Kiselev Anatoly Ivanovich Director. In memory of Anatoly Ivanovich Kiselev. Kiselev Anatoly Ivanovich

Anatoly Ivanovich Kiselev is one of the few Soviet production commanders, managing huge enterprises, the destinies of tens of thousands of people, who, in the troubled times of “democratization,” was able to turn the human, production, and engineering potential accumulated under socialism for the benefit of the country that raised him and those people who built military intercontinental strategic missile systems, orbital space stations and spaceships.

For almost half a century, Anatoly Kiseleva has been associated with the same capital enterprise, named after M.V. Khrunicheva. This plant was founded even before the revolution; first they built cars there, and then aircraft of the great designers Tupolev, Petlyakov, Ilyushin, Myasishchev, who played a huge role during the first five-year plans, in the Great Patriotic War and in the post-war period.

Soon after the launches of the first artificial Earth satellites, the plant became a rocket and space plant. So in the personal fate of Anatoly Ivanovich, the aviation beginning and the cosmic continuation were closely intertwined.

A.I. Kiselev headed the machine-building plant named after M.V. for 18 years. Khrunichev, and in 1993 he headed the State Space Research and Production Center named after M.V., created on his initiative. Khrunichev, which included the Khrunichev plant itself, the Salyut Design Bureau (Myasishchev, Chelomeya) and a number of other organizations.

The State Rocket and Space Corporation was created, capable of solving any complex problem: projects, drawings, technology, manufacturing of rockets, orbital space stations, their launch and flight control. A corporation capable of competing in the international market with the largest companies in the USA and Europe, which was proven in practice in subsequent years.

State Space Center named after M.V. Khrunichev, in just a few years, gained enormous prestige in the international space market with his work on the Mir station, its modules, and especially his work on the creation of the International Space Station.

Of course, no one is born a director. But some guiding star highlighted Kiselev among hundreds of talented production workers and managers to guide him along a unique rocket and space trajectory.

Anatoly Kiselev was born and raised in Fili, in the former workers’ village named after Kastanaev. With their father and mother - working people, working people, sister and brother, they lived in the same room of a two-story wooden barracks.

Best of the day

I studied at school No. 590, on Kastanaevskaya Street. It started like this. On the first of September, early in the morning, all the older children gathered together for school. Someone asked me (I was not 7 years old): “Why don’t you go? Come with us!" So I went - without a briefcase, notebooks or pens. I was placed at the end of the line, the last one, where the “1A” sign was. We came to class, the teacher began to read names from a magazine. Then she asked who she didn’t name. I stood up and said my first and last name. She wrote it down in a journal. Thus began my first lesson. The teacher's name was Nina Aleksandrovna Olsufieva. She became my first class teacher. In the evening my parents came home and I told them that I was going to school. They gave me money, and the next day I bought myself notebooks, a pen, and pencils. School life began... The class teacher in high school was Vera Vasilievna Weinberg, whom I remember with great gratitude.

A hungry post-war childhood introduced Anatoly to sports; he played football, bandy, basketball, and volleyball. In those days, guys kicked balls in every yard. As he grew a little older, Kiselev gave preference to volleyball, and already from the eighth grade he played for the Fili sports club. Sport helped me get stronger physically, taught me the rules of collective play, and fostered the ability to appreciate victories and to endure the bitterness of defeats.

Many years later, having become the director of the plant, Kiselev did not forget the path to the gym, continued to play to stay in shape, for health and mood with friends from his first team: Vladimir Starshinin, Garik Marr, Evgeny Uvarov, Alexander Gusev, Vladimir Frolov, Mikhail Lahuaru, Evgeny Avdeev. All of them are students of coach Alexei Mikhalev and employees of the Khrunichev plant.

After graduating from high school, Anatoly Kiselev entered the vocational school at the Khrunichev plant. He studied well and played volleyball with no less success, joined the youth team of the Labor Reserves society, participated in the All-Union Spartakiads along with the excellent masters A. Pushkin, A. Banov, D. Voskoboynikov - the latter was later recognized as the best striker in the world. Then Anatoly Kiselev was invited to the Moscow team “Trud”, which was coached by the captain of the USSR national team Vladimir Ivanovich Shchagin. Then - to the CSKA team of masters. It would seem that life has quite clearly outlined the contours of the near future. However…

The time has come to make the first serious choice. I was 19 years old, and I had already entered the evening department of the MATI Institute. It was necessary to decide - either big sport, with its constant training camps and championships, which was so tempting for a young guy, or study at an aviation institute. I made an “aviation” choice...

At the end of 1956, a vocational school graduate, electrician Anatoly Kiselev, was assigned to the Filyovsky aircraft plant in the holy of holies - the final aircraft assembly shop, where airplanes are born, and this cannot leave anyone indifferent. Here, on the territory of plant No. 23, in accordance with the government decree signed by Stalin, OKB-23 was organized under the leadership of the outstanding aircraft designer Vladimir Mikhailovich Myasishchev. The team of designers was given the most difficult task - to develop strategic jet bombers capable of delivering atomic bombs overseas, and for the plant to launch serial production of new Myasishchev aircraft.

The design bureau and the plant coped with the task brilliantly. As for Kiselev and the hundreds of young workers who regularly replenished the personnel of the enterprise, this time became for them a time of involvement in the most important state secrets, which left a certain imprint on the lifestyle and behavior of young aircraft builders.

It became obvious to the inquisitive young man, who touched the most complex super-secret technique: he needed to study further. Moreover, the plant strongly supported the desire of the younger generation to obtain higher education (there was an evening department at the MATI at the plant). After the second year, evening students who performed well in the workshops were, as a rule, appointed to engineering positions. In a word, electrician Anatoly Kiselev found himself in preparatory courses at the Moscow Aviation Technology Institute. And then he had to make another life choice.

I have been lucky in my life, I am probably the happiest person! During the preparatory courses I met Tatyana Sorokina, and together we entered the institute. In 1960 we got married. She is an amazing person! It is difficult to appreciate her human feat to “tolerate” me with my explosive character for so many years. She devoted herself almost entirely to her family and children. I’ll be honest: if it weren’t for her, I would never have become the person I became.

Oh, how difficult it can be for newlyweds to find that equilibrium state that contributes to both strengthening the family and professional growth. The Kiselev couple succeeded in doing this in full. At first they had nowhere to live. Tatyana’s parents “made room” and allocated the young couple one of two rooms in a communal apartment opposite the factory entrance. The Sorokins' son-in-law turned out to be "noble" - a coat, a suit, one pair of boots for summer and winter, several shirts - the whole wardrobe. Anatoly was already working as a technologist, receiving 88 rubles a month, Tatyana worked in the laboratory, checking electrical appliances. In 1963, the Kiselevs had a daughter, named Inessa. The young mother worked and raised her daughter.

Working as an electrician and studying at the evening department of MATI, I had to spend a long time on trains on the way to the city of Zhukovsky. It was necessary to get up early so as not to miss the train, which the factory bus was waiting for at the Otdykh station. Returning from Zhukovsky, I had to miss the first lecture. Classes ended at 21-00. It's good that I lived next to the institute. And early in the morning I had to go to Zhukovsky again...

I studied well and never had any problems. English and descriptive geometry were more difficult than others. With serious academic workloads, he managed to earn extra money as a coach for men's volleyball teams at the Fili sports club - he received 25 rubles for this, which was a significant increase in salary of 88 rubles. True, we had to sacrifice Sundays, since the Moscow championship games took place on the weekend. In my second year I was appointed as a process engineer.

A short explanation is required here. Process engineer Kiselev worked on fuel tanks at the plant, installation and testing of the in-flight refueling system for bombers. The center of gravity of all work on the modification and testing of new aircraft has moved to the Moscow region, to the airfield of the Flight Research Institute (LII) in the city of Zhukovsky, where aerospace shows are now held. At the LII airfield, OKB-23 and the plant deployed their flight research bases.

