Translated literature of ancient Rus' presentation. Old Russian literature presentation for a literature lesson on the topic. The Origins of Old Russian Literature

Education and literature.
Writing existed in Rus'
even before the adoption of Christianity (so
for example, the text of Oleg’s agreement with
by the Greeks in 911 was written in
Russian and Greek languages).
By the time of the adoption of Christianity
the alphabet was formed. Adoption
Christianity contributed
literacy,
development of writing,
enlightenment.

Writing

On the widespread development of writing
evidence of handicraft inscriptions
products: women signed the spinning wheel,
potters - clay vessels, shoemaker on
carved the names of his customers into the blocks.
More than 500 letters were found in Novgorod,
Smolensk, Moscow, Polotsk, Pskov and
other cities. Among the certificates there is
business documents, letters,
wills.

Under Yaroslav the Wise it was opened
school in Kyiv, where more than
300 children. Got his education
daughter - Anna - one of the first
literate women who became
Queen of France.
From XI - XII centuries. 80 books have reached us, 7
of which have an exact date
writing. The oldest of them is the Ostromir Gospel, it was
rewritten in 1056-1057. For
Novgorod mayor Ostromir.

At that time they wrote on parchment,
on a specially made
calfskin. The text began
write the splash screen with a capital red letter. Unlike European
countries where Latin was spoken
recognized as state, in Rus'
wrote in their native language.

During this period it was created
a number of outstanding
works. Among them:
"The Tale of Bygone Years"
"Teachings of Vladimir
Monomakh", "Prayers of Daniel
Sharpener" and others.

During the feudal period
fragmentation of the leading idea in
literature was the idea of ​​unity
Russian land. Descriptions
princely feuds, the idea
a single strong grand ducal
the authorities are full of "Pskovskaya",
"Novgorodskaya", "Ipatievskaya",
"Laurentian" and other chronicles.
A special place among the works
This period is occupied by “The Lay of
Igor's regiment", our pride
literature.

A Tale of Time
years
The earliest extant
Old Russians before us
chronicles from the beginning of the 12th century
century. Was compiled in Kyiv.
Dated part
history of Kyiv
Rus' begins in 852,
the beginning of independent
Byzantine rule
Emperor Michael.

The Tale of Bygone Years

The author of the chronicle is indicated
on the Khlebnikov list as
monk Nestor, 12th century,
monk of the Kiev Pechersk Monastery.
Although in earlier lists this name
omitted, researchers XVIII-
XIX centuries considered Nestor the first
Russian chronicler, and “The Tale
temporary years" - the first Russian
chronicle.

Glagolitic
- one of the first
Slavic alphabets.
It is assumed that
exactly the Glagolitic alphabet
created Slavic
enlightener St.
Konstantin
(Kirill)philosophers for the record
church texts
in Slavic
language.

Birch bark and parchment
Birch bark for writing receives
in Rus' distribution no later than
first quarter of the 11th century.
Birch bark was considered as
non-prestigious material for writing,
unsuitable for long-term storage;
it was used for private
correspondence and personal notes, and more
responsible letters and
official documents were written
on parchment.
Only a few letters were kept
relatively long: that's two
huge birch bark leaves
with a recording of literary
works, both found in the ground
in expanded form, as well as two
birch bark books.

Novgorod Psalter
The oldest book of Rus'.
Consists of linden boards with
four pages (cerams),
covered with wax for writing with
using a stylus.
According to statistical data,
wax codex was used
in the first quarter of the 11th century and,
perhaps starting from
recent years X century, so
he's been around for decades
older than Ostromirovo
Gospel, considered
the oldest book in Rus'
with a precise date
written 1056-1057

Ostromirovo Gospel
Well preserved
manuscript from the mid-11th century,
Russian monument
an excerpt from the Old Church Slavonic language.
Written by Deacon Gregory
in 1056-1057
For the Novgorod mayor
Ostromir, who in the inscription
books called "close"
(relative) of the prince
Izyaslav Yaroslavich. Manuscript
is especially interesting because in its
end scribe detail
told about her circumstances
production and time
work.

Education and literature of Ancient Rus' Education and literature

• . Writing in Rus' existed even before the adoption of Christianity (for example, the text of Oleg’s treaty with the Greeks in 911 was written in Russian and Greek).
• By the time Christianity was adopted, an alphabet had developed. The adoption of Christianity contributed to the spread of literacy, the development of writing, and education.

Writing

• The widespread development of writing is evidenced by the inscriptions on handicraft products: women signed spinning wheels, potters signed clay vessels, shoemakers carved the names of their customers on lasts. More than 500 letters were found in Novgorod, Smolensk, Moscow, Polotsk, Pskov and other cities. Among the charters there are business documents, letters, wills.

