe frosts they become vulnerable. The dyes on the surface of such bags look paler and less saturated. But in terms of strength, HDPE is superior to LDPE. Such bags are used mainly for packaging products in the food industry.

Mixed pressure polyethylene combines the best properties of HDPE and PSD. Garbage bags are also made from this polyethylene. This material combines strength with elasticity and can be recognized by its rustling and glossy surface. Used for the manufacture of packaging and packaging bags, its maximum load capacity is thirty kilograms.

Biodegradable bags

Today, biodegradable bags are also produced that have similar characteristics to conventional plastic bags. But at the same time, the decay period of such packages is only a few years, provided such minimal conditions as access to light, water and oxygen are present. The service life of garbage bags when using d2w oxo additive is fourteen months. To store them, you can use a cool, dark room protected from sunlight, in which the temperature does not rise above plus thirty degrees.

Process of making plastic garbage bags

The production of garbage bags begins with the process of processing polymer waste, represented by synthetic thermoplastic materials, which include polyethylene. The raw materials are scraps and residues that cannot be used in primary production due to their size. Typically, high-quality lump waste from the polymer industry is used. HDPE bags can also be made from various household waste (for example, used disposable tableware). Since such raw materials may contain various impurities, they must be carefully prepared for processing.

In addition to various wastes, agglomerate can be used as a raw material. Also suitable raw materials are secondary granules that can adhere very tightly to each other. Before entering production, polymers are processed in several stages:

• primary sorting of polymers;
• crushing of raw materials;
• washing, then drying (using a washing machine, centrifuge, and dryer);
• ranulization.

Description of the processing process

The procedure for producing garbage bags from recycled granules includes two main stages: extrusion and subsequent processing of the material on special machines that form the bags.

Extrusion consists of the following stages:

• Granulated polyethylene is supplied in special containers or on pallets;
• Raw materials are manually poured into special floor bins;
• Rotating screws during the processing process capture granules, then moving them along a screw channel located along the axis of the machine cylinder;
• From friction and heaters, polyethylene heats up and then melts;
• The resulting material is compressed by a screw, then pressed into the forming head through a screen (there is also underwater granulation, used in the most powerful devices).

The filter meshes located on the grate do not allow foreign components and contaminants to enter the polyethylene mass. The output is a polyethylene sleeve that needs to be inflated. A compressor is used for this purpose. The resulting polyethylene film is cooled with air to the temperature required for the raw material to harden. Then the polyethylene, passing through rubber and wooden shafts, is compressed and wound into a roll using a conveyor.

During the extrusion process, dyes, stabilizers and plasticizers are added to recycled materials. Dyes help give polyethylene the required color, and the last two substances help improve its physical and chemical properties. The thickness of the resulting film is determined by the characteristics of the equipment; it can range from 10 to 200 microns. The film thickness determines the load capacity of the package. A bag made of polyethylene with a thickness of 14-15 microns can withstand up to three kilograms of cargo, and with a thickness of more than 40 microns - up to twenty kilograms.

When the extrusion process is completed, a polyethylene tube is produced, which then enters the bag forming machine for further processing, which includes the following processes:

• cutting polyethylene;
• folding;
• sealing the seams of the product;
• perforation along the tear line for garbage bags produced in rolls.

If necessary, printing is carried out on plastic bags. Such packages are pre-treated with corona discharge. Emblems and logos can be applied using flexography or silk-screen printing.

Recycled polyethylene waste is used in the production of garbage bags. The most popular are packages with a volume of thirty, sixty or one hundred and twenty liters. Large bags with a volume of two hundred liters are used for packaging and subsequent removal of bulky waste or large quantities of small waste.

Features of choice

If for ordinary household waste, then garbage bags with a volume of 20 to 35 liters are suitable, which are optimal for a regular bucket with a volume of 10-12 liters.

If garbage bags are needed for use in the garden, at the dacha, or for packaging large items, then you should pay attention to garbage bags marked 60-120 liters.
Well, if you are doing repairs, then look for LDPE bags with a volume of 120 liters or more, which are especially durable and cut-resistant.