Soon an event occurred that was tragic for aviation and fateful for the rocket and space industry. Myasishchevsky OKB-23 was closed and transferred to the subordination of General Designer V.N. Chelomeya from Reutov near Moscow. The plant was ordered to curtail aircraft production, was forced to build MI helicopters for a short time, and then was completely repurposed for missile production. (More details about the most important events of those years are described in the material published in the same publication about the Khrunichev Space Center - book 2, section “Golden Fund”.)

It’s better not to try to put yourself in the place of those designers, engineers and workers, including Kiselev, who connected their lives with aviation and became in an instant... rocket scientists. Of course, no one asked their opinion, but since “the party said it,” then...

On the basis of the aviation OKB-23, Branch No. 1 of the Chelomeyev OKB-52 was formed, where missiles and combat missile systems were created, more precisely, the first silo-based strategic intercontinental missiles UR-100 and UR-200.

Anatoly Kiselev, who by that time had graduated from the evening department of MATI, was already working as a test engineer at the Control and Testing Station (KIS), testing the tank emptying system, then he was appointed head of the laboratory for testing missile control systems. It was then that Kiselev first arrived at the Baikonur cosmodrome. In 1965, he witnessed and participated in the first launch of the Proton launch vehicle.

At the same time, Fili was developing the RS-10 combat missile system with the UR-100 missile, the legendary Sotka, the ancestor of a whole generation of combat missiles. The government adopted a new missile system with unique characteristics in June 1967, although it began putting it on combat duty earlier.

The deployment of silo-based intercontinental ballistic missiles on combat duty has begun. I was appointed technical manager from the manufacturer when the first regiment of the Strategic Missile Forces was put on combat duty. It was near Chita. I had to work 18 hours a day, and sometimes two or three days without sleep. It was very difficult, the secrecy was oppressive. Military officers had virtually no knowledge of technology, so they had to fine-tune the interaction between combat crews and industry. Nevertheless, we completed the task: the regiment entered combat duty on November 21, 1966. At the Khrunichev plant, as the parent enterprise, they created a service for placing missiles on combat duty and a warranty supervision and routine maintenance service...

My daughter was growing up in Fili. Meanwhile, dad disappeared on long business trips associated with the not entirely clear phrase “combat duty,” which was uttered only in a whisper. Kiselyov “ran” around the cities and villages of a huge country, the physical and moral stress was colossal. Good sports training helped.

The time has come to take care of affordable housing. Constant business trips helped the Kiselevs make savings to buy a two-room cooperative apartment. True, they incurred a lot of debt.

All the troubles of raising a daughter, and then a son, all the worries around the house regularly fell on the reliable “chief of the rear” of the family, Tatyana Ivanovna. This family was never offended by their friends, and on the days of Kiselev’s rare visits to Moscow, in a house where they professed the parental principle “everything that is in the refrigerator is on the table!” it was always full of people.

On February 19, 1968, Kiselev was 29 years old. He is appointed deputy director of the plant for operation. This rather strange job title was invented due to secrecy. In fact, Anatoly Ivanovich was responsible for placing strategic missiles manufactured at the plant on combat duty, preparing for testing new types of military products and the Proton heavy rocket at the Baikonur cosmodrome. Such service at the Salyut Design Bureau was headed by Yuri Vasilyevich Dyachenko, and after his death, Dmitry Alekseevich Polukhin, later the General Designer of the Salyut Design Bureau.

This is how Kiselev, a man of erudition, initiative and energy, stepped up to the level of an industry leader.

At the beginning of November 1970, I flew to Moscow from Baikonur. Plant director Mikhail Ivanovich Ryzhikh told how our company has been working for several months on the first DOS - a long-term orbital station - based on the already built buildings of the Almaz military station. Assembly is underway in Fili, and electrical tests will be carried out at the “royal” company in Podlipki. The director said: “We subordinate everything that is outside the gates of our plant to you, you will “drag” the station from Podlipki to launch!..

To delve into the technical features of the station and the peculiar history of its appearance turned out to be by no means an easy task for engineer Kiselev. Everything had to be learned on the go. However, the purely human aspect of the upcoming work turned out to be much more difficult: Anatoly Kiselev did not know anyone at the “royal” company! He was engaged in military products and “Protons”, so the paths of the Filevians and the “Kings” practically did not intersect. TsKBEM, as OKB-1 was then called, included the Experimental Mechanical Engineering Plant. As a rule, it was always easier for factory workers to get along with each other, so at that moment Kiselev was greatly helped by ZEM director Viktor Mikhailovich Klyucharyov and chief engineer Vakhtang Dmitrievich Vachnadze... Of the developers, he especially remembered Evgeny Vasilyevich Shabarov, one of the deputy chief designers. According to Kiselev, he learned a lot from Shabarov.

The leading designer of the station in Podlipki was Yuri Pavlovich Semenov, and his deputy was Valery Viktorovich Ryumin. Subsequently, Semenov became an academician, the head of the current RSC Energia, and Ryumin became a pilot-cosmonaut, twice Hero of the Soviet Union.

Testing of the station at the KIS in Podlipki went on around the clock. Kiselev left home at six o’clock in the morning and returned long after midnight. The work was carried out under very strict control of the Party Central Committee and the Council of Ministers; there is nothing to say about the native Ministry of General Engineering. Apparently, it was then that industry leaders and “curators” from decision-making bodies noticed the young, energetic deputy director of ZIKh, who understood both technology and technological processes, and knew how to find a common language with both designers and factory workers.

All work on testing the station in Podlipki and preparing for launch at Baikonur took about five months - according to current estimates, such work would take two to three years. Veterans of the Khrunichev Center recall that such friendly work by all project participants has never happened before, even during the creation of the Mir orbital complex.

The world's first orbital station, Salyut, was launched into orbit by a Proton rocket on April 19, 1971. The State Commission discussed for a long time what to name the station. Before transporting the carrier to the launch site, A.I. Kiselev together with V.V. Pallo (the leading designer) called a painter at night and said: “Write on board - Zarya!” In the morning, members of the State Commission came to the installation and testing building, looked and... approved. However, when the station was already in orbit, someone remembered that the first Chinese satellite was called “Zarya”, so at the post-launch meeting the State Commission transmitted a different name to TASS - “Salyut”.

In 1971, Kiselev participated in flight tests of the UR-100M complex and the re-equipment of combat missile systems on duty. The work on creating the UR-100K complex turned out to be fantastic in terms of tension. In less than a year and a half, from August 1969 to March 1971, 30 launches of UR-100K missiles were carried out, which became one of the most advanced models of military weapons.

When strategic missiles were put on combat duty, it was not without major troubles, alas.

One day I arrived late in the evening from one of the military installations. As soon as I arrived home, they called from the factory and asked me to urgently come to the director. Mikhail Ivanovich, without any preamble, ordered in the morning to fly out together with the Commander-in-Chief of the Rocket Forces, Marshal Krylov, to one of the divisions where our missile exploded in a silo. Thank God there were no casualties. It took a long time to sort it out, but we still managed to figure out the picture and the cause of the incident. I returned home on the same plane with Minister S.A. Afanasiev. At Sheremetyevo I got off the plane and walked out with my suitcase. Suddenly the Chaika stopped and Afanasyev asked: “Don’t you have a car?” “No,” I say. “Sit down...” These were the circumstances under which I first had the opportunity to talk with Sergei Alexandrovich, who played a decisive role in my life. I was very lucky to have the opportunity to work under his leadership for many years...