Under Yaroslav the Wise, a school was opened in Kyiv, where more than 300 children studied. His daughter Anna, one of the first literate women to become Queen of France, was educated.

• Under Yaroslav the Wise, a school was opened in Kyiv, where more than 300 children studied. His daughter Anna, one of the first literate women to become Queen of France, was educated.
• From XI - XII centuries. 80 books have reached us, 7 of which have an exact date of writing. The oldest of them is the “Ostromir Gospel”, it was rewritten in 1056-1057. for the Novgorod mayor Ostromir.

At that time they wrote on parchment, on specially dressed calfskin. The text began to be written with a capital red letter - the header. Unlike European countries, where Latin was recognized as the state language, in Rus' they wrote in their native language.

• At that time they wrote on parchment, on specially treated calfskin. The text began to be written with a capital red letter - the header. Unlike European countries, where Latin was recognized as the state language, in Rus' they wrote in their native language.

During this period, a number of outstanding works were created. Among them: “The Tale of Bygone Years”, “Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh”, “Prayers of Daniil the Zatochnik”, etc.

• During this period, a number of outstanding works were created. Among them: “The Tale of Bygone Years”, “Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh”, “Prayers of Daniil the Zatochnik”, etc.

During the period of feudal fragmentation, the leading idea in literature was the idea of ​​​​the unity of the Russian land. The Pskov, Novgorod, Ipatiev, Lavrentiev and other chronicles are full of descriptions of princely strife and the idea of ​​a single strong grand-ducal power.

• During the period of feudal fragmentation, the leading idea in literature was the idea of ​​​​the unity of the Russian land. The Pskov, Novgorod, Ipatiev, Lavrentiev and other chronicles are full of descriptions of princely strife and the idea of ​​a single strong grand-ducal power.
• A special place among the works of this period is occupied by “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign,” the pride of our literature.

A Tale of Time years

• A Tale of Time years
• The earliest of the ancient Russian chronicles that have come down to us from the beginning of the 12th century. Was compiled in Kyiv. Dated part of history Kievan Rus begins in 852, the beginning of the independent reign of the Byzantine Emperor Michael.

The Tale of Bygone Years

• The author of the chronicle is listed in the Khlebnikov list as monk Nestor, 12th century, monk of the Kiev Pechersk Monastery. Although earlier lists omitted this name, researchers of the 18th-19th centuries considered Nestor the first Russian chronicler, and the Tale of Bygone Years the first Russian chronicle.

Glagolitic

• Glagolitic
• - one of the first Slavic alphabet. It is assumed that it was the Glagolitic alphabet that was created by the Slavic enlightener St. Konstantin (Kirill)-philosophers for recording church texts in the Slavic language.

Birch bark and parchment

• Birch bark and parchment
• Birch bark for writing became widespread in Rus' no later than the first quarter of the 11th century.
• Birch bark was considered a low-prestige material for writing, unsuitable for long-term storage; it was used for private correspondence and personal notes, while more important letters and official documents were written on parchment.
• Only a few letters were kept for a relatively long time: these are two birch bark sheets of huge size with a record of literary works, both found in the ground in an unfolded form, as well as two birch bark books.

Novgorod Psalter

• Novgorod Psalter
• The oldest book of Rus'.
• It consists of linden tablets with four pages (cerae) covered with wax for writing with a stylus.
• According to statistical data, the wax codex was used in the first quarter of the 11th century. century and, possibly, starting from the last years of the 10th century, so that it is several decades older than the Ostromir Gospel, which was considered the most ancient book in Rus' with a precisely established date of writing 1056-1057.

Ostromirovo Gospel

• Ostromirovo Gospel
• A well-preserved manuscript from the mid-11th century, a monument to the Russian translation of the Old Church Slavonic language. Written by Deacon Gregory in 1056-1057.
• For the Novgorod mayor Ostromir, who in the inscription of the book is called a “close” (relative) of Prince Izyaslav Yaroslavich. The manuscript is especially interesting because at the end the copyist spoke in detail about the circumstances of its production and the time of work.

Thank you for your attention!

History of Chronicles Chronicles arose during the time of Yaroslav the Wise, at a time when Rus' began to fight for church and political independence. Apparently, then the first historical works were created, claiming that the history of Rus' repeats the history of other Christian powers.

History of chronicle writing No less lists of chronicles have survived. Many works of ancient Russian literature have been preserved in their composition: The Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh, The Legend of the Battle of Mamaev, The Walking of the Three Seas by Afanasy Nikitin, etc.

South Russian Chronicles South Russian chronicles are preserved in the Ipatiev Chronicle, which consists of the Tale of Bygone Years, continued mainly by Kyiv news (ending with 1200), and the Galicia-Volyn Chronicle (ending).

