Presentation on the topic "Communities. Ecosystems." Communities. Ecosystems Presentation on Community Ecosystems

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Chapter XV. Fundamentals of ecology. Ecosystems Pimenov A.V. Take home: § 66 Topic: “Communities. Ecosystems" Objectives: To characterize the biocenosis and ecosystem; functional groups of living organisms in biogeocenosis, show their relationship.

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Biogeocenosis, ecosystem Living organisms in nature are united into communities adapted to certain living conditions. Such a community of interconnected living organisms is called a biocenosis, and the totality of all abiotic factors that determine the conditions of their existence is called a biotope. Biocenosis and biotope form biogeocenosis. The term biogeocenosis was proposed by academician V.N. Sukachev in 1942; biogeocenosis is understood as a stable, self-regulating system formed by living organisms adapted to living together in a certain territory with more or less homogeneous living conditions.

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Biogeocenosis, ecosystem At the same time, the English botanist A. Tansley proposed the term ecosystem. By ecosystem he understood a drop of water with the microorganisms living in it, an aquarium, a natural body of water, and the planet Earth. Many scientists equate the concepts of biogeocenosis and ecosystem. But many do not consider these terms to be synonymous, understanding biogeocenosis as a specific, historically established natural community, and ecosystem as a more vague, “dimensionless” concept. That is, any biogeocenosis is an ecosystem, but not every ecosystem can be considered a biogeocenosis.

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Characteristics of biogeocenosis. 1. Source of energy For the existence of any biogeocenosis, energy is required. The source of energy for most biogeocenoses is sunlight, the energy of which is used for the synthesis of organic compounds from inorganic substances.

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Some ecological systems exist in complete darkness (the seabed, where sunlight does not reach, caves). The source of energy for their existence will be the organic matter of dead or living organisms entering this ecosystem. In addition, some ecosystems exist due to chemoautotrophic organisms that are capable of forming organic matter using the energy of oxidation of inorganic compounds. Characteristics of biogeocenosis. 1. Energy source

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All living organisms in the ecosystem are divided into autotrophs and heterotrophs according to the method of obtaining energy. Autotrophs are capable of forming organic matter using an inorganic carbon source and light energy (photoautotrophs) or the energy of oxidation of inorganic substances (chemoautotrophs). Heterotrophs use the energy of oxidation of organic substances and use organic carbon sources. Characteristics of biogeocenosis. 1. Energy source

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2. Functional groups of organisms in the community The basis of the biocenosis is made up of autotrophic organisms - producers (formers) of organic matter. A community of plants is called a phytocenosis, and a community of animals is called a zoocenosis. During the process of photosynthesis, organic matter is formed, through which heterotrophs feed.

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2. Functional groups of organisms in the community Heterotrophic organisms are divided into two groups: consumers - consumers and decomposers - destroyers of organic matter. 1st order consumers are herbivores, 2nd order consumers are carnivores, 3rd order consumers are carnivores.

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2. Functional groups of organisms in the community Decomposers decompose organic matter into carbon dioxide and minerals, closing the cycle of nutrients in nature. Can hyenas, earthworms, and dung beetles be classified as decomposers? Small animals that feed on non-living organic matter - earthworms, carrion beetles, dung beetles - are detritivorous consumers.

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2. Functional groups of organisms in a community Living organisms of a biocenosis are connected in a food chain. A simple example of a food chain: vegetation - insect eating vegetation - predatory insect - insectivorous bird - bird of prey.

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2. Functional groups of organisms in the community But a herbivorous insect feeds on several species of plants, a predatory insect feeds on many species of insects, and an insectivorous and bird of prey feeds on many species of animals. Thus, food chains form food networks, food networks.

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2. Functional groups of organisms in a community. The more complex the food networks, the more species there are in an ecosystem, the more stable this ecosystem is.

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Let's summarize: Biocenosis? Living organisms in nature are united into communities adapted to certain conditions of existence. Such a community of interconnected living organisms is called a biocenosis. Biotope? The totality of all abiotic factors that determine the conditions for the existence of living organisms is called a biotope. Habitat. Biogeocenosis? A stable, self-regulating system formed by living organisms adapted to living together in a certain territory with more or less homogeneous living conditions. Sources of energy for the existence of biogeocenosis? Sunlight, energy of oxidation of organic and inorganic compounds. Autotrophs? What groups are they divided into? Organisms capable of forming organic matter using an inorganic carbon source and light energy (photoautotrophs) or the energy of oxidation of inorganic substances (chemoautotrophs). Heterotrophs? Organisms that use the energy of oxidation of organic substances and organic carbon sources.

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Let's summarize: What groups are heterotrophs divided into? Consumers are consumers and decomposers are destroyers of organic matter. Who are the decomposers? Bacteria and fungi. Thank you for your attention!

The material was prepared and conducted by Natalya Kuzminichna Biology teacher at the Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School in the village of Zhilino. Fundamentals of Ecology. Ecosystems

Objectives: To characterize the biocenosis and ecosystem; functional groups of living organisms in biogeocenosis, show their relationship.

Characteristics of biogeocenosis. Source of energy For the existence of any biogeocenosis, energy is required. The source of energy for most biogeocenoses is sunlight, the energy of which is used for the synthesis of organic compounds from inorganic substances.

Functional groups of organisms in the community The basis of the biocenosis is made up of autotrophic organisms - producers (formers) of organic matter. A community of plants is called a phytocenosis, and a community of animals is called a zoocenosis. During the process of photosynthesis, organic matter is formed, through which heterotrophs feed.

Functional groups of organisms in the community Heterotrophic organisms are divided into two groups: consumers - consumers and decomposers - destroyers of organic matter. 1st order consumers are herbivores, 2nd order consumers are carnivores, 3rd order consumers are carnivores.

Functional groups of organisms in the community Decomposers decompose organic matter into carbon dioxide and minerals, closing the cycle of nutrients in nature. Small animals that feed on non-living organic matter - earthworms, carrion beetles, dung beetles - are detritivorous consumers.

Functional groups of organisms in a community Living organisms of a biocenosis are connected in a food chain. A simple example of a food chain: vegetation - insect eating vegetation - predatory insect - insectivorous bird - bird of prey.

Functional groups of organisms in the community But a herbivorous insect feeds on several species of plants, a predatory insect feeds on many species of insects, and an insectivorous and bird of prey feeds on many species of animals. Thus, food chains form food networks, food networks.

Functional groups of organisms in a community The more complex the food webs are, the more species there are in an ecosystem, the more stable this ecosystem is. Name the 1st and 2nd order consumers in this ecosystem.

Functional groups of organisms in a community Who are decomposers in a given ecosystem?

Characteristics of forest biogeocenosis Source of energy? Characteristics of the biocenosis: Producers? 1st order consumers? 2nd order consumers? 3rd order consumers? Decomposers? Power circuits? Stability of biogeocenosis?

Characteristics of freshwater biogeocenosis Source of energy? Characteristics of the biocenosis: Producers? 1st order consumers? 2nd order consumers? 3rd order consumers? Decomposers? Power circuits? Stability of biogeocenosis?

Repetition Define biogeocenosis. What is biocenosis? What is a biotope? What organisms are producers? Who are the producers in this ecosystem? Name the 1st order consumers in this ecosystem. What organisms can be classified as 2nd order consumers? What organisms are decomposers? What reducers are shown in the picture? How many tiers do plants of this biogeocenosis have? What is the attitude to light of plants of different tiers?

Repetition List the main producers of a freshwater body. Name the first and second order consumers of the reservoir. What organisms are considered decomposers of a reservoir? Make a food chain in this reservoir consisting of 5 links.

Biocenosis (from the Greek βίος “life” and κοινός “general”) is a historically established collection of animals, plants, fungi and microorganisms that inhabit a relatively homogeneous living space (a certain area of land or water area), and are connected with each other and their environment.

The term “Biocenosis” was proposed by K. Mobius (1877), who studied the complexes of bottom animals that form oyster banks. Möbius emphasized the interconnection of all components of the biocenosis, their dependence on the same abiotic factors characteristic of a given habitat, and the role of natural selection in shaping the composition of the biocenosis.

The initial, main link in any natural community, creating a supply of energy in it, are plants. Only plants, using solar energy, can create organic substances from minerals and carbon dioxide found in soil or water.

The natural community also includes various organisms that feed on waste: dead plants or their parts (branches, leaves), as well as the corpses of dead animals or their excrement. They can be some animals - gravedigger beetles, earthworms.

Biogeocenosis (from the Greek βίος life γη earth + κοινός general) a system that includes a community of living organisms and a closely related set of abiotic environmental factors within one territory, interconnected by the cycle of substances and the flow of energy (natural ecosystem). It is a sustainable self-regulating ecological system

The concept of biogeocenosis, introduced by V.N. Sukachev (1940), has become widespread mainly in Russian literature. Abroad, especially in English-speaking countries, the term “ecosystem” is more often used in a similar meaning, although the latter is more ambiguous and is also used in relation to artificial complexes of organisms and abiotic components (aquarium, spaceship) and to individual parts of biogeocenosis (for example, rotting stump in the forest with all the organisms inhabiting it). Ecosystems can have arbitrary boundaries (from a drop of water to the biosphere as a whole), while biogeocenosis always occupy a certain territory.

Ecosystem, or ecological system (from ancient Greek οκος dwelling, residence and σύστημα system) is a biological system consisting of a community of living organisms (biocenosis), their habitat (biotope), a system of connections that exchanges matter and energy between them. One of the basic concepts of ecology.

Ecosystem is a broader concept that refers to any similar system. Biogeocenosis, in turn, is a class of ecosystems, an ecosystem that occupies a certain area of land and includes the main components of the environment: soil, subsoil, vegetation, and the ground layer of the atmosphere. Most artificial ecosystems are not biogeocenoses. Thus, every biogeocenosis is an ecosystem, but not every ecosystem is a biogeocenosis

Reinforcing the material Solve the following problem. In a small reservoir formed after a river flood, the following organisms were found: slipper ciliates, daphnia, white planaria, a large pond snail, cyclops, hydra. Explain whether this body of water can be considered an ecosystem. Provide at least 3 pieces of evidence.

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BIOCENOSIS (from bio... and cenosis), a collection of animals, plants, fungi and microorganisms that jointly inhabit an area of land or a body of water.

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Biocenosis (from the Greek βίος - “life” and κοινός - “general”) is a historically established collection of animals, plants, fungi and microorganisms that inhabit a relatively homogeneous living space (a certain area of land or water area), and are connected with each other and their surroundings environment.

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The term "Biocenosis" was proposed

K. Möbius (1877), who studied the complexes of bottom animals that form oyster banks. Möbius emphasized the interconnection of all components of the biocenosis, their dependence on the same abiotic factors characteristic of a given habitat, and the role of natural selection in shaping the composition of the biocenosis.

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The term “biocenosis” has become widespread in the scientific literature mainly in German and Russian.
In English-speaking countries, the related term “community” is used.

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A natural community is a collection of plants, animals, microorganisms adapted to living conditions in a certain territory, influencing each other and the environment. The circulation of substances is carried out and maintained in it.

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The main form of connections between organisms in a natural community is food connections.

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Herbivorous invertebrates and vertebrates feed on plants

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Carnivores eat herbivores.

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But the main role in the process of decomposition of organic matter is played by molds and bacteria. It is they who bring the decomposition of organic substances to mineral ones, which can again be used by plants.

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in natural communities there is a cycle of substances

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Biogeocenosis (from the Greek βίος - life γη - earth + κοινός - general) is a system that includes a community of living organisms and a closely related set of abiotic environmental factors within one territory, interconnected by the cycle of substances and the flow of energy (natural ecosystem). It is a sustainable self-regulating ecological system

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Ecosystem, or ecological system (from ancient Greek οἶκος - dwelling, residence and σύστημα - system) - a biological system consisting of a community of living organisms (biocenosis), their habitat (biotope), a system of connections that exchanges matter and energy between them. One of the basic concepts of ecology.

Biogeocenosis, ecosystem At the same time, the English botanist A. Tansley proposed the term ecosystem. By ecosystem he understood a drop of water with the microorganisms living in it, an aquarium, a natural body of water, and the planet Earth. Many scientists equate the concepts of biogeocenosis and ecosystem. But many do not consider these terms to be synonymous, understanding biogeocenosis as a specific, historically established natural community, while ecosystem is a more vague, “dimensionless” concept. That is, any biogeocenosis is an ecosystem, but not every ecosystem can be considered a biogeocenosis.

Characteristics of biogeocenosis. 1. Source of energy 1.For the existence of any biogeocenosis, energy is required. The source of energy for most biogeocenoses is sunlight, the energy of which is used for the synthesis of organic compounds from inorganic substances.

2. Some ecological systems exist in complete darkness (the seabed, where sunlight does not reach, caves). The source of energy for their existence will be the organic matter of dead or living organisms entering this ecosystem. 3. In addition, some ecosystems exist due to chemoautotrophic organisms that are capable of forming organic matter using the energy of oxidation of inorganic compounds. Characteristics of biogeocenosis. 1. Energy source

2. Functional groups of organisms in the community The basis of the biocenosis is made up of autotrophic organisms, producers (formers) of organic matter. A community of plants is called a phytocenosis, and a community of animals is called a zoocenosis. During the process of photosynthesis, organic matter is formed, through which heterotrophs feed.

2. Functional groups of organisms in the community Heterotrophic organisms are divided into two groups: consumers (consumers) and decomposers (destroyers of organic matter). 1st order consumers are herbivores, 2nd order consumers are carnivores, 3rd order consumers are carnivores.

2. Functional groups of organisms in the community Decomposers decompose organic matter into carbon dioxide and minerals, closing the cycle of nutrients in nature. Can hyenas, earthworms, and dung beetles be classified as decomposers? Small animals that feed on non-living organic matter (earthworms, carrion beetles, and dung beetles) are classified as detritivorous consumers.

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Presentation on the topic "Communities. Ecosystems." Communities. Ecosystems Presentation on Community Ecosystems

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