During flight tests of the Proton rocket, troubles often occurred, and very large ones. Three accidents in a row occurred due to Voronezh second-stage engines, and the entire Eastern Siberia was left without television. For the next launch, we flew to Baikonur together with Afanasyev and the chief engine designer Konopatov. The situation is extremely acute, and we, of course, had no time for jokes. And then Sergei Alexandrovich asked me: “Did you take warm underwear?” I replied: “Why? At Baikonur it’s plus thirty degrees Celsius.” Sergei Alexandrovich then said: “We can go from Baikonur to Kolyma.” Fortunately, the launch went well and the tension was relieved..."

S.A. Afanasyev unmistakably guessed in the deputy director of the Khrunichev Plant exactly the person who could independently find solutions to seemingly insoluble problems. Indeed, even then Anatoly Ivanovich had an amazing ability to see development prospects, knew how to take reasonable risks, convince people and achieve the fulfillment of his plans.

On February 10, 1972, Kiselev received a high promotion - he was appointed deputy head of the First Main Directorate of the Ministry of General Engineering for Production. The headquarters included the design bureaus of the great Chelomey, Utkin, Makeev, Reshetnev, the largest rocket and space factories in the country: the native Khrunichev plant, Yuzhmash in Dnepropetrovsk, the Omsk Aviation Plant, the Zlatoust, Krasnoyarsk, Orenburg machine-building plants - the flower of the industry.

It is difficult to imagine how extensive the concerns of the newly appointed central office employee have become, how much his responsibility has increased. A certain despondency of the first weeks of ministerial, and therefore bureaucratic work, quickly passed, because he was given a rare opportunity to study all aspects of the matter in detail at the level of the country as a whole, to comprehend the wisdom of extensive intersectoral cooperation, to get to know closely the leading developers and manufacturers of rockets and spacecraft, characters, views, relationships of industry leaders...

This is a characteristic touch of the “hardware” of Kiselev’s career. In April 1972, the minister, together with his deputy Khokhlov and the chief dispatcher of the ministry Fedchenko, was preparing for a board meeting to sum up the results of the first quarter. And then Afanasyev asked his subordinates covered with papers: “Where is the young deputy. Head of the Production Directorate? (This episode was told to Kiselev by B.Ya. Fedchenko himself two years later.) Great was the amazement of those gathered when they saw Kiselev coming to the minister empty-handed! No folder, no briefcase, no rolls of papers... They began to “torture” him (and he worked at MOM for one month). It was then that industry leaders became convinced not only of Kiselev’s phenomenal memory, but also of the ability to present all the numbers, deadlines, facts, bottlenecks and their assessments in a concise, concentrated form, and most importantly - in a specific system of goals.

Three years flew by like one day: on constant business trips, long flights, sleepless nights. No, he did not complain about the hardships of such a life, because he believed that someone should do this work. And everything was going well at home: son Valery was born. Inessa studied well. He never doubted the reliability of his “rear”.

Kiselev made another important observation from his travels to factories and design bureaus: people are forging the rocket shield of the Motherland and building orbital stations, but they live rather meagerly. So he sometimes had to get into heated altercations with regional authorities, who, behind their successes in space, sometimes forgot about housing construction, clinics, boarding houses, stadiums, and pioneer camps. But it must be said that the largest directors of IOM have always been involved in social infrastructure.

In his ministerial “chair,” Kiselyov became firmly accustomed, and there was already talk about his appointment as head of the main department or deputy minister. Unfortunately, by that time the director of ZIKh, Mikhail Ivanovich Ryzhikh, had become very ill in health, so the ministry was already looking for a replacement for him. Minister Afanasyev did not like to make serious decisions on the spot, he tried to find out the opinion of one, another, another... As a result, he invited Kiselyov to return to the plant, but as a director.

At the ministry I was lucky enough to go through an excellent school, after which nothing was scary. At heart I have always remained a production worker, not an official. After the minister’s proposal, and his decision was not enough at that time, I was summoned to the party’s Central Committee to see the head of the defense department I.D. Serbin. He looked at me, asked two or three questions, got up from the table and said: “Appointed? Go, work and don’t look back!..” That’s all the parting words...

In February 1975, the Council of Ministers of the USSR, on the recommendation of the Minister of General Engineering S.A. Afanasyev and, with the consent of the CPSU Central Committee, appointed Anatoly Ivanovich Kiselev as director of the Machine-Building Plant named after M.V. Khrunicheva.

By that time, the plant was producing combat intercontinental ballistic missiles, building Proton space launch vehicles, Almaz manned orbital stations, transport supply ships (TCS), testing a reusable return vehicle from orbit, and engaged in modifications of the DOS-17K Salyut “... The plant was practically a pilot plant in the rocket and space industry. Experimental work accounted for up to 80 percent of the total volume of activity.

The plant staff was 24,000 people! It is difficult to put yourself in the shoes of a person charged with such large-scale tasks and responsibilities.

At the time of his appointment to the position of director, Kiselev was not yet thirty-seven years old. Having managed to visit all enterprises in the industry during three years of ministerial work, the new director of ZIKh received invaluable material for comparison and analysis. Therefore, the first thing he did was to develop a new program for the reconstruction and technical re-equipment of the plant. The Council of Ministers of the USSR quite quickly approved his program, and over the next 10 years, a second plant was actually built in Fili.

“The smith of his own fortune” Kiselev began with the construction of a forge and a galvanizing shop, the reconstruction of a foundry - that is, from the workshops where the most difficult and harmful working conditions developed. The next step, as natural as it was painful, was the renewal of the aging “command staff” of the enterprise.

New design developments, high requirements for accuracy, new materials required a change in old established approaches. It was necessary to take a step to a new technological level, introduce computer-controlled machines, machining centers, computer equipment in workshops, train technologists and programmers, improve production standards, improve organization and working conditions. And the main thing is to create a young team of competent, like-minded people.

The director also had to learn. A separate section of the reconstruction and re-equipment plan was the social sphere, the construction of housing for kindergartens and recreation centers. A boarding house with treatment was built in Jurmala. The boarding house in Gagra is almost completed. Unfortunately, they subsequently ended up abroad... It was possible to preserve only boarding houses in Yevpatoria and in the Moscow region - with medical facilities and excellent medicine.

On the implementation of the plan for technical re-equipment and reconstruction of A.I. Kiselev reported to the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee, which was led by M.S. Gorbachev.

Speaking about capital construction, technical re-equipment, and development of the plant, one cannot fail to mention how much effort and energy Minister Afanasyev and one of his deputies V.N. invested in these matters. Soshin.

For each enterprise S.A. Afanasiev took notes and, upon arriving, began with issues that were discussed at the previous meeting. God forbid if the order was not carried out! But if he promised to solve something, there was no doubt about the final result.

Soon the construction of “Building 160” was completed, and the closed production of Proton launch vehicles was finally established. An assembly shop was placed in the building, where launch vehicle bodies and all space station modules are still assembled there today. Next, as if in a chain, is the final assembly shop No. 22. Closing the rocket and space production line is the Control and Test Station (CTS), where electrical checks were and are being carried out and flight modes are simulated. Then the “product” is disassembled, painted, loaded in blocks onto railway platforms and sent to Tyura-Tam, to Baikonur, and there they are reassembled and tested again.

The new plant director included in his immediate responsibilities the modernization of the technical and launch complexes on the left flank of the cosmodrome.

ZIH was gaining momentum. In 1975, the government adopted the RS-18 combat missile system with UR-100N missiles. Meanwhile, the plant was preparing to produce a new UR-1000NUTTKh missile with improved characteristics.

By 1975, the Proton-K launch vehicle had already launched 46 times.

On December 22, 1975, Proton-K launched the Raduga relay satellite of the unified satellite communication system into geostationary orbit. Ten months later, the Ekran relay satellite for the direct television broadcast system took off.

At the end of 1978, another repeater, Horizon, was launched. A total of eight launches took place that year. The government summed up the results of the year: the three-stage Proton-K launch vehicle, along with the technical and launch complexes, was accepted into serial operation.