Vladimir-Suzdal Chronicles In the Vladimir-Suzdal land, the main centers of chronicle writing were Vladimir, Suzdal, Rostov and Pereyaslavl. The monument of this chronicle is the Laurentian Chronicle, which begins with the Tale of Bygone Years, continued by the Vladimir-Suzdal news until 1305.

History of chronicle writing The Mongol-Tatar invasion caused a temporary decline in chronicle writing. The revival of chronicle writing began only after the Battle of Kulikovo (1380). Old Russian chronicles have reached us as part of later (mainly XIV-XV centuries) chronicle collections.

History of chronicle writing New phenomena in chronicle writing were noted in the 15th century, when the Russian state was taking shape with its center in Moscow. The policies of the Moscow Grand Dukes were reflected in all-Russian chronicles. The most famous is the Vologda-Perm Chronicle.

Slide presentation

Slide text:

Slide text: Today, reader interest in Russian, especially ancient Russian literature, has sharply decreased with the advent of new video technologies. But to modern man you need to know the history and culture of your people. We can glean this knowledge from primary sources: chronicles, chronographs, lives, historical stories.

Slide text: If I attract the attention and interest of children and adult readers to the works of ancient Russian literature, then every citizen will be imbued with pride in his people: their glorious military and labor feats, the enormous creative search of monastic chroniclers, historians, cartographers and the spiritual culture of past generations.

Slide text: Get acquainted with the main genres of ancient Russian literature. Give brief analysis“The Tale of Bygone Years” and “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.” Determine the role of the author in works of ancient Russian literature. Get acquainted with the origins of Christianity in Rus'. Arouse reader interest in works of ancient Russian literature.

Slide text:

Slide text: More than a thousand years ago, Russia was inhabited by a people calling themselves Slavs. It was divided into tribes: Polyans, Drevlyans, Krivichi, Northerners... Only one of the tribes was simply called Slavs. Having settled in separate clans, which constantly quarreled among themselves, they could not give a strong rebuff to the enemy and often paid tribute.

Slide text: Then the Ilmen Slavs, Krivichi and two Finnish tribes, all and Chud, gathered at a meeting and began to discuss how to establish peace and order in themselves. They decided to install a prince who would own them and judge them by right.

Slide text: And so that the prince would not favor his family more than others, the veche decided to summon a foreign prince from the Varangians, equipping ambassadors for this.

Slide text: There was a small tribe of Rus among the Varangians, and the ambassadors turned to them: “Our land is great and abundant, but there is no order in it, come to reign and rule over us.” Three brothers Rurik, Sineus and Truvor responded with their relatives in 867 came. It was from them that the land was called Russian.

Slide No. 10

Slide text: Rule of the Russians on Slavic land. In 879, Rurik died, leaving an infant son, Igor; his relative Oleg began to reign. Having gathered an army, Oleg went down the Dnieper, saw a large and beautiful city, and learned that Askold and Dir, people from Rurik’s squad, reigned there. This angered him.

Slide No. 11

Slide text: He told them: “You are not princes or a princely family, but I am a princely family and here is the son of Rurik.” Then he pointed to Igor. Askold and Dir were killed, and Oleg remained in Kyiv and called it “the mother of Russian cities.”

Slide No. 12

Slide text: Oleg reigned for 33 years. After him, Rurik’s son, Igor, reigned. One day he went to the Drevlyan land, took tribute, and it seemed to him that what he collected was not enough. He returned back, but the Drevlyans came out of their city and killed him. The young widow Olga remained, she avenged her husband and conceived a big deal: she went to Constantinople, became acquainted with the Christian religion and accepted its religion. In holy baptism she was named Helen.

Slide No. 13

Slide text: Vladimir, Olga’s grandson, also began to waver in the pagan faith. He thought for a long time about different religions and settled on Christianity. But he wanted to remain the same free Russian prince. Oleg promised to convert to Christianity on the condition that the emperors would marry his sister Anna to him.

Slide No. 14

Slide text: The emperors replied that they would marry his sister if he accepted baptism, but a Christian woman could not marry a pagan. Vladimir was immediately baptized, was named Vasily in holy baptism, and after baptism he and Anna walked down the aisle.

Slide No. 15

Slide text: Returning to Kyiv, Vladimir ordered to chop and burn all the idols. And the next morning the Grand Duke went out to the Dnieper with the Tsaritsyn and Korsun priests to baptize the people of Kiev.

Slide No. 16

Slide text: Book art came to our ancestors in the 10th century along with Christianity, and therefore the first literate people we had were priests and monks.

Slide No. 17

Slide text: Nestor the Chronicler. The name of the first chronicler was Nestor. He was a monk of the Kyiv Pechora Monastery, born in 1056, settled in the monastery at the age of seventeen and lived until 1114... About the reign of the first Russian princes, only what Nestor wrote down has reached us. In his stories, fiction is mixed with the truth, but we do not have more reliable information.

Slide No. 18

Slide text: The greatest monument of Kievan Rus, the basis of the chronicle tradition of the 11th century, is the “Tale of Bygone Years.” It was compiled in the 10th-11th centuries by Nestor. The author set as his goal not just to talk about the settlement of the Slavic peoples of antiquity, about morals and customs, but to emphasize the unity of peoples, their culture, language and writing created in the 9th century by the brothers Cyril and Methodius.

Slide No. 19

Slide text: The main genres of ancient Russian literature Literature in Rus' arose after the adoption of Christianity, therefore oral folk art ancient Russians received almost no response in ancient Russian literature. The exception is chronicles. The main genres of ancient Russian literature: lives, chronographs, chronicles and cartography. Slavic writing was created in the middle of the 9th century specifically for the needs of Christian worship. That is why “useless” worldly works did not appear in Rus' in the first centuries after baptism.

Slide No. 20

Slide text: Style in Old Russian literature. In ancient Russian literature, style depended not on the genre of the work, but on the subject of the story. The descriptions used “stencils” and biblical quotes. In ancient Russian literature, the canon ruled - rules and images: the saint was called an “earthly angel” and a “heavenly man”, the enemy surrounded the Russian army like a forest, the princes were fair.

Slide No. 21

Slide text: The role of the author in Old Russian literature Old Russian authors did not try to be original, and scribes were not careful with other people's texts. As a rule, the authors mentioned their names only when it was necessary to give the story authenticity and documentary quality. The concept of authorship appeared in the 17th century.

Slide number 22

Slide text: Even in ancient times, they discovered the truth that books, like people, have their own destiny. The Bible was truly destined for great things. It became a kind of code that opened access to the values ​​of European culture, and also had a great influence on the development of medieval literature. The Bible is the sacred history of man, the history of man’s relationship with God, a history unfolding into the future.

Slide No. 23

Slide text: Life is piece of art in the modern sense of the word. It always tells about events that its compilers and readers consider to be true and not fictitious. Lives were classified as works of church literature. A chronicle or historical story about the military campaigns of Russian princes, a battle with foreigners, or a story about internecine strife are secular texts.

Slide No. 24

Slide text: Historical works telling about the events of world history by year and reign were called chronograph in Rus'. In its meaning, this word is very close to the word “chronicle” (from the Greek “chrono” - time and “graph” - writing). Any chronograph is, first of all, a version of history, permeated with a Christian worldview. Medieval Rus' became part of the Christian world and thereby turned into a “historical country.”

Slide No. 25

Slide text: The Golden Word of Russian literature is called “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign,” created in 1187. Folk images in the work are closely related to its folk ideals. The artistic and ideological sides in “The Lay” are inseparable from each other. For example, a comparison of the battle with the harvest, in the battle of Igor with the Polovtsians, “the black ground under the hooves was covered with bones, and the clearing was covered with blood.” The word calls for a fight against the Polovtsy, first of all, in the name of peaceful labor.

Slide No. 26

Slide text: The meaning of “The Word...” is especially great for us because it is a sacred and indisputable witness to the height of ancient Russian culture, its identity and its nationality. This is not a historical narrative about the distant past - it is a response to the events of its time, full of grief that has not yet dulled.

Slide No. 27

Slide text: Among various cultural monuments, cartographic works occupy a special place. Figuratively and succinctly, old maps reflect the level of material and spiritual culture of past generations, the centuries-old history of our Motherland. Before the appearance of drawings in the 16th century, there were already textual descriptions of various territories, i.e. geographical descriptions of the area.

Slide No. 28

Slide text: For example, one of the oldest Russian texts about the transfer of land ownership to the Novgorod Anthony Monastery reads: “... and the allotment of that land from the river to the Volkhov by a branch stream up, and to Lyuschik, and by Lyuschik along the prest, and from the prest to a cow run, and by a cow run to the alder, and from the alder to the spruce bush, from the spruce bush to the upper reaches of Dontsovoye, and down Dontsovoye...". The oldest Russian geographical drawing with inscriptions that has come down to us dates back to 1536.

Slide No. 29

Slide text: We know that the purpose of Russian literature is to give readers, first of all, artistic and aesthetic pleasure. But in Ancient Rus' everything was not like that. Wasting God-given time and energy on empty “useless stories and fictitious incidents” was considered sinful. Old Russian literature is connected with everyday life, rituals and practical details of society in a completely different way than the literature of modern times.

Slide No. 30

Slide text: Old Russian literature is the first source of writing that has come down to us from time immemorial, a source of culture and spirituality in Rus', a reference book on history, geography and a biographical messenger about the life of our ancestors.

Slide No. 31

Slide text: From those distant and glorious times, time moves with small steps, The voice of the Slavic tribes is heard, Having endured the most difficult burden.

Slide No. 32

Slide text: THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!!!