HDPE or PVD?
Another important point: all garbage bags differ in strength. The fact is that they are manufactured using different technologies. The polyethylene used to make trash bags comes in two types: high-density or low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and low-density or high-density polyethylene (HDPE).
Typically, thin bags (from 5 to 15 microns) are made from HDPE, with the key feature being the material's tensile strength. Often used as packaging material. Thin HDPE bags are intended primarily for light waste that is removed daily (offices, hotels). Denser ones are suitable for garbage containers that are removed as they are filled.
Thick (from 20 microns) bags are made from LDPE. Despite the fact that LDPE bags are more stretchable than HDPE bags, this does not affect consumer qualities: they are more resistant to punctures, and thicker polyethylene allows the service life of such a bag to be extended. The main purpose is street cleaning, heavy garbage, food waste.

Color of garbage bags.
Garbage bags, or garbage bags, can be found in completely different colors - from black to glamorous gold. However, you need to take into account that thin colored bags when filled will be almost transparent and when you take out the garbage, the contents of this bag will be visible to others.
As for smells, the bags can smell like strawberries, bananas, apple and even jasmine. Scented packets are believed to help eliminate bad odors, but this is more of a marketing ploy for consumers!
If this characteristic is important to you, then don’t worry: even the most sophisticated consumer has plenty to choose from, since each company tries to add as many varieties as possible to its line of garbage bags. Needless to say, the number of producers of household goods is increasing every day, because these are goods of everyday demand and they will be in demand in any economic conditions.

Ties.
But what really matters is the way the bag is tied. It can be problematic to tie and carry a garbage bag filled to the top. Therefore, high-quality garbage bags have either handles with which you can tie the bag or a drawstring. You will have to pay for convenience - these categories of packages are slightly more expensive than usual. But remember that the ties are only for tightening the bags, not for carrying them. Therefore, it is possible that when carrying, the ties will break.

Garbage bags or used bags from the store?
Many of us, instead of garbage bags, use “T-shirt” bags in which we brought groceries from the store. On the one hand, this is correct, they are similar in size and material, but using them there is one important drawback. The T-shirt bag, thanks to the side folds, has a folded bottom, which, when loaded, forms two holes. If any liquid accumulates in such a bag, this liquid will end up outside and the trash can will be constantly dirty.
Garbage bags made of HDPE have a vertical bottom seam that diverges in the form of a cross, which reduces the possibility of liquid leakage.

Harm to the environment

Recently, consumption of polyethylene and various plastic packaging has increased significantly throughout the world and, as a consequence of this growth, the amount of plastic waste has increased. In Moscow alone, 500,000 tons of plastic waste are generated per year. Under normal conditions, polyethylene decomposes in 100-150 years, so the amount of plastic waste increases from year to year. The main environmental benefit of garbage bags is their recyclability. And this opportunity is used by all manufacturers of similar goods, subjecting the bags to recycling.
But environmentally friendly products today are not just a fashion trend, they are the future. That's why biodegradable bags came into being. Biodegradable garbage bags are a small but still help to our planet in the fight against pollution. Due to a special additive, these bags completely decompose in just 2-3 years, instead of 100-150 years. At the same time, in terms of their characteristics, biodegradable bags are in no way inferior to ordinary ones.

GOST 12302-83 Bags made of polymer and combined materials. General technical conditions

Interstate standard

GOST 12302-83
"Packages made of polymer and combined materials.
General technical conditions"

Bags made of polymeric and composite materials. General specifications

Instead of GOST 12302-72 regarding bags made of polymer materials

This standard applies to bags made of polymer and combined materials intended for packaging and storage of industrial products.

Mandatory requirements for the quality of packages, aimed at ensuring their safety for the life and health of the population, as well as for the environment, are set out in , , , , , .

(Changed edition, Amendment No. 1, 3).

Maximum deviations from the internal dimensions of bags should be established in the regulatory and technical documentation for bags for specific types of products.

Bags intended for automated packaging of products must be manufactured in accordance with the requirements of this standard and regulatory and technical documentation for bags for specific types of products.

It is possible to produce bags from other types of films, depending on the requirements for packaging specific types of products.

2.1, 2.2. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 1).

It is allowed to use other adhesive materials whose gluing quality is not lower than those specified.

(Changed edition, Amendment No. 1, 2).

The inner surfaces of the bag should not stick together.

The seams should be located from the edge of the bag at a distance of 0 to 10 mm.

It is allowed, depending on the properties of the products being packaged, to place seams at a distance of more than 10 mm from the edge of the bag.

When making bags with double-row seams ( and ), the distance between the seams should be no more than 8 mm.

Bags used for packaging products under vacuum and in an inert gas environment must be sealed.

When making tear-off bags, a serrated or sawtooth seam is allowed.

The strength of the seams of bags made of combined films should be no less than:

for bags with a lot of packaged products

up to 3.5 kg - from 2.0 to 6.0 N/cm (from 0.2 to 0.6 kgf/cm);

St. 3.5 to 7.5 kg - from 7.0 to 10.0 N/cm (from 0.7 to 1.0 kgf/cm).

2.9, 2.10. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 1, 3).

(Changed edition, Amendment No. 1).

For the manufacture of bags, films and adhesives are used that meet the hygienic requirements and sanitary standards provided for by the regulatory documentation for films and adhesives, and approved for use by sanitary and epidemiological supervision authorities.

(Changed edition, Amendment No. 3).

Name of the manufacturer and (or) its trademark;

Name of product;

Batch number;

Number of bales in a batch;

Date of manufacture;

Stamp of the technical control department.

Batch size	Sample	Sample size	Total sample size	Acceptance number	Rejection number
From 3200 to 10000 inclusive.
St. 10001 "35000"
" 35001 and above

Based on the results of the inspection of the first sample, the batch is accepted if the number of packages that do not meet the requirements of this standard in the first sample is less than or equal to the acceptance number specified in , and rejected if this number is greater than or equal to the rejection number specified in the table. 2.

If the number of packages that do not meet the requirements of this standard in the sample is greater than the acceptance number, but less than the rejection number specified in , then a second sample is selected.

Based on the results of the control of the second sample, the batch is accepted if the number of packages that do not meet the requirements of this standard in two samples is less than or equal to the acceptance number specified in, and rejected if this number is greater than or equal to the rejection number specified in the table. 2.

3.1-3.3. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 1).

(Changed edition, Amendment No. 1).

The packages are tested under the same atmospheric conditions in which they were conditioned.

It is allowed to test bags under conditions different from conditioning conditions if the time from the end of conditioning to the end of testing the sample does not exceed 10 minutes.

(Changed edition, Amendment No. 1).

4.6, 4.7. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 3).

(Changed edition, Amendment No. 3).

(Introduced additionally, Amendment No. 3).

Stacks of bags are formed into bales and wrapped in wrapping paper in accordance with GOST 8273 or placed in bags made of hard-sealed films and sealed.

It is allowed to transport plastic bags in rolls with a clearly marked tear line. Packaging of rolls must be done in accordance with the requirements of GOST 10354.

(Changed edition, Amendment No. 1).

Name of the manufacturer and its trademark;

Names and brands of the material from which the bag is made;

Package type and size;

Number of packages in a bale;

Packer numbers;

Designations of the regulatory and technical document for packages.

(Changed edition, Amendment No. 3).

The bags must be stored under the conditions established for the polymer films from which they are made.

Transportation of bales formed in transport packages - in accordance with GOST 26663.

(Changed edition, Amendment No. 2).

(Introduced additionally, Amendment No. 1).

Garbage bags 120 liters- a popular format, especially convenient for packaging bulky waste. The bags can be equipped with ties and ears. Our warehouse always has 70x110 cm LDPE garbage bags of various densities available.

If you require garbage bags non-standard size, color or other density, we will definitely make them. Your order, for any modifications of 120 liter garbage bags, will be completed within 3 days. In addition, we apply the logo from one color to full color.

Characteristics and prices of garbage bags and bags for 120 liters

Size, cm	Color	Thickness, µm	Material	Weight 1 piece, g	Things packaged	Weight of packing, kg	Price, rub*	Prices competitors	Photo	Description and order
70×110 ** %		30	Secondary LDPE	38		3,8	3,40	check
70×110**		50	Secondary LDPE	65		6,5	5,50
70×110		80	Secondary LDPE	100		10	8,20
70×110		40	Secondary LDPE	45		13,5	4,50

* - The price is indicated for batches over 10,000 pcs. To clarify the price for other volumes, download our full price list or contact the operators.
** - Deviations from the declared size are allowed ± 5 cm.

Reasons to buy 120 liter garbage bags

• You produce a lot of waste.
• Your activity is related to garbage collection.
• You need trash bags that are strong and bulky.

Modifications and features of 120 liter garbage bags

Garbage bags 120 liters, can be in a standard (open) design or made with ties. The material from which the bags are made can be of different types:

120 liter garbage bags can be made from various types of polyethylene

— HDPE (low-density polyethylene) from primary raw materials,
— LDPE (high-density polyethylene) from primary or secondary raw materials,
— PSD (medium pressure polyethylene) from primary or secondary raw materials.

You can find out more about the properties of the material in the service block.

Density trash bag for 120 liters and the method of packaging depends on the type of material:

HDPE - 9-18 microns in rolls and 9-30 microns in sheets;
LDPE, PSD - 30-100 microns in rolls and 30-250 microns in sheets.

Tensile strength:

HDPE - 186-343 kgf/cm2;
LDPE - 113-137 kgf/cm2;
PSD - 245-373 kgf/cm2.

Most Popular Color trash bag— black, but it is possible to produce bags of any color. The transparency of the material depends on the type of PE. High-density polyethylene is more transparent (subject to low density), while low- and medium-density polyethylene is more cloudy.

Width garbage bags for 120 l from 45 cm to 150 cm. Length (height) garbage bags for 120 l from 70 cm to 150 cm. The accepted marking of the dimensions of a garbage bag is W (width) x L (height). An example of the most popular size: 70x110 cm, where 70 is width, 110 is height.

Examples non-standard sizes: 80×100 cm, 85×95 cm.

The weight of 120 liter garbage bags may vary due to the types of material and density. Approximate bag weight:

HDPE - from 16 g to 36.5 g;
PVD, PSD - from 43 g to 146 g;
Drawstring bags - 22.3 g to 42.1 g.

The weight of 120 liter garbage bags depends on the material and density

We carry out packaging garbage bags in rolls or in layers. Packaging in rolls of 10, 20 or 30 bags is the most popular option. We place 50 or 100 bags in layers (stacks).

Rolls with winding are placed in bags or boxes. The layers are also packaged in bags.

The load capacity depends on the type of material, its density and the weight of the package. For example, bags of the same weight may have different load capacities with different material densities. A bag made of LDPE with a density of 60 microns will withstand more weight than a bag made of HDPE 18 microns.

The bags are manufactured taking into account all regulatory requirements for the material. GOST for LDPE film - 16337-77, for HDPE - 16338-85.

Some unscrupulous companies believe that they can deceive their customers. The most common deception among competitive companies is the following.

On the garbage bag market, a popular modification is made from recycled LDPE, with a density of 60 microns and a size of 70x110 cm. How do our respected competitors operate? They are silent about a number of the most important characteristics of the bag, such as: density, winding on a roll, the material from which it is made and size. Instead of the ordered bag, the client receives a 50 micron LDPE bag measuring 68x108 cm. It would seem no big deal, but for a large order this is a huge difference in price.

You will definitely get the declared characteristics of a 120 liter garbage bag

The weight of one standard LDPE bag 70x110 cm, made from recycled materials and with a density of 60 microns = 87 g. The weight of the entire batch is 87 g x 100,000 pieces = 8700 kg. Average market price for 1 kg of raw materials = 55 rubles. The cost of the entire batch is 8700 kg x 55 rubles. = 478500 rub.

The weight of the sent LDPE bag is 68×108 cm, made of recycled material and with a density of 50 microns = 69 g. The weight of the entire sent batch is 69 g x 100,000 pieces = 6900 kg. The price of the sent batch is 6900 kg x 55 rubles. = 379,500 rub.

RUB 478,500 (client paid) - 379,500 rub. (the goods were delivered for this amount) = 99,000 rubles. The client ended up losing it. Always check your supplier and if you identify such deception, contact us, this is unacceptable with us.

Scope of application for 120 liter garbage bags

1. Bags from HDPE They have a low density and are used to collect ordinary office or household waste.
2. Bags from PVD They have greater density and are more elastic. Can be used to remove heavier, wet or sharp debris. The large capacity allows the bags to be used during seasonal cleaning of territories and offices.
3. Bags from PSD completely universal. They are quite flexible, durable and suitable for any waste disposal task.

Preface

The goals, basic principles and basic procedure for carrying out work on interstate standardization are established by GOST 1.0-92 “Interstate standardization system. Basic provisions" and GOST 1.2-2009 "Interstate standardization system. Interstate standards, rules and recommendations for interstate standardization. Rules for development, adoption, application, updating and cancellation"

Standard information

1 DEVELOPED by the State Scientific Institution All-Russian Research Institute of the Meat Industry named after V.M. Gorbatov Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (GNU VNIIMP named after V. M. Gorbatov Russian Agricultural Academy)

2 INTRODUCED by the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology (TK 226)

3 ADOPTED by the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (Protocol No. 58-P of August 28, 2013)

4 By Order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated September 17, 2013 No. 1068-st, the interstate standard GOST 32224-2013 was put into effect as a national standard of the Russian Federation on July 1, 2015.

5 INTRODUCED FOR THE FIRST TIME

Information about changes to this standard is published in the annual information index “National Standards”, and the text of changes and amendments is published in the monthly information index “National Standards”. In case of revision (replacement) or cancellation of this standard, the corresponding notice will be published in the monthly information index “National Standards”. Relevant information, notifications and texts are also posted in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet

© Standardinform, 2014

In the Russian Federation, this standard cannot be fully or partially reproduced, replicated and distributed as an official publication without permission from the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology

GOST 32224-2013

INTERSTATE STANDARD

MEAT AND MEAT PRODUCTS FOR BABY FOOD Method for determining the size of bone particles

Meat and meat products for child nutrition. Method for determination of bone particle size

Date of introduction - 2015-07-01

1 area of ​​use

This standard applies to the following types of meat and meat products for baby food, including those using poultry: semi-finished meat products (chopped, minced meat, semi-finished dough products); mechanically separated and additionally separated meat; sausages; meat, meat-and-vegetable and vegetable-meat canned food and other meat products for baby food and establishes a method for determining the size of bone particles in them.

2 Normative references

This standard uses normative references to the following interstate standards:

5.2 At least three units of semi-finished meat products, sausages and cans of canned food are selected for analysis. The total sample weight is from 400 g to 5 kg. At least three samples with a total weight of at least 500 g are taken from blocks of mechanically separated meat and semi-finished products from different places.

5.3 Samples taken for analysis are accompanied by a sampling report, which must indicate: the name of the product, the date of sampling and its number, the name of the manufacturer, the batch number, the place where the sample was taken, the purpose of the analysis, the name of the person taking the samples, the name of the laboratory.

5.4 Mechanically separated meat samples are stored in a refrigerator at a temperature below minus 4 °C, meat product samples - at a temperature from 0 °C to plus 5 °C until the analysis is complete.

6 Measuring instruments, auxiliary equipment, reagents and materials

Computer image analyzer of any design, with a program supplied by the manufacturer, adapted for histology.

Biological light microscope of any design, complete with an illuminator or separately, preferably a binocular attachment with a photo-video output.

Micrometer eyepiece, 10 mm/100 divisions, diameter 20.4 mm.

Object-micrometer type OMO with a division value of 0.01 mm.

Drying cabinet that maintains temperature (103 ± 2) °C.

Conical flasks Kn-2-100 THS according to GOST 25336.

Glass slides for microslides according to GOST 9284.

Laboratory scales with a maximum permissible absolute error of single weighing of no more than ± 0.01 mg.

A combined laboratory bath that allows you to maintain a temperature of 100 °C.

It is allowed to use other measuring instruments with metrological and auxiliary equipment with technical characteristics, as well as reagents of purity and materials of quality not lower than those specified.

7 Preparation for analysis

7.1 Isolation of bone particles

(50.0 + 0.5) g of the analyzed sample is crushed with a knife into pieces weighing up to (1.0 + 0.2) g and placed in a beaker with a capacity of 500 cm 3. Add 300 cm 3 of a 2% solution of potassium hydroxide (or sodium hydroxide) and heat in a boiling water bath, stirring the contents periodically with a glass rod.

After dissolving the main part of the sample, the resulting alkaline solution with pieces of soft tissue floating in it is drained. The treatment is repeated until the soft tissues are completely dissolved. Bone particles are in the sediment.

7.2 Washing bone particles

The isolated bone particles (sediment) are placed in a flask and washed through a glass funnel with a thin stream of water for 15 minutes.

7.3 Sedimentation and drying

The washed bone particles are deposited on a paper filter and dried together with the filter in an oven at a temperature of (103 + 2) °C until the change in mass stops.

8 Taking measurements

8.1 To measure the size of bone particles, they are placed on a glass slide so that they are located without overlapping or touching each other.

8.2 The prepared preparation is examined under a transmitted light microscope. First use overview lenses - 10x or less, and then lenses with medium magnification up to 40x. Eyepieces are used with 10x or 16x magnification. To determine the maximum size, the largest bone particles isolated from the sample are measured.

8.3 Determination of the micrometer eyepiece division value

For each combination of lenses and eyepieces used in the work, the price of the eyepiece-micrometer division is determined.

An eyepiece micrometer is a round glass plate with a 5 mm long ruler in the center. The ruler is divided into 50 parts of 0.1 mm each. Before the measurement, the micrometer eyepiece division value is determined. To do this, for each eyepiece and objective combination used, a micrometer object is placed on the stage. The latter is a glass slide with an applied ruler 1 mm long, divided into 100 parts. One division of the micrometer object ruler corresponds to 0.01 mm or 10 µm. Set the rulers of the micrometer object and the micrometer eyepiece parallel and align their zero marks. Then it is determined how many divisions of the micrometer object exactly match the divisions of the micrometer eyepiece.

The division value of the eyepiece-micrometer t is calculated using the formula

where a is the number of divisions counted along the ruler of the micrometer object;

b - the corresponding number of divisions of the eyepiece-micrometer ruler;

c is the value of one division of the ruler of the micrometer object, equal to 10 µm. For measurements at very low magnifications, micrometer objects are used, in which 1 cm of the ruler is divided into 100 parts of 0.1 mm each. In this case, one division of the micrometer object ruler is equal to 100 µm.

8.4 Measurement using an eyepiece micrometer

When taking measurements directly under a light microscope, a special eyepiece micrometer or an eyepiece micrometer in the form of a glass plate with a ruler placed in the eyepiece of the microscope is used.

Preliminarily determine the price of dividing the eyepiece ruler for the lenses used using the ruler on the glass slide (see Appendix A). The measurement is carried out using any lens so that the measured structures in the field of view are not less than 10 and not more than 50. The maximum size of the largest bone particles is measured; this value is the upper limit of the size of bone particles in the analyzed sample.

8.5 Measurement using an image analysis system

Using an image analysis system to measure bone particles of complex shapes, their Feret diameter is measured, and for highly elongated particles, their length. If it is impossible to automatically separate particles, use their interactive separation.

The following results are obtained: the total number of particles, the minimum and maximum particle sizes, the average particle sizes and their percentage, as well as other parameters in accordance with the image analysis system program. Statistical results are obtained automatically in the form of tables, size distribution graphs or charts.

9 Processing of results

Based on the obtained measurements of the sizes of bone particles, the percentage of bone particles exceeding the standard size X, % is calculated using the formula

where /l 1 is the number of bone particles exceeding the normalized size; t 2 - total number of measured bone particles.

To obtain reliable results, the arithmetic mean of the measurements of three parallel samples of isolated bone particles is taken as the final result. At least 100 particles are measured in each of them.

* Feret diameter - the distance between tangents to the image contour drawn parallel to the viewing direction.

Appendix A (mandatory)

An example of determining the division value of an eyepiece-micrometer

The 32 divisions of the micrometer object completely fit 16 divisions of the micrometer eyepiece; the value of one division of the micrometer object ruler is 0.01 mm or 10 µm. Using formula (1) (see 8.3), find the price of division of the micrometer eyepiece ruler, µm:

Knowing the price of one division of the micrometer eyepiece at a given magnification, we begin to measure objects. In this case, the number of divisions of the micrometer eyepiece, corresponding to the length of the measured object, is multiplied by 20 microns (the found division value).

UDC 637.514.7:611.018:006.354 MKS 67.120.10 N19

Key words: meat, meat products for baby food, mechanically separated meat, bone particles, image analysis system, eyepiece micrometer

Signed for publication on 04/01/2014. Format 60x84Vs.

Uel. oven l. 0.93 Circulation 31 copies. Zach. 1488

Prepared based on the electronic version provided by the developer of the standard

FSUE "STANDARTINFORM" 123995 Moscow, Granatny per., 4. www.gostinfo.ru