The director of a plant like ours is both a director and a designer! If I am not able to speak with the chief designer in his language, then I am not a director, and we must understand each other perfectly. And if I return the drawings, I must explain why I did this.

A technological revolution was underway at the plant. Products changed rapidly, new ones were launched into production every year.

This is crazy work!..

By the way, about technology and the responsibility of the General Designer and General Director. As a rule, when creating the latest types of aeronautical rocket and space technology, the name of the General Designer is always heard, and the manufacturing plants, chief technologists, technologists, and developers of equipment that ensure the specified performance characteristics and quality are undeservedly forgotten.

It’s not for nothing that when releasing a car into flight or approving warranty periods, the form for the product is signed by two people - the General Designer and the Plant Director. Behind each of them there are teams and personal responsibility.

Not only the quality of the product depends on the technologists, but also, importantly, the cost of the product. For example, it depends on them what material utilization rate the product has (what percentage goes to chips). And the cost and quality of a product are the main parameters in competition both under socialism and in a market economy.

On June 22, 1976, the next Chelomeyev manned orbital station (OPS) “Almaz” was launched, called “Salyut-5” in the open press. It operated for 441 days and received two crews; the third failed to dock his Soyuz with the station. On December 19, 1981, the Central Committee of the CPSU and the USSR Council of Ministers closed all work on the Almaz complex. The story continued five years later. On April 12, 1986, the Military-Industrial Commission resumed work on the Almazas - the Salyut design bureau and ZiH were to develop and produce radar surveillance and Earth observation spacecraft.

Under the cover of the “diamond” theme, work on the transport ship TKS, or 11F72, was accelerated in Fili. It took off on July 17, 1977 under the name Kosmos-929. The backlog of TKSs was used as transport ships for the second generation orbital stations Salyut-6 and Salyut-7.

The Salyut-4 DOS was still flying when the decision was made to create the Salyut-6. The drawings, according to “tradition,” were produced by the Salyut design bureau, and the manufacturer, as always, was ZIH.

The novelty of the task was that the station would have a second docking point. This made it possible to refuel the station, change crews during constant piloting, simultaneously dock Soyuz and Progress, and opened up the possibility of going into outer space to carry out unforeseen repair operations. This volume of development and production fell on the parent organization “Energia”. In practice, it was necessary to make a station completely different from Salyut-4 with a new layout, a new transition compartment and transition chamber, with a third solar battery, with a new station interior, with external steps and handrails. In addition, the astronauts had to be taken care of (color television, a folding shower, improved sleeping arrangements, a space canteen and much, much more).

On September 29, 1977, the Salyut-6 station was successfully launched. For five years, from two to five cosmonauts were constantly on the orbital complex. Five main expeditions and 11 so-called visiting expeditions flew to the station, nine of them international.

Launched on April 25, 1981, the TKS Kosmos-1267 docked with the sixth Salyut in June. Thus, for the first time, it was possible to form a system weighing 40 tons in orbit! The return vehicle VA separated from the TKS and landed with great precision. TKSs turned out to be the basis of orbital complexes in the very near future.

The Salyut-7 station was launched into orbit on April 19, 1982. Filevsky designers took into account about half a thousand comments and suggestions on the previous Salyut. Four main crews and five visiting expeditions worked at the station.

Kiselev participated in all launches and, naturally, was responsible for Proton and the station.

...History, sooner or later, puts everything in its place. Yes, the Khrunichevites had to give up their long-standing idea - to send cosmonauts into orbit on “their carrier” and on “their” ship. Having left, and not of their own free will, the manned delivery ships to the “royal” company, in Fili they found use of all the unique “background”, design and technological, for the Almaz OPS and ships of the TKS type.

In the first half of the eighties, Fili began to create a multi-purpose permanent orbital complex "Mir". The royal company NPO Energia was appointed as the lead organization for the Mir complex, as well as for the Salyuts.

NPO Energia initially laid the modular basis for its “build-up” in orbit. It’s like in a children’s “construction set”: they put one “basic” cube on it, attach one, another, a third, until they get some kind of fantastic construction. This is what happened with Mir.

Although the idea of ​​the complex was magnificent, to be honest, at first it seemed somewhat unrealistic. By the way, even within the country’s leadership there were many disagreements regarding the creation of “Mir”. Dmitry Alekseevich Polukhin, the head of the Salyut Design Bureau, and I understood that our enterprises were taking on a very difficult task. Take, for example, the base unit with six (!) docking points. We worked closely with NPO Energia. To be honest, they often argued until they were hoarse, and the ministry often took the shavings off everyone. However, only such joint work of the three leading firms produced results.

When the base unit of the Mir station was almost assembled, it turned out that it was a ton heavier. The showdown began with the initial data. General Designer V.P. called me. Glushko said that he would come with a solution to the problem. He arrived and offered to replace all the steel fastening bolts at the Mir station with titanium ones. I still don’t know who suggested this crazy idea to him.

I asked him to go into the workshop and have a look on site. After inspection, he refused his offer. We had to remove some of the scientific equipment from the base module and deliver it into orbit in the Kvant-2 and Kristall modules.

Another case. Yu.P. Semenov proposed changing all the antenna mechanisms that had already been manufactured. I have a lot of respect for Yu.P. Semenov as a person, a talented designer, selflessly devoted to his work, who devoted his entire life to manned astronautics. How could I refuse his request? But how to meet the deadlines controlled by the minister and the CPSU Central Committee. You can’t let Yu.P down either. Semenov, who had a difficult relationship with V.P. Glushko. Ultimately, together, with the help of operational and technical management, a solution was found. We had to overcome technical difficulties through a number of non-standard solutions.

Twenty years of experience in operating long-term orbital stations of the Salyut family has taught the teams of the Royal OKB-1, Filyo Design Bureau and the Khrunichev Plant a lot. Gradually, step by step, the onboard systems changed, and the station body itself changed. Developers and manufacturers have revised and tightened almost all the requirements for the creation of manned orbital stations, spacecraft and launch vehicles of the Proton and Soyuz types. The very “look” of the stations underwent significant changes.

On March 29, 1984, at the stage of assembling the base unit of the Mir complex, the new minister O.D. Baklanov created the operational and technical management of all work, headed by the director of ZIKh A.I. Kiselev. His deputies were General Designer of the Salyut Design Bureau D.A. Polukhin, Chief Designer of the direction Yu.P. Semenov - NPO Energia, and director of the Experimental Mechanical Engineering Plant from the same NPO Energia V.A. Borisenko.

The appointment of Kiselev, albeit for a short time, as the “commander” of designers and developers was not accidental: the Khrunichev plant and, first of all, its director were responsible for the production time of the station. The task was complicated by the fact that the launch had to be carried out by the 27th Party Congress. In addition, the final assembly of a flight prototype of the station’s base unit was preceded by the production of ten of its earthly “brothers” - bench analogues of the station for conducting all types of tests. So ZIH again had to work in the long-familiar “mobilization mode.”

On February 20, 1986, Proton-K successfully launched the Mir base unit into orbit. Thus, the foundation was laid for the creation of a modular multi-purpose manned complex in space. On April 12, 1987, the first Kvant module became part of the complex, and in December 1989, the Kvant-2 module. June 10, 1990 – module “Crystal”. The Filevites “managed” to do this under Soviet rule. Then came the Spectrum module, the docking compartment for the American shuttles, and finally the Priroda module. In its final configuration of seven modules, the complex weighed 131 tons.

28 long-term expeditions and 16 visiting expeditions of cosmonauts and astronauts from 13 countries worked on Mir. During operation, the complex was constantly equipped with additional truss structures, solar panels, scientific equipment, repair equipment... Fifteen years of the history of "Mir" is a unique event that has entered the annals of world engineering. On March 23, 2001, the Mir complex ceased to exist after 15 years of operation. The entire planet watched this dramatic operation with bated breath.

The Mir complex brought Russia to a technical level unattainable for other countries. A unique program was developed and more than 5,000 scientific experiments were conducted. The whole world applauded the Russian-American Mir-Shuttle program. So, how did the government of the country react to this achievement? No way. Didn't notice. For 15 years of operation of the Mir station, the Khrunichev Space Center did not receive a penny. In Soviet times there were prizes and awards. Billions were not needed to celebrate the creation of the Mir station. It was necessary to support people. That is why, seeing such an attitude towards the matter, young people do not go into the space industry. We ourselves cut the branch on which we sit.

There was a lot of talk about the flooding of the Mir station. Discussions continue to this day. Let's look at this issue from a technical point of view. The initial warranty period of the station was three years. The station existed for 15 years. To maintain it, after the first three years, a program was developed every year, which included studies of the housing, electrical connectors, cable network, solar panels, thermal control systems, etc. Some samples were brought to the ground, they were additionally tested in laboratories, and if the results were positive, a warranty period was extended for a year, after which the next program was drawn up, and so on annually. Let's take, for example, the so-called “bun”, consisting of 5 docking nodes. Openwork design made of aluminum alloy, initially designed for a certain number of joints of 20-ton modules over a period of 3 years. It was necessary to conduct tests on the ground and then issue a conclusion.

For the last 3-4 years of Mir's operation, such work has not been carried out due to lack of funding. At the same time, one could hear statements from the astronauts that everything was fine on board. They could impress ordinary people or individual State Duma deputies and be used for political games. We did not have the right to extend the warranty, no matter how much pressure was put on us. It is not deputies and officials who sign for the guarantees, but we - several specific individuals who are responsible for their duties, without exaggeration, with their heads.

In the early 1990s, an event occurred that had enormous consequences for the aerospace industry. The Soviet Union ceased to exist. The cataclysms that followed did not escape Fili, of course. Both at the Khrunichev plant and at the Salyut design bureau, which on December 28, 1991 received the status of an independent State Enterprise of the RSFSR, even if they paid a salary, it did not correspond in any way to the class of work or the level of responsibility in its implementation. Meanwhile, the Filevsky RS-18 missile systems were on combat duty, and the unmanned space station Almaz-1 was operating in orbit (the last station in the Chelomeev series of Almaz). But the main thing is that the Mir manned complex was working in orbit and regularly received cosmonauts... All this extensive “economy” required constant monitoring, as well as the technical and launch complexes at Baikonur. And at this time something unimaginable was happening at the cosmodrome!

The eternal Russian question “what to do?” became dominant in its native Fatherland in the early 90s. Where to go? For what purposes?

Conversion projects in the field of ecology (a water purification plant operating at Baikonur), healthcare (a pressure chamber developed and manufactured in Fili, certified in Europe; a Supertherm device for treating patients using hyperthermia), or emergency situations (after Chernobyl, Fili residents created six specialized robots ) were performed at the highest technical level and had no analogues in the world. And yet, these were not products whose production would not only allow us to reconstruct the plant and search for new technologies, but also simply feed 25 thousand people and their families. But by the early nineties, rocket and space production in Fili had reached a level unattainable for many aerospace countries. Each orbital station, any of its modules became a kind of stepping stone to design and technological superiority. Take, for example, the so-called reentry vehicle (RA) - a three-seat manned spacecraft, and reusable, or transport supply ships (TSS) - twenty-ton multifunctional orbital stations. They couldn’t do anything like this on the planet. Not to mention the Proton launch vehicle...

When all of Filyov’s military products suddenly came under the knife within the framework of international treaties on the reduction of strategic offensive arms, a reasonable proposal was born: to use the reduced military missile technology to solve scientific and technical problems, as well as for commercial purposes, that is, to turn the combat UR-100 into a missile space purpose with the sonorous name “Rokot”.

The state entrusted the task of such conversion to the Khrunichev plant. The government took note that the plant (read: A.I. Kiselev) undertakes the financing of all work (state by definition), including the construction of the launch complex at the Plesetsk cosmodrome, by attracting funds from Russian and foreign investors.

In these emergency conditions, director A.I. Kiselev set the task for his team very clearly and strictly: to enter the international space services market, to win its place in commercial space in the shortest possible time, to make space programs cost-effective and self-sufficient for the first time in the history of the country.

A.I. Kiselev obtained from the government consent not only to the conversion of SS-19 combat missiles, but also to conclude a contract with the American company Motorola for three commercial launches of satellites of the Iridium communication system. He received the opportunity to use the proceeds from these launches, as well as the right to create a joint venture with the American corporation Lockheed to conduct marketing operations.

Few people know that this government decision was preceded by trips of Filevites to the USA, numerous preliminary negotiations, meetings of A.I. Kiselev with the closest assistants to the US President, in which Andrei Afanasyevich Kokoshin, at that time deputy director of the Institute of the USA and Canada of the Academy of Sciences, greatly helped. In America, the Russian director was frankly told: until you take a serious American company as a partner and begin to “unfasten” it for marketing, which you don’t yet understand anything about, your business will not go well, just leave you with “bouquets” of your rockets in your hands no one will ever let it into the market...

So in January 1993, the joint venture LHE (Lockheed - Khrunichev - Energia) was formed and a contract was signed with Motorola in the amount of about 200 million dollars for three Proton launches to launch 21 Iridium communications satellites into orbit.

For the Khrunichev plant, as well as for the entire rocket and space industry, this was the first international commercial contract.

To get into the global space market, it was necessary to learn how to trade, fight with competitors, and solve many issues that were absolutely not typical for an enterprise that had been strictly secret for many years. The director of the machine-building plant, A.I., spent more than one week Kiselev together with general designer D.A. Polukhin and his closest employees in heated discussions until a “scheme” was born for not just “survival,” but for the preservation and development of their enterprises and, perhaps, the entire industry.

Realizing the futility of the government's promises to finance the conversion, we began to look for ways to enter the international rocket and space market. To do this, it was necessary to change organizational forms, teach people, and learn yourself. It was necessary to create a structure that would allow us to solve the entire range of problems, from design to flight control, understand marketing, know world prices and trade our products. It was necessary to unite with the Salyut design bureau into a single complex. I prepared a draft decree of the President of Russia and began to make my way to it.

In the early summer of 1993, Yeltsin invited several directors of large enterprises to his dacha in Ogarevo, where in a relaxed atmosphere he asked them to speak out, including on issues of entering the international market. There were no assistants; the president himself wrote down questions and proposals. He started with me. I reported my thoughts and at the end said that I had a draft decree on this issue with me. He asked to transfer the project to his assistant, and a week later, after completing legal formalities and obtaining the necessary visas, the order was signed...

I would like to especially say about the first meeting with B.N. Yeltsin. I was on vacation in the Moscow region. Minister O.D. called me. Baklanov and said that this afternoon B.N. Yeltsin, at that time the first secretary of the Moscow City Party Committee, would visit the Salyut Design Bureau, and asked me to attend. The meeting went well, although a lot of criticism was expressed towards us. It was about 9 pm when we said goodbye at the gate. Boris Nikolaevich asked D.A. Polukhina, why doesn’t the clinical hospital have its own clinic? And to this day I don’t know why Polukhin answered then that Kiselyov would not give the land. Boris Nikolaevich asked: “Is this the director of the Khrunichev plant?” “Yes,” I heard in response. B.N. Yeltsin asked me: “Why?” In order not to expose Polukhin (I heard about this land for the first time), he answered: “Who is giving away land in our time?” A short dialogue followed. “What will you do with this land?” I say: “We will build a hotel” (the Proton business hotel was built on this site). "For what?" I explain that up to 200 specialists come to us from other cities to test orbital stations and spacecraft, but there is nowhere to live. “And if I give you land in another place, will it be a deal?” - says Boris Nikolaevich and extends his hand. I had no choice but to extend mine. Then he says: “Should we go to your place?” The time was 10 pm. Over many years, my assistants and I at the plant were accustomed to all sorts of twists and turns; we received almost all members of the Politburo, including General Secretary M.S. Gorbachev.

Our meeting ended at 2 am. Especially B.N. Yeltsin was interested in the plant's social program. He, in particular, asked the question: “What is required for this program to be solved in this five-year period?” I answered - 30 thousand sq. meters of living space for the initial resettlement of people in order to demolish 5-story buildings and build modern neighborhoods in their place. The issue was resolved positively. And it continued a few years later.

When B.N. Yeltsin was already the President of Russia, one day I asked him and Yu. Skokov (at that time the Secretary of the Security Council) to come “without an entourage,” just the two of us. The issue was discussed seriously. After considering it, when they said goodbye, Boris Nikolaevich recalled: “When I was secretary of the City Party Committee, we agreed to demolish the five-story buildings and build modern houses in their place. I say: “Done” - “It can’t be!” - “Let’s go, I’ll show you.” The two of us got into the car and drove off. Boris Nikolaevich was convinced of the correctness of my words and said: “You can deal with such people!”

Once I had the opportunity to help Yeltsin in one of his difficult moments. Elections to the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR were underway. The CPSU Central Committee actually prohibited the provision of premises for Boris Nikolayevich to meet with voters. Despite this, I propose using the Gorbunov Palace of Culture for this purpose. The next day after the meeting, my “turntable” was “red” from calls. They promised to expel me from the party and imprison me, but in the end everything ended well.

On June 7, 1993, President Yeltsin ordered the formation of the State Space Research and Production Center named after M.V. Khrunichev on the basis of the plant and the Salyut design bureau and appointed him Anatoly Ivanovich Kiselev as General Director. So A.I. Kiselev became the only General Director in Russia appointed as the first person of the state. On January 9, 1994, a regulation on the new Khrunichev Space Center was signed by Russian Prime Minister Chernomyrdin. Thus, the government brought to its logical conclusion the process of forming a rocket and space company in Russia in the modern sense of the term. For the Filyovites, the “status quo” was actually legitimized.

The new Center included the Rocket and Space Plant (as the ZIKh came to be called), the Salyut Design Bureau, a newly formed plant that united all the departments that provide installation, assembly, testing of all products at cosmodromes, and if necessary, modification and refueling and jointly with military testers sending various objects into space, and a number of other enterprises.

Of the variety of tasks that had to be tackled, Kiselev identified several main ones. Of course, even with a sharp decline in government orders for the production of rockets and space modules, it was necessary to maintain the rocket and space profile of the enterprise, in other words, “save face.” Second: prevent production from stopping. Third: load design bureaus and factories with work and “keep” wages, at all costs, higher than in the industry as a whole. And finally, the most important thing is to ensure the active entry of products into the international market, where no one was especially expecting Russia, and many were afraid, or rather afraid. Already in 1993-94, the Khrunichevites managed to conclude several large contracts with the Inmarsat organization, the European Community of Satellite Systems, Panamsat, Loral, Hughes...

The cosmodrome became the “bottleneck” for the implementation of the plans of Kiselev and his colleagues.

The infrastructure of the Baikonur cosmodrome, after its transfer to Kazakhstan, was almost completely destroyed. There was no heat or water. Of the four Proton launches, only one worked, the second was under major repairs for 12 years, in the installation and testing building the temperature in winter was about five degrees Celsius. Rockets and satellites were prepared in padded jackets, not white coats. And all this needs to be shown to foreign customers. It is clear that after such a display it was possible to put an end to commercial launches and lose a real opportunity to earn foreign currency, and therefore to raise hundreds of design bureaus and factories in the industry - our colleagues in cooperation - to their feet.

The Americans' first visit to Baikonur left them in shock. In the cottage where they stayed, and it was an “elite” cottage, there was no hot water at all, and the cold water flowed so much that it was impossible to drink or wash. There was no simple telephone connection, not to mention cell phone service. When they began to work on the issues of preparing American satellites for launch, it turned out that they required premises with a cleanliness higher than in an operating room, the frequency of electrical energy should be not 50 hertz, but 60, and hundreds more issues of transportation, refueling, interaction of specialists during launch... It was necessary to build hotels, provide food according to the European model, in particular, organize a buffet, which was almost exotic for Baikonur.

As soon as money for contracts began to arrive, work was immediately launched on all objects. Two years later, Baikonur, or rather its left wing, was unrecognizable.

The Khrunichev Space Center developed and built a plant for the purification of drinking water, which began to meet European and American standards, reconstructed hotels, turning them into four-star hotels, created cellular communications at Baikonur, introduced European television, and reanimated the Yubileiny airfield, to which Buran once landed, reconstructed the buildings, ensuring the necessary cleanliness and all energy requirements, completed a major overhaul of the second launch for Proton, and reconstructed the installation and testing building 92-50, which today is in no way inferior to world standards. It prepares rockets, satellites, and upper stages for launch. In a word, the first thing Kiselev did was invest the loan funds received against future profits in the cosmodrome!

Commercial operation of Proton-K launch vehicles began. On April 9, 1996, Proton launched into geostationary orbit the three-ton Astra-1F satellite, manufactured by the American company Hughes for the European Satellite Systems Community (SES).

This launch of Astra resolved the issue of Russia's entry into the global space services market. On September 6, the communications satellite Inmarsat-3, manufactured by Lockheed Martin, went to the “geostationary station”, the next year - Telstar-5, Iridiums, Panamsat-5...

Meanwhile, in Fili, the plant was preparing for launch the next modules of the Mir complex, and at the Salyut design bureau they were already thinking about fundamentally new upper stages and the second modernization of the already modernized Proton. Moreover, they designed a launch vehicle of the 21st century, called “Angara”.

In August 1994, the Khrunichev Center won the competition to create the Angara space rocket complex. The experience in the design and production of heavy launch vehicles, the technical equipment of the center, and the financial position of the enterprise, which was tolerable in those foggy times, had an impact. Victory in the competition secured the Filevites' status as leaders in the Russian rocket and space industry. And not only that: she once again confirmed in practice how talented the head of the center, Anatoly Ivanovich Kiselev, turned out to be.

In terms of its characteristics, the Angara modular carrier should surpass all existing missiles of this class. It is designed to launch spacecraft into low, medium, high circular and elliptical orbits, including geostationary orbits, as well as on “departure” trajectories to the planets of the Solar System. The highlight of the project is that a “family” of launch vehicles is being created based on a single Universal Rocket Module (URM) of the first stage. One module is a light-class carrier, three modules are medium-class missiles, five modules are a heavy carrier...

The creation of heavy-class missiles aimed at the 21st century took place in the conditions of fierce competition between Russia and the United States and European countries. 16 European countries allocated more than $8 billion for the creation of Ariane 5. The US government provided 1 billion each to Boeing and Lockheed to create Delta-4 and Atlas-5 rockets. We, despite the Presidential Decree “to consider the Angara complex a task of national importance,” received only a few million rubles from the RKA and the Moscow Region. So enter into competition with such means!

Nevertheless, we decided to act with an open visor. As a result, the Khrunichev Space Center managed to solve the main problem - to make the rocket modular. Neither Boeing nor Lockheed were able to do this.

I would like to say a big thank you to the chief designer of Start, V.P. Biryukov - he transferred part of the work on the rocket directly to the launch complex. I would especially like to thank General Designer B.I. Katorgin for the creation of the newest RD-191 engine. Thanks to collaboration with them and our other cooperation colleagues, we can solve problems of any complexity.

It took two years to develop the Angara rocket. Now it is actually being manufactured in the workshops of the Khrunichev Space Center. Unfortunately, as always, we have to face shortcomings in financing. Thus, the Ministry of Defense began construction of the launch complex only in 2003.”

On January 6, 1995, the President of Russia signed a corresponding decree, and on August 26, the Government of the Russian Federation issued a decree “On measures to ensure the creation of the Angara space rocket complex.” The task was set as follows: to begin flight design tests in 2005 at the 1st State Test Cosmodrome of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (Plesetsk Cosmodrome).

On August 15, 1995, in Moscow, General Director of the Khrunichev Center Anatoly Kiselev and Vice President of the American Boeing Corporation Doug Stone signed a contract worth $190 million for the development and production of the Zarya functional cargo block (FGB) - the first element of the International Space Station (ISS).

In projects as large as the International Space Station, it is very difficult for whoever goes first. Everyone looks at him with special passion. In this case, “all” are the participating countries of the ISS. It is symbolic and historically true that the first 20-ton module was the Russian Zarya module, developed, manufactured by the Khrunichev Space Center and sent into orbit from Baikonur by the Proton rocket, also the brainchild of our Center.

The Khrunichev Space Center, which has 30 years of experience in creating orbital stations and space modules - from the first Salyut station, the Almaz station, the Mir complex and its modules Kvant, Kvant-2, Kristall, “Spectrum”, “Nature” - once again showed the whole world the capabilities of the Russian space industry. The Khrunichev Center fulfilled the contract for the ISS not only in terms of deadlines, but also in all points of the requirements of our main partners - the American side.

Russia's participation as an equal partner of the United States, European countries, Japan and Canada in the ISS project has become public recognition of many years of experience in the creation and operation of manned spacecraft and orbital complexes. Those abroad were aware that without Russia, and specifically without the Khrunichev Space Center, it would take them decades and many billions of dollars to deploy the ISS. The “baggage” accumulated in Fili was not available to all countries participating in the project taken together. In a word, among all Russian companies, perhaps only Filevites had a chance to occupy a more or less significant niche in the global market for commercial launches. The commercial activities of Khrunichev made it possible to restore many cooperation ties that had been destroyed within Russia and in the near “abroad” and provide employment for approximately 120 thousand workers in the rocket and space industry. Filevskaya documentation served as the basis for the creation of the ISS.

On February 4, 1998, the Zarya flight product was delivered to site 254 of the Baikonur cosmodrome. On November 11, General Director of Rosaviakosmos Yuri Koptev and General Director of the Khrunichev Center Anatoly Kiselev approved the Zarya launch certificate and sent it to NASA the same day.

It was November 20, 1998. The cosmodrome has not seen such an unprecedented gathering of mourners for a long time. Several hundred journalists alone came from all over the world. At 9:40 am Moscow time, the rocket took off from the launch pad. After 9 minutes 48 seconds, Zarya, the key module of the ISS, was already in its reference orbit.

During the launch of Zarya, an unprecedented number of people gathered at the observation point of site 97 of the Baikonur cosmodrome. Almost all directors of space agencies from Europe, the USA, Canada, Japan, India, China and other countries were present at the launch. The launch was filmed by almost all the largest television companies in the world. It was the premiere of the Khrunichev Space Center - the Proton rocket was preparing for launch, and with it the first Zarya module of the International Space Station, from which the construction of the entire station in orbit was to begin.

The tension of all participants in the event is difficult to convey in words. It’s not worth talking about my own condition and anxiety.

Finally, there was an announcement over the loudspeaker: “There is a separation of the spacecraft,” then - “There is an opening of the antennas of the spacecraft.” The report is over. General shouts and rejoicing. We descend from the observation point. Valery Ryumin, pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR, twice Hero of the Soviet Union, Elena Kondakova, pilot-cosmonaut, Hero of the Russian Federation, Ryumin’s wife, take out the bottle they have stored, shout: “Anatoly, come to us!”

Suddenly at this time a mobile phone rings. My deputy calls and says: “Not everything is going smoothly, there are questions.” I immediately get into the car and drive to the steppe. The stress is crazy. A line of cars passes by, everyone is rushing to the press conference. I'm dialing a number in Golitsyno. Viktor Petrovich Romishevsky picks up the phone. He is always on duty at the most important launches. He and I recognize each other by voice. He confirms the launch into orbit with high accuracy, the opening of the antennas and says that when the station passes the last measuring point on Russian territory, “the earth does not see the board” (expert jargon), and that it is necessary to wait for the next orbit. And this is in 90 minutes!

I’m urgently going to the club to look for Yu.N. Koptev to delay the press conference. I enter the hall, and Yuri Nikolaevich and the rest of the leaders are already sitting on the presidium. I sit down on the edge and the press conference begins. I'm waiting for my speech, I think - now I have to say that there are questions, that not everything is so smooth. Fortunately, literally before my speech, my deputy Alexander Viktorovich Lebedev enters the hall and gives me two thumbs up - both up. Everything is fine with Zarya, there is a malfunction on the ground... This is how heart attacks happen.

The result of that enchanting performance is obvious: Russian cosmonautics, no matter what financial and political difficulties have plagued it in recent years, has once again proven that it is capable of carrying out the most complex technical projects.

On December 4, 1998, the American shuttle launched with the American transfer unit Unity (Unity), which was docked with the Russian Zarya on December 7. And after less than 20 months, Zarya, as an active vehicle, docked with the Zvezda service module, also from Fili.

This is how the first international space station of the 21st century was launched.

Meanwhile, A.I. Kiselev and his colleagues had to fully experience the fiercest competition. For example, on October 30, 1997, news came from the Kourou cosmodrome in French Guiana about the successful launch of the European heavy-class rocket Ariane-5. Europe spent more than eight billion dollars on the rocket. The chairman of the European consortium Arianespace, Jacques-Marie Luton, then promised that by 2000 the payload for launch into geostationary orbits would reach seven tons, and by 2003 - eight tons...

It seemed that Proton could only have one advantage left: its record reliability. Moreover, there has already been a certain decline in demand for launches on the market: more and more new media have entered the arena, and the customer has the opportunity to choose.

First of all, Ariane-5 could compete with the thoroughly modernized Proton with new upper stages. But Kiselyov had nowhere to get the billions of dollars with which the European rocket was created. Another “brainstorming” of his team was required. As a result, only ... the configuration remained from the Proton-K, with the exception of the head fairing. All the contents of the Proton-M turned out to be new. The most important stage of the second modernization of Proton is the creation of “our own” upper stage “Briz-M”.

The last decade of the twentieth century at the Khrunichev Space Center turned out to be a big plus. A knowledge-intensive high-tech enterprise has proven its right to be a leader - and, without a stretch, of global progress. This undoubted fact is primarily associated with the name of Kiselev.

...On April 29, 1998, Anatoly Ivanovich celebrated his 60th birthday. On his anniversary, he was a Hero of Socialist Labor (1990), laureate of the Lenin Prize (1978), holder of two Orders of Lenin (1983 and 1990), Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1975), “For Services to the Fatherland” III degree (1996), laureate Russian Government Prize in the field of science and technology (1996), Doctor of Technical Sciences. Kingston University in the UK elected him an honorary doctorate in engineering. NASA awarded the United States its highest honor.

And everything turned out well for the children, for example, daughter Inessa is now the director of one of the major international programs of the Khrunichev Center.

Man lives not only on rockets and orbital stations. My favorite hobby is mushroom hunting. I like to get up very early, before dawn, so that I can be the first to arrive. When you walk alone, you can leisurely admire the mushrooms, look around, decide where exactly to go - success depends on this.

My favorite place is Seliger, the pearl of Russia. I’ve been going there for about 30 years, I can find my way around very easily, I know the protected places where you’ll definitely come back with a full basket. Usually on such trips I am accompanied by my friends - Isaac Matveevich Lipkin (former director of the Myasishchev experimental plant), chief game warden Oleg Shapaev or huntsman Yuri Kondratyev.

I love fishing, especially winter fishing. I’m ready to spend half a day on the ice for the sake of one perch or white bream with my friend, avid fisherman Nikolai Myasnikov. After fishing, it’s nice to sit in a Russian bathhouse and then drink a glass or two. In Moscow we go to the bathhouse on Sundays in the evening - Lipkin, Myasnikov and I. Alcohol is strictly prohibited. Nikolai prepares a bathhouse with fir oil and brews wonderful tea.

Hunting occupies a special place in my life. Of course, now I don’t run through the swamps anymore, and in winter I’m not the right age to chase hares. But how nice it is to sit on a tower in the fall before sunset, listen to the birds, and admire the fairy-tale forest in winter. In the spring I still go grouse hunting, but more often I just admire the forest waking up after winter. I stopped shooting elk, deer, and bear - it’s a pity...

With special gratitude I express my gratitude to the director of the Seliger hunting reserve N.P. Protasov, in the Bezborodovo hunting area - to M.A. Kharitonov, huntsman A. Alexandrov. On the Pereyaslavl farm we went hunting for many years

I worked with Proton-K
Plotnikov Vladimir Vasilievich 30.03.2008 04:07:58

I have great respect for A. Kiselev, although directly with him
never met. I participated in the development and operation at the test site (VKP, pl. 82) of temporary launch mechanisms I-265 and IK-312, implementing
which issued a START command linked to astronomical time
Participated in many launches, from the first in 1967 to 1970. Rabo
Tal with Yu.N. Trufanov, Nedaivoda (I don’t remember the initials) and other comrades from
R-6601. I saw V.N. Chelomey. I have very good, warm memories of
joint work. Our enterprise is the Poisk Research Institute, Leningrad. My question:
how long was the IK-312 Navy in operation? I read about the fate of your
association in recent decades. I was satisfied that the enterprise not only survived, but was also developing successfully. I have always respected you before. I wish you further success. Plotnikov, formerly a leading designer.

K:Wikipedia:Articles without images (type: not specified)

Anatoly Ivanovich Kiselev(born April 29, 1938, Moscow) - director of the M.V. Khrunichev Machine-Building Plant (1975-2001). Hero of Socialist Labor (1990). Lenin Prize laureate (1978). Doctor of Technical Sciences. Professor.

Biography

He studied in Moscow at school No. 590, as an electrician - at the vocational school of plant No. 23 (plant named after M.V. Khrunichev), in the evening department, which he graduated in 1964.

Place of work: since 1956 - plant No. 23, starting as an installer, test engineer and ending with director at the State Space Research and Production Center named after M.V. Khrunichev (1975-2001). At the same time as working at the plant, there was a manager. department at the Moscow Aviation Technology Academy.

Contributed to the creation and testing of the enterprise's products: strategic bombers, strategic intercontinental missile "Stiletto", Proton rockets, space orbital station "Salyut", second generation orbital station "Almaz", service module of the Russian segment of the ISS "Zvezda", rocket complex "Rokot" with the upper stage "Briz-KM". Through his participation, the merger of the Machine-Building Plant named after. took place in 1993. M.V. Khrunichev and the Salyut Design Bureau to the State Space Research and Production Center named after M.V. Khrunichev.

From 1972 to 1975 he worked as deputy head for production of the 1st Main Directorate of the USSR Ministry of General Engineering. Since 2001, he worked as an advisor to the general director of the State Research and Production Center named after M.V. Khrunichev.

For services in the creation and testing of the reusable rocket and space system "Energia - Buran" by Decree of the President of the USSR ("closed") of December 30, 1990, Anatoly Ivanovich Kiselev was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor with the Order of Lenin and the Hammer and Sickle gold medal. .

Hobbies: volleyball - was a member of the youth team of the Labor Reserves society, the Moscow Trud team, and the CSKA masters team.

Family: married, has a daughter and a son. Lives in Moscow.

Awards and titles

• Two Orders of Lenin (1983, 1990)
• Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1975)
• Order of Merit for the Fatherland, III degree (1996)
• Lenin Prize of the USSR (1978)
• Prize of the Government of the Russian Federation in the field of science and technology (1996)
• Gold medal named after V. F. Utkin
• Academician of the Russian Engineering Academy. Academician of the K. E. Tsiolkovsky Academy of Cosmonautics. Honorary Doctor of Engineering from Kingston University (UK)

Proceedings

Semenov S. M. Title. A. I. Kiselev. “A life dedicated to the creation of rockets, orbital stations, spacecraft” M. Ed. International United Biographical Center. 2009.

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Links

Website "Heroes of the Country". Retrieved August 3, 2015.

• eurasian-defence.ru/?q=node/24582
• www.federalspace.ru/1710/
• www.biograph.ru/index.php?id=532:kiselev-ai&Itemid=29&option=com_content&view=article

An excerpt characterizing Kiselev, Anatoly Ivanovich (Hero of Socialist Labor)

“Ayez confiance en Sa misericorde, [Trust in His mercy,”] she told him, showing him a sofa to sit down to wait for her, she silently walked towards the door that everyone was looking at, and following the barely audible sound of this door, disappeared behind it.
Pierre, having decided to obey his leader in everything, went to the sofa that she showed him. As soon as Anna Mikhailovna disappeared, he noticed that the glances of everyone in the room turned to him with more than curiosity and sympathy. He noticed that everyone was whispering, pointing at him with their eyes, as if with fear and even servility. He was shown respect that had never been shown before: a lady unknown to him, who was speaking with the clergy, stood up from her seat and invited him to sit down, the adjutant picked up the glove that Pierre had dropped and handed it to him; the doctors fell silent respectfully as he passed them, and stood aside to give him room. Pierre wanted to sit in another place first, so as not to embarrass the lady; he wanted to lift his glove himself and go around the doctors, who were not standing in the road at all; but he suddenly felt that this would be indecent, he felt that this night he was a person who was obliged to perform some terrible ritual expected by everyone, and that therefore he had to accept services from everyone. He silently accepted the glove from the adjutant, sat down in the lady’s place, placing his large hands on his symmetrically extended knees, in the naive pose of an Egyptian statue, and decided to himself that all this should be exactly like this and that he should do it this evening, so as not to to get lost and not do anything stupid, one should not act according to one’s own considerations, but one must submit oneself completely to the will of those who guided him.
Not even two minutes had passed before Prince Vasily, in his caftan with three stars, majestically, holding his head high, entered the room. He seemed thinner since the morning; his eyes were larger than usual when he looked around the room and saw Pierre. He walked up to him, took his hand (which he had never done before) and pulled it down, as if he wanted to test whether it was holding firmly.
- Courage, courage, mon ami. Il a demande a vous voir. C"est bien... [Don't be discouraged, don't be discouraged, my friend. He wanted to see you. That's good...] - and he wanted to go.
But Pierre considered it necessary to ask:
- How is your health…
He hesitated, not knowing whether it was proper to call a dying man a count; he was ashamed to call him father.
– Il a eu encore un coup, il y a une demi heure. There was another blow. Courage, mon ami... [Half an hour ago he had another stroke. Don't be discouraged, my friend...]
Pierre was in such a state of confusion of thought that when he heard the word “blow,” he imagined the blow of some body. He looked at Prince Vasily, perplexed, and only then realized that a blow was a disease. Prince Vasily said a few words to Lorren as he walked and walked through the door on tiptoe. He could not walk on tiptoes and awkwardly bounced his whole body. The eldest princess followed him, then the clergy and clerks passed, and people (servants) also walked through the door. Movement was heard behind this door, and finally, with the same pale, but firm face in the performance of duty, Anna Mikhailovna ran out and, touching Pierre’s hand, said:
– La bonte divine est inepuisable. C"est la ceremonie de l"extreme onction qui va commencer. Venez. [God's mercy is inexhaustