Presentation on the theme of National Unity Day. Presentation on the theme "Day of National Unity". Purpose: To acquaint students with the history of the establishment of the holiday, historical events and heroes associated with this holiday. Form an active citizenry

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The beginning of the Time of Troubles

The beginning of the Time of Troubles in Rus' is considered to be the death of the last tsar from the Rurik dynasty - Fyodor Ivanovich. He died on January 6, 1598, leaving no heirs. His younger brother Tsarevich Dmitry died in Uglich on May 15, 1591. The prince's relatives blamed Boris Godunov for his death. But the facts indicate that he was not involved in what happened.

Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich. Portrait from the Titular Book. XVII century

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Tsar Boris Godunov 1598-1605

After the death of Fyodor Ivanovich, with the support of Patriarch Job, Irina’s (Fyodor’s wife) brother Boris was elected to the throne. The Boyar Duma was against it. The matter was decided by the dowager queen. “The time has come for you to be clothed in royal purple,” read her decree. Only after this Godunov entered the royal chambers.

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Early 17th century

During his short reign, Boris Godunov did a lot for Russia. In 1598, the Siberian Khanate was finally defeated and Rus' advanced from the Irtysh and Ob to the Yenisei. Good neighborly relations were established with the Crimea. In 1601, a twenty-year truce was concluded with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The attachment of peasants to the land contributed to the development of agriculture. Powerful fortresses and cathedrals were built. The port in Arkhangelsk came into operation. But his reign witnessed the most severe natural disaster the country has experienced in the last thousand years.

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Winters in 1601-1602 were long and snowy. In the summer it rained for weeks, and sometimes it snowed. Winter crops died under the snow, spring grains rotted on the vine. At the beginning of 1603, bread prices rose 18 times, money was rapidly losing value, and there were no more reserves. The hungry flocked to the capital in droves, but they no longer received help. In large cities, all cats and dogs were eaten, and there were cases of cannibalism. People were dying of hunger right on the streets. In Moscow, 127 thousand people were buried in just three mass graves, mostly those who came to the capital in the hope of salvation. Muscovites were buried, as a rule, in church cemeteries, and how many of them were buried in the ground is not even counted. Contemporaries believed that a third of the kingdom of Moscow had died out. Robberies became more frequent, and special detachments under the command of experienced commanders had to be sent to fight them. The next year was easier at first, but few people had any grain left to sow. Still, bread prices have dropped slightly. But later the disaster repeated itself - again continuous rains and early frosts. The chronicle reports that “in Moscow in the middle of the summer great snow fell and there was frost, we rode in sleighs.” This means that the snow lay for at least two or three days. By this time, bread had already risen in price 25 times.

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The first impostor.

It was at this time that a man appeared in Lithuania, calling himself the son of Ivan the Terrible, Tsarevich Dmitry (he went down in history under the name of False Dmitry I), allegedly miraculously avoiding death and hiding in monasteries for many years. He was well educated, knew court etiquette, many secrets of the Moscow court and details of the events in Uglich. Some believed him, others pretended to believe him. The Polish princes, who were not satisfied with the peace with Russia, decided to take the opportunity and help Dmitry (False Dmitry) ascend to the Moscow throne

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Marina Mnishek The impostor's invasion of Russia

In exchange for support, False Dmitry agreed to fulfill a number of conditions. He promised to pay Mnishek a million gold pieces, marry his daughter Marina and give her Pskov and Novgorod as an inheritance, the king - part of the Russian lands, and the Jesuits - to convert Rus' to Catholicism. In the fall of 1604, the army of False Dmitry (about two thousand mercenaries) invaded Russia. Many western, and especially southern cities and villages support the impostor and stand under his banner. Dissatisfaction with the policies of Boris Godunov is brewing in the country. In the spring of 1605, government troops completely lost their combat effectiveness. In the last weeks before his death, Boris increasingly fell into doubt, almost lost his mind and did not know whether to believe that Dmitry was alive or that he had died. On April 13, 1605, Boris Godunov died

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The end of the Godunovs

Three days after the death of Boris Godunov, Moscow swore allegiance to his 16-year-old son Fyodor Borisovich. The largest cities of Russia - Novgorod, Kazan, Astrakhan, as well as Pomorie and Siberia - also swore the oath. Perhaps Fyodor would have become a good sovereign. He received an excellent education and had obvious abilities. But he was the grandson of Malyuta Skuratov, and this doomed him to death. In May 1605, first in the tsar's army, and then in Moscow, a rebellion began. A countless crowd gathered on Red Square and broke into the Kremlin. The tsar managed to take refuge, but at first they didn’t look for him - people rushed to plunder the royal mansions, the Godunovs’ courtyards (and other rich courtyards). There were no murders, but there were also casualties: the crowd destroyed the wine cellars, and about 50 people drank themselves to death. By noon the unrest had subsided - Muscovites did not know what to do next. Later, the king and his mother were discovered and placed under house arrest. On June 3, the boyars went to Serpukhov to bow to the impostor. He announced that he would not enter Moscow until Fyodor Godunov and his mother were destroyed. The boyars fulfill the demand. Mother and son were strangled and their bodies were displayed in the square. The body of Boris Godunov was removed from the tomb of the Archangel Cathedral and put up for desecration. “And they threw stones at him, and kicked his body, which was prostrate and lying on the ground,” the chronicle reports.

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Reign of False Dmitry I

On June 20, 1605, the “royal” train, accompanied by armed Polish warriors and Cossacks, entered Moscow. The capital greeted him with the ringing of bells. The crowd that filled the streets of the city roared: “God grant you health, sir!” The 11-month reign of the impostor began. In an effort to strengthen his position, the impostor placed his protege, the Greek Ignatius, on the patriarchal throne. He also tried to put an end to the resistance of the boyars. The influential boyar Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky, who tried to expose the impostor and claimed that the real Tsarevich Dmitry died in Uglich, was captured following a denunciation. The executioner had already taken Shuisky to the place of execution, but at the last moment False Dmitry pardoned him. The execution was replaced by exile. To put an end to rumors of imposture, False Dmitry summoned Maria Naguya to the capital. On July 17, 1605, near the village of Taininskoye near Moscow, the impostor and Maria Nagaya “recognized” each other. The naked woman was showered with gifts. Her relatives from now on sat in the Boyar Duma above the Golitsyns, Saltykovs, Sheremetevs, who were very annoyed. A few days after meeting with his “mother,” False Dmitry was crowned in the Assumption Cathedral. “I have two ways to maintain my kingdom,” the impostor told his friends, “one way is to be a tyrant, the other is to spare no expense in order to reward; it’s better to have a model to favor...” Indeed, one gets the impression that False Dmitry tried to please all segments of the population. And the most incredible rumors circulated around Moscow. Someone saw Boris Godunov alive. Someone claimed that “Tsarevich Peter” appeared among the Don Cossacks - the son of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich (Fyodor Ioannovich, as you remember, died childless). On the Terek, the Cossacks actually recognized a certain Ileika Gorchakov (Muromets) as “Tsarevich Peter”. “Tsarevich Peter” wrote to False Dmitry, demanding “the throne of his father,” and fought in the South of the towns where the governors appointed by the “tsar” sat. The upcoming wedding of the Tsar with Marina Mnishek added fuel to the fire. Despite their love for False Dmitry, the people called his bride nothing less than a heretic

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Death of the impostor

By the spring of 1606, a conspiracy had matured in Moscow to overthrow the impostor. At the head of the conspiracy were Ivan and Vasily Golitsyn, Vasily, Dmitry and Ivan Shuisky, Mikhail Tatishchev. The conspirators, in order not to quarrel, were ready to invite a “neutral” contender to the throne, for example, the son of Sigismund III Wladyslaw, subject to the support of the conspiracy by the Polish monarch. At dawn on May 17, the conspirators began to implement their plan. Two hundred boyars and nobles under the leadership of the Shuiskys and Golitsyns entered the Kremlin. There was a changing of the guard, and there were no more than 30 guards in the palace. The Duma clerk Osipov undertook to kill the Tsar. But before he had time to shout swear words to False Dmitry, he was hacked to death. In Moscow, meanwhile, the bells were already ringing with might and main. People screaming “The Kremlin is burning!” ran to Red Square. The Poles, sensing something was wrong, grabbed their weapons and also rushed to the Kremlin. “Lithuania wants to beat the Tsar and the boyars! Don't let them into the Kremlin!” - Shuisky’s people shouted, and the Poles were pushed back. One of the conspirators shot at False Dmitry. The others attacked the wounded man and cut him to death. The dead man was torn off the royal clothes and dragged out of the Kremlin by his feet. The corpse was shown to Maria Naked, and the frightened old woman renounced her “son.” The body of the impostor was put on public display at Lobnoye Mesto. A pipe was inserted into the dead man’s mouth, and a masquerade mask, which the “pagan Grishka” allegedly worshiped, was thrown onto the ripped open stomach. People crowded around him day and night. Many people cried sincerely. A few days later, the body of the “tsar” was tied to a horse and taken out of the capital to be burned in an amusing fortress near Moscow.

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Vasily Shuisky

The murder of False Dmitry opened the way to the throne for Vasily Shuisky. On May 19, 1606, his supporters gathered the servicemen and merchants who were in Moscow for a kind of Zemsky Sobor. It was decided to elect a king at the Place of Execution in the presence of “all the people.” Vasily Shuisky was brought out to the crowd and shouted: “Is Shuisky, a sufferer for Orthodoxy, worthy to reign?” The people, bribed by the Shuiskys, shouted in approval, captivating the rest of the people with their example. The new king took the oath to his subjects. In the “cross-kissing record” he promised: not to place disgraces on anyone “without guilt”; do not take away estates from anyone without trial; do not take away property and yards from the wives, children and other relatives of the disgraced. The Boyar Duma was declared the highest judicial authority. Only she could condemn a noble man to death. The tsar could execute “black people” at his own discretion, “without boyars,” but he promised not to listen to slander and to punish false witnesses..

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Civil war

With the election of Vasily Shuisky as tsar, the turmoil did not end. In 1606-1607, an uprising took place under the leadership of Ivan Bolotnikov. It covered a huge area. The ranks of the rebels were varied, and their goals were different. The boyars were looking for ranks, power, and service people were looking for estates with serfs. Fugitives, slaves and peasants were waiting for freedom, mitigation of taxes, quitrents and other duties. The goal of the rebels was to free Moscow from the “traitor Vasily Shuisky”. In October 1606 The rebels defeated the enemy near the village of Troitskoye and occupied Kolomenskoye. The path to Moscow was open. With generous gifts, Shuisky lured the noble regiments of Lyapunov and Pashkov to his side. In October 1607 The uprising was suppressed.

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Tushino thief

In the spring of 1607, a new self-proclaimed Dmitry appeared in Belarus (he went down in history as False Dmitry II, or the Tushino thief). Apparently, the calls of Bolotnikov and “Peter Fedorovich” to send at least someone who could be passed off as Tsar Dmitry had an effect. But the sovereign was found to be some kind of inferior one. It is believed that the role of False Dmitry II was played by a wandering teacher who, out of poverty, served in a priest’s house in Mogilev. Gathering an army of Zaporozhye Cossacks and Polish nobles, False Dmitry moved towards the center of Russia. In the summer, he camped near the northwestern walls of the capital in Tushino. In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, legends circulated about the generosity of the impostor. The Lithuanian magnate Jan Sapieha with mercenaries moved to False Dmitry and besieged the rich Trinity-Sergius Monastery (the siege lasted 16 months). False Dmitry II was recognized as her husband by Marina Mnishek. The province initially swore allegiance to the impostor. But False Dmitry allocated volosts for feeding the Polish companies and Cossack hundreds. Bread, belongings, horses were taken from the unfortunate residents, and great violence was committed. Faith in “good Dmitry” wavered. The population began to resist the Tushins.

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Lifting the siege from Moscow

Besieged Moscow endured cold, disease, and hunger. The people were seething. Shuisky's opponents in the capital were preparing a palace coup. Meanwhile, Moscow decided to resort to the help of Sweden, especially since the Swedish king Charles IX had repeatedly offered it. An agreement was concluded with the Swedes. A detachment of Swedish mercenaries (5 thousand people) who arrived in Novgorod, together with Russian warriors, set out on a campaign under the leadership of Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky. Skopin's army defeated the Tushins near Tver and lifted the siege from the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. On March 13, 1610, Skopin solemnly entered the capital. Skopin's victories caused panic among Tushino residents. False Dmitry fled to Kaluga. The Tushino camp collapsed. Meanwhile, Sigismund III, dissatisfied with Russia's treaty with Poland's enemy Sweden, broke the truce and started a war, besieging Smolensk (June - September 1609). Moscow honored Skopin with endless feasts. This made the king’s brother Dmitry Shuisky furious, believing that his nephew wanted to take the throne from him (Tsar Vasily had no children). At a feast at the Vorotynskys, Skopin suddenly became ill; after wandering around in delirium for two weeks, the 24-year-old governor died. In June 1610, a Polish army led by Hetman Stanislav Zolkiewski approached Moscow. Dmitry Shuisky stepped forward to meet him. On June 24, 1610, he was defeated in the battle of Klushino. Tsar Vasily lost his army. His days were numbered.

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Seven Boyars

July 17, 1610 Moscow rebelled. Tsar Vasily was deposed. On the same day he was forcibly tonsured a monk. (Subsequently, the Poles took Vasily, Dmitry and Ivan Shuisky to Poland, where the older brothers soon died.) They decided to choose a new tsar at the Zemsky Sobor - a congress of representatives of “the whole earth.” In the meantime, power passed to the Boyar Duma of seven boyars. This government went down in history under the name “Seven Boyars”. Meanwhile, Hetman Zholkiewski and False Dmitry II were advancing on Moscow with the Cossacks of Dmitry Trubetskoy and the “Lithuanian people” of Jan Sapieha. The idea of ​​​​inviting Vladislav to the Russian throne first arose among the Tushino boyars. In February 1610, they even entered into an agreement with Sigismund III that at the end of the Time of Troubles, Vladislav would become the Russian Tsar. On August 16, 1610, the Seven Boyars signed an agreement with Zholkiewski, similar to the agreement between the Tushino people and Sigismund. Russia remained an independent state. The Tsar had to rule in consultation with the Boyar Duma and the Zemsky Sobor. It was specifically stipulated that the prince would convert to the Orthodox faith. A “great embassy” headed by Filaret Romanov and Vasily Golitsyn left Moscow for Smolensk. But it was not possible to come to an agreement with Sigismund. The king did not agree to his son changing his faith and demanded the surrender of Smolensk. Romanov and Golitsyn firmly stood their ground. Negotiations have reached a dead end. The king turned the ambassadors into hostages and on November 21 began a new assault on Smolensk.

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Defense of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra from Polish invaders

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First militia

The people did not take well the news of Vladislav's election. The authority of the “Tushino thief” began to grow again. The Seven Boyars, fearing a popular revolt in favor of False Dmitry, introduced a Polish garrison into the Kremlin and Kitai-Gorod. The capital was virtually occupied. The Polish governor Alexander Gonsevsky became its sovereign master. On December 11, 1610, not far from Kaluga, the head of the personal guard of False Dmitry II, Tatar Prince Pyotr Urusov, shot the impostor with a gun, and then cut off his head. The remnants of the Tushin troops were led by Ivan Martynovich Zarutsky. In February-March 1611 All patriotic forces united with the goal of expelling the Poles from Moscow. The Ryazan land became the center of unification. The first militia was formed here. In the spring of 1611 An advanced detachment of militias led by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky entered the capital. The Poles were forced to retreat. Then they set the city on fire and took refuge behind the stone Chinese city wall. Wooden Moscow was engulfed in fire. Residents fled the capital. The last to leave Moscow were the warriors of Dmitry Pozharsky, taking away their seriously wounded commander. The empty capital burned for another two days. On June 3, 1611, the battle for Smolensk ended. It lasted more than 20 months. Events developed like this. (message)

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Minin and Pozharsky

By the fall of 1611, Russia ceased to exist as a single state. A significant part of the territory, including Moscow, was captured by the Poles. Numerous impostors operated in the south. The Novgorod land came under Swedish rule. The situation in the northeast of the country remained more or less stable. Local nobles and townspeople ruled here - the zemshchina; they formed the so-called “second militia”. It all started with the fact that the Nizhny Novgorod zemstvo elder Kuzma had a vision. The Monk Sergius appeared to him, ordered him to collect a “treasury” for military needs and ordered him to “cleanse” the Moscow state. Minin realized that the Lord himself was protecting him. Winter was spent preparing troops and difficult negotiations with the Cossacks, who were still besieging Moscow. Zarutsky already considered himself a ruler and was not going to take into account the interests of the zemshchina. He twice sent assassins to Pozharsky and did not allow warriors from the southern cities into the location of the militia. In July 1612, the Polish king Sigismund III sent the army of Jan Chodkiewicz with food and ammunition to help his garrison in Moscow

Kuzma Minin.

Sabers of K. Minin and D. Pozharsky

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Minin's appeal to Nizhny Novgorod residents

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Liberation of Moscow

Meanwhile, the vanguard of the militia arrived in Moscow. Having learned about the approach of the militia, Zarutsky and his Cossacks left for Kolomna. The militia set up a camp on the left bank of the Moscow River, near the Arbat Gate. Khodkevich appeared on August 22. From the Kremlin, emboldened nobles shouted to Pozharsky: “Disband your warriors to the plows!” Polish hussars crossed the Moscow River at the Novodevichy Convent. Pozharsky attacked them. The fierce battle went on all day. The militia were forced to retreat to the Chertol Gate. But in the evening, hundreds of nobles from the right bank of the Moscow River came to the aid of Pozharsky, who pushed Khodkevich away from Kitay-Gorod. On August 23, 1612, the Poles tried to break into the Kremlin from Zamoskvorechye. But Pozharsky figured out their maneuver and sent part of the militia to the right bank of the Moscow River. The enemy was stopped. The battle resumed at dawn on August 24. Pozharsky's horse hundreds entered into battle with the hussars. Khodkevich's army retreated to the Donskoy Monastery. And on August 25, without resuming the battle, it went to Lithuania. After Chodkiewicz left, the Polish garrison in Moscow was doomed. However, the siege continued until October 1612. 1.5 thousand Poles died of hunger. On October 22, the Cossacks took Kitay-Gorod by storm. On October 26, the Kremlin garrison surrendered to the mercy of the victors.

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Expulsion of Polish interventionists from the Moscow Kremlin

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National Unity Day

In the face of the threat of the death of the state, the population of Russia was able to unite, feel like a single people, and gain the consciousness that only together they can repel the aggressor. The turning point of resistance to the Polish army was October 25 (November 4, new style) 1612. Militia fighters led by Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky took Kitay-Gorod by storm. Prince Pozharsky entered Kitai-Gorod with the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and vowed to build a temple in memory of this victory. In 1636, in Moscow, in honor of the miraculous deliverance from the Polish invasion, the Church of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God was erected and consecrated. In memory of the events of 1612, the State Duma of the Russian Federation in 2004 decided to introduce a new public holiday - National Unity Day and declare November 4 a day off.

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Fedotova Lyudmila Ivanovna. MCOU Beloyarsk Secondary School, Achinsk District, Krasnoyarsk Territory. History and social studies teacher.

Presentation on the topic "National Unity Day" on history in powerpoint format. The purpose of this presentation for schoolchildren is to acquaint students with the history of the National Unity Day holiday. Author of the presentation: history teacher, Tatyana Viktorovna Zaichikova.

Fragments from the presentation

Russia is a multinational state

• Article 3
• 1. The bearer of sovereignty and the only source of power in the Russian Federation is its multinational people.
• Article 19
• 2. The state guarantees equality of rights and freedoms of man and citizen, regardless of gender, race, nationality, language, origin, property and official status, place of residence, attitude to religion, beliefs, membership in public associations, as well as other circumstances. Any form of restriction of the rights of citizens on the basis of social, racial, national, linguistic or religious affiliation is prohibited.

Start...

At the beginning of the 17th century, chaos and devastation reigned on Russian soil. The confrontation within the country acquired a tragic character: family ties were torn, guilty and innocent people died. The situation was aggravated by external forces that were hatching plans to weaken and subjugate Russia.

The first militia. Ryazan. 1611

• During these tragic months, the townspeople and district people played a huge role, who took the initiative for the liberation of Russia and the expulsion of the interventionists into their own hands.
• In 1611, a people's militia was created in Ryazan under the leadership of Prokopiy Lyapunov. In addition to Lyapunov, it was led by Prince Trubetskoy and Ataman Zarutsky.
• Due to the contradictions between them and the betrayal of Zarutsky, the 1st militia disintegrated.

Second militia. Nizhny Novgorod

• Russia, according to contemporaries, was “at the last time.” It seemed that there was no longer any strength left for its revival.
• But people again demonstrated their will. In the fall of 1611, through the efforts of the Nizhny Novgorod headman Kuzma Minin, the Second Militia was created.
• A governor was also found who had not stained himself with treason - Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky.

The beginning of the liberation of Moscow

• In August 1612, the regiments of the Second Militia approached Moscow
• Here, in the area of ​​the Novodevichy Convent, they had to fight heavy battles with Hetman Khodkevich.
• At the decisive moment, the detachments of the Second Militia were helped by the Cossacks of the First Militia. The military partnership led to victory over the enemy and the unification of all forces.
• On August 25, Khodkevich was expelled from Moscow. However, not all of Moscow was liberated from the invaders. There were still Polish detachments of Colonels Strus and Budily, entrenched in Kitai-Gorod and the Kremlin.
• Knowing that the besieged Poles were suffering terrible hunger, Pozharsky sent them a letter in which he invited the Polish knighthood to surrender. “Your heads and lives will be spared,” he wrote, “I will take this upon my soul and ask all military men to agree to this.” To which an arrogant and boastful response followed from the Polish colonels with a refusal to Pozharsky’s proposal.

Liberation

• On October 22, 1612, Kitai-Gorod was taken by storm by Russian troops. And on October 27, the ceremonial entry into the Kremlin of the troops of princes Pozharsky and Trubetskoy was scheduled. When the troops gathered at Lobnoye Mesto, Archimandrite Dionysius of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery performed a solemn prayer service in honor of the victory of the militia. After which, to the ringing of bells, the winners, accompanied by the people, entered the Kremlin with banners and banners. Thus the cleansing of Moscow and the Moscow state from foreign invaders was completed.
• The monument to Minin and Pozharsky is the very first in Moscow! However, it was initially planned to install it in Nizhny Novgorod - in the city where the militia was gathered, “in the very place where Minin presented all his property to the people and thus inflamed the competition of his fellow citizens,” and the installation was timed to coincide with the 200th anniversary of memorable events.
• The Patriotic War of 1812 influenced many areas of life and the interest in creating the monument was already great, but after the Patriotic War, in the wake of the rise of patriotism, it grew even more!
• The sculptor depicted the moment when Kuzma Minin, pointing his hand towards Moscow, hands Prince Pozharsky an ancient sword and calls on him to stand at the head of the Russian army. Leaning on the shield, the wounded governor rises from his bed, which symbolizes the awakening of national self-awareness in a difficult hour for the Fatherland. They decided to erect the monument in Moscow, on Red Square.
• On December 16, 2004, the State Duma of the Russian Federation adopted simultaneously in three readings amendments to the Federal Law “On the Days of Military Glory (Victory Days of Russia).” One of the amendments was the introduction of a new holiday - National Unity Day on November 4, the day of the liberation of Moscow from Polish invaders.
• So, in November 1612, the country was saved. Saved by the dedication of people, patriotic representatives of different classes and nationalities, who managed to overcome selfishness and rejection of each other in the fight against a common enemy.
• This was the case in 1612, this was the case 200 years later in 1812 during the fight against Napoleon, and this was the case during the Great Patriotic War in 1941-1945. And it should always be like this!

Tolerance

• Tolerance means tolerance for other people's opinions and actions, the ability to relate to them without irritation.
• Be more tolerant of other people. Remember - not everyone thinks and lives differently from you, not everyone has the same opinion as you. And you can't blame people for that. The diversity of the world is wonderful. Otherwise the world would be gray and boring.

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Slide captions:

MBDOU No. 27 of combined type in Tula Presentation in the senior group on the topic: “Day of National Unity”

I won’t get tired of enjoying the lark’s song, I won’t exchange the sweet side for anything! The warm wind will bring the aroma of currants, So what is more expensive? – There is no dearer... (Motherland)

People of many nationalities live in Russia. The Constitution of Russia begins with the words: “We, the multinational people of the Russian Federation...” - this means that we are people of different nationalities, but there is one people - Russians. Our country is inhabited by people of different nationalities: Belarusians, Ukrainians, Tatars, Karelians, Chuvash, Bashkirs, Yakuts, Dagestanis, Adygeis, Mordovians, Komi, Udmurts, Khanty, Mansi, Tajiks, Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Georgians, Shors and many, many others - in total there are more than a hundred nationalities.

On November 4, all of Russia will celebrate National Unity Day - this is a holiday of patriotism, mutual assistance and unity of all Russian peoples.

Russia went through difficult times in the 17th century. They called it Troubles (everything was mixed up, nothing could be understood). The royal family ceased, there was no king, impostors appeared who tried to seize power and the throne. Taking advantage of internal unrest, foreigners - Swedes and Poles - invaded Russia. Robber gangs robbed and destroyed the people. It seemed that there was nowhere to wait for help. It was difficult for the residents of Moscow; the invaders destroyed their houses and desecrated their churches.

Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky stood up to defend their native land. They gathered an army, prayed to the Heavenly Intercessor icon of the Most Holy Theotokos and went to liberate the capital of Russia - Moscow and the main fortress of the Kremlin.

In Moscow, on Red Square, in honor of the victory over the Poles, a bronze monument to Minin and Pozharsky was erected so that people would not forget and honor the heroes of their country.

Russia did not immediately become a strong state; the country's power gradually increased. In severe trials and battles, the will was tempered, and the unity of the people was strengthened.

Every Russian knows and respects the main symbols of his country - the anthem, coat of arms and flag.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

Preview:

Abstract continuous directly organized educational activities (DED) in the senior group

"Day of National Unity".

Main educational area: "Cognitive development".

Integration of educational areas:social and communicative development, speech development, physical development.

Types of children's activities: communicative, cognitive and research.

Target: education of a humane, spiritual and moral personality, worthy future citizens of Russia, patriots of their Fatherland.

Tasks:
- to consolidate the idea that our country is huge, multinational, called the Russian Federation, Russia;

Consolidate knowledge about the geographical location of the country on the map;

Expand the understanding of public holidays, the holiday “National Unity Day”, the meaning and history of its origin;

Provide basic information about the history of Russia;

To develop knowledge about the multinationality of our country;

Consolidate knowledge about the flag, coat of arms and anthem of Russia;

Foster respect for other peoples and cultures;

Develop auditory attention and memory.

Equipment and materials: sheets of paper according to the number of children, a projector, a laptop, a magnetic board, a presentation on “National Unity Day”, an audio recording of the Russian anthem, the flag and coat of arms of Russia.

GCD move:

Org. moment:

Educator:
- I won’t get tired of enjoying it
Song of the lark,
I wouldn't trade it for anything
Sweet side!
The warm wind will bring
Currant aroma,
So what is not more expensive? -
There is no dearer... (Motherland)

A person has one natural mother, and he has one homeland. Her people love her deeply. What is the Motherland?

Motherland.

Homeland is a big, big word!
Let there be no miracles in the world,
If you say this word with your soul,
It is deeper than the seas, higher than the skies!
It fits exactly half the world:
Mom and dad, neighbors, friends
Dear city, dear apartment,
Grandma, school, kitten... and me.
Sunny bunny in the palm of your hand
Lilac bush outside the window
And on the cheek there is a mole -
This is also the Motherland.

What is the name of our Motherland?(Russia)

Basic GCD part:

View the presentation “National Unity Day”.

Educator:
- There are many different beautiful countries in the world and every people loves their homeland most of all. You and I were born in Russia, we are Russians.
- Do you love your country?(children's answers) And for what? (children give their own answers, some find it difficult to answer the question).

Educator:
- Who can answer this question? Citizens of a country feel love for their homeland simply because they live in it. After all, we all have one homeland.
Our Motherland is very large, beautiful and rich. Russia occupies the largest and most extensive territory from Europe to Asia. Only in our country there is the polar zone, and the tundra, and the taiga, and the steppe, and the tropics. (Look at the map).

Educator:
- Do only Russians live in Russia?(No)

What peoples inhabit our country?(children's answers)

Educator:
- Yes, our country is inhabited by people of different nationalities - Ukrainians, Belarusians, Tatars, Karelians, Chuvash, Bashkirs, Yakuts, Dagestanis, Adygeis, Mordovians, Komi, Udmurts, Khanty, Mansi, Germans, Tajiks, Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Georgians, Shors and many – many others - more than a hundred nationalities in total.

Educator:
- Which nationality do you think is better?(children's answers)

Different peoples inhabit Russia, but they are all united into a single family by a common Motherland, mutual respect and friendship. Therefore, it is impossible to say which nationality is better - we are all equal, all special.

Phys. just a minute:

In our country the mountains are high,(hands up, on tiptoes)

The rivers are deep (crouched down)

The steppes are wide (arms to the sides),

The forests are big (we make a circle with our hands),

And we are the guys like that!(thumbs up)

Educator:
- On November 4, all of Russia will celebrate the holiday “Day of National Unity.” This is a holiday of patriotism, mutual assistance and unity of all Russian peoples.

Guys, how do you understand what unity is?(Unity is when all people are together)

Experimentation: one child is asked to tear a stack of paper in half(the child is unable to tear the paper), then each child is asked to tear one sheet of paper into two parts. The teacher draws an analogy: when we are all together, friendly and united, we cannot be defeated, but if we are alone, like one piece of paper, then it will be easy to defeat us.

Who are the patriots?(These are people who love their Motherland and are always ready to defend it)

The National Unity Day holiday has a very ancient history.Listen to her. It all started 400 years ago, in the 17th century. Then a terrible time began in Rus', which was called the Troubles(everything is mixed up, nothing can be understood). There was no king in the country, the laws were not respected. The Poles took advantage of this. They attacked our country. They captured Moscow and the main fortress of the capital - the Kremlin.It was difficult for the residents of Moscow; the invaders destroyed their houses and desecrated their churches. But there were brave people - Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky.They gathered an army, prayed to the Heavenly Intercessor icon of the Most Holy Theotokos and went to liberate the capital of Russia - Moscow and the main fortress - the Kremlin.

Russian soldiers fought for two months and on November 4 defeated the enemy and drove him out of the Kremlin. Rus' again became autocratic, that is, independent.
In Moscow, on Red Square, in honor of the victory over the Poles, a bronze monument to Minin and Pozharsky was erected so that people would not forget and honor the heroes of their country. It is in honor of this event that “National Unity Day” is celebrated.

Russia did not immediately become a strong state; the country's power gradually increased. In severe trials and battles, the will was tempered, and the unity of the people was strengthened.

400 years have passed, during which time different countries tried many times to conquer Russia, but they failed, all people stood up to defend their country.(The story is accompanied by a display of illustrations from the presentation)

Educator:

Guys, let's check which of you is the real citizen of our country?(Listening to an audio recording of the Russian anthem while standing)

Tell me please, what is the name of this music?(Hymn) That's right - this is the anthem - the main musical work of our country. It is performed on the most solemn occasions and all people stand as a sign of respect and pride for their country.

Every Russian knows and respects the main symbols of his country - the anthem, coat of arms and flag. We have already heard the anthem. Here in front of us is the coat of arms of Russia. What is depicted on our coat of arms?(children's answers).

Please note that on our coat of arms the eagle has two heads, which means it will not let any enemy through. In the paws of the eagle are symbols of power - a scepter and an orb, such as the Russian tsars had in the old days.

And this is our flag. Guys, list what colors it consists of(called). White stripe - a symbol of purity of intentions and nobility - means that our state has no evil intentions, it treats all countries honestly and openly. Blue stripe - a symbol of peacefulness - indicates that Russia is against war. Red stripe - a symbol of courage - means that every citizen of Russia is ready to defend the freedom and honor of the Motherland from enemies.

Result:
- Well done guys, you know a lot about our homeland Russia. Today you learned more about the holiday “Day of National Unity”, about our Motherland - Russia, about the state symbols of the Russian state. I hope that you will always love and be proud of our Motherland and when you grow up, glorify it with your deeds. Russia will always be proud of you.

National Unity Day is celebrated as a major public holiday throughout the great Russia on October 4. The presentation tells about the history of this holiday, which has more than one century behind it. His main date of birth is called 1612, when Minin and Pozharsky organized the people to defend the city of Moscow and the entire Russian land. In unity they defeated the enemy. This and other historical facts are described in a presentation that can be downloaded from the website for free and shown to schoolchildren on National Unity Day.

Do not forget the holidays that are associated with the history of the people. They should be proud. Children need to be raised on them as they grow up. For a long time this date was forgotten in Russia. It's time to revive the holiday and talk about this topic. Since 2005, Unity Day in Russia has been a great day worthy of veneration of glorious people and the icon of the Kazan Mother of God.

The presentation will tell students from grades 5 to 9 about the history of the Unity Day holiday. At such an event, it is possible to develop in students both a patriotic feeling of love for the Motherland and an awareness of the need to be prepared to defend our country from any aggressor.

The presentation slides telling the history of Unity Day are filled with historical information and documentary photographs, pictures that characterize this event:

• Start
• The first militia in Ryazan in 1611
• Second militia in Nizhny Novgorod
• Liberation of Moscow
• The first monument in Moscow to Minin and Pozharsky
• Revival of the holiday
• People's Unity Day since 2005 (November 4)
• Tolerance (concept)

You can download the presentation on the theme of National Unity Day not only for class hours, but also for history lessons and the surrounding world.

Scenario and presentation for a class hour on National Unity Day. The purpose of the event is to explain to schoolchildren the significance and meaning of the new holiday in the Russian Federation, and to foster patriotism.

Presentation for a class hour on National Unity Day. Contains historical information, information about the origin of the holiday, and a quiz. Introduces students to architecture and painting.

The material contains a script and presentation for a class hour on National Unity Day in primary school. It develops in schoolchildren a sense of patriotism and love for the Motherland, an interest in the history of Russia, and forms a sense of responsibility for their country.

Presentation for a class hour dedicated to National Unity Day. Students will learn about the Time of Troubles, about the struggle against the invaders, about Minin and Pozharsky.

A presentation for class on the topic “Unity is our strength” was made by a primary school teacher. It will definitely appeal to students in grades 1 - 4. This work will help organize a lesson in acquiring new knowledge. The lesson is proposed to be held in the form of a concert. A slide show can be organized throughout the lesson, gradually revealing the topic stated above. The resource proposed for use will tell schoolchildren about the history of the National Unity Day holidays. Properly selected material will allow the teacher to instill in children the basic ideas about the events that occurred in 1612 and talk about their further significance for Russia. Aphorisms of great people, excerpts from the story “Ivan Susanin” and poems about our Motherland will help instill in schoolchildren patriotic principles and a sense of pride in their people.

The slides have a lot of visual images, there are lyrics of popular songs and beautiful poems from Russia. The show also includes photos from the lesson, which show the children’s keen interest in the proposed topic. 12 slides will help reveal it.

The presentation reveals the most pressing topic of today. Schoolchildren will talk about the fact that one cannot live separately, that one must preserve those friendly ties that have been created over the years. It is very easy to destroy, but in difficult moments you have to seek help from those closest to you, so it is not for nothing that people say that our strength is in unity. These words became the motto of a lesson or class hour, which must be taught in primary grades (1 - 4).

A travel form is offered for the lesson. Children hit the road and stop at the following stations:

1. Olympic Games;
2. Slavic writing;
3. Crimea and Sevastopol.

Each stop once again proves that at all times people were friendly, they respected their roots. We cannot be separated even today, because if we lose connections, we will lose our strength.

The presentation talks about the complexities of national relations in the modern world. It is especially difficult to build them in large states where hundreds of nationalities live. However, we should not feel inconvenienced by this; on the contrary, being together makes us stronger. It is this topic “There is strength in unity” that the teacher will reveal during a thematic class hour, which is recommended to be conducted using an electronic resource in grades 5–7.

12 slides will fill the lesson with warmth and kindness, sow the sprouts of friendship and hope, because in this lesson (class hour) we will talk about the most sacred:

• nations;
• nationality;
• nationalism;
• patriotism;
• tolerance;
• National Unity Day.

The presentation was prepared for a unified all-Kuban class hour at school on September 1, 2015 on the topic “Our strength is in unity.” The work includes exactly 13 slides, on which are portraits of famous people - natives of the Kuban land. Each of them made their small contribution to ensuring that today Kuban is a happy, prosperous region.

In the photo in front of the schoolchildren are outstanding Kuban Cossacks: Ataman Golovaty, Stepanova, who did not receive her sons from the war, collector Kovalenko, the Kirlian spouses. Pustovoit,. Khanzhiyan, Zakharchenko, Zhigulenko, Lukyanenko, Rossinsky, Obraztsov, Gorbatko. This list could be much longer and, if necessary, the teacher can continue it at his own discretion, adding photos of fellow countrymen.

From history lessons, you all know that the events that took place in the Muscovite kingdom at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th centuries are called the Time of Troubles. Never before has Russia been in such a difficult situation. External enemies, internal strife, betrayal of the boyars - everything threatened death.

It was not the kings and boyars, but the people's militia that saved the Motherland from the invasion of foreign invaders and civil war. It united peasants and ordinary townspeople, merchants and serving nobility, craftsmen and clergy.

This is the only example in our history when the fate of the Fatherland was decided by the people themselves, without the participation of the authorities.

In June 1611, the Polish army took Smolensk. Russia was on the verge of disaster. The invaders, one after another, tore away more and more lands from it. Governance of the state was disrupted. The country plunged into chaos and anarchy.

The Polish garrison was rampaging in the Moscow Kremlin.

Under these conditions, the people found the strength to rise to a new liberation movement.

Kuzma Minich Sukhoruky

In September 1611, in Nizhny Novgorod, the townsman Kuzma Minin called on the people to liberate the Motherland. Under his leadership, fundraising and organization of a new militia began. Many people gave their last to save the Fatherland.

Minin perceived the troubles of the Fatherland as his personal pain. He was the first to donate his property to organize a militia.

Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky

The experienced commander Prince Dmitry Pozharsky stood at the head of the militia troops.

Having led the Nizhny Novgorod militia, Pozharsky gathered all the military men and forced them to take an oath: “Be in council and united, stand for the Moscow state, do not beat each other, do not rob and do nothing bad to anyone.

For three months, the militia, located near Yaroslavl, prepared for a campaign against Moscow. Pozharsky closely monitored their training. We had to fight one of the best armies in Europe. The Polish cavalry in those days was considered invincible, the Poles had strong artillery.

Kuzma Minin was engaged in supplying the Nizhny Novgorod militia.

The governor's tent stood in the center of the camp. Pozharsky and Minin walked among the militias without guards, ate with them from the same cauldron, if they needed to build something, they took an ax in their hands.

Pozharsky and Minin

In the summer of 1612, the troops of the Second Militia approached Moscow and united with the remnants of the First Militia, led by Prince Trubetskoy.

After grueling, long battles, the Kremlin was liberated on October 22, 1612 (November 4, new style).

The chronicle tells that on the eve of the decisive battle for Kitay-Gorod and the Kremlin, the Russian army fasted for three days and prayed to the Most Holy Theotokos to grant them victory.

In honor of this victory, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich established the celebration of the icon of the Kazan Mother of God on October 22, and on Red Square, at the expense of Dmitry Pozharsky, the Kazan Cathedral was built - a monument to the Nizhny Novgorod militia.

Kazan Cathedral in Moscow

The names of Minin and Pozharsky and other heroes of the liberation war live in people's memory. Streets were named in their honor, and monuments were erected to them in many cities.

The most famous monument to Minin and Pozharsky stands in Moscow, on Red Square. It was created according to the design of the architect Ivan Petrovich Martos using money raised by the people. The inscription is carved on the pedestal: “Grateful Russia to Citizen Minin and Prince Pozharsky.” Summer 1818"

When the famous literary critic Vissarion Grigorievich Belinsky saw this monument, he wrote: “Their names are immortal, as are their deeds. They will ignite love for the Motherland in the hearts of their descendants. An enviable lot! Happy fate!

Why do you think?

Quiz

In memory of what event in Moscow was the Kazan Cathedral erected?

• Extracurricular activities: 9th grade / auto comp. O.G. Chernykh. – M.: VAKO, 2011. – 256 s. – (Mosaic of children's recreation);
• History of Russia. XVII-XVIII centuries: textbook for 7th grade. – 4th ed.. – M.: LLC “TID “Russkoe Slovo” - RS”, 2005. – 280 p.: ill.
• Children's encyclopedia: Educational magazine for girls and boys No. 11-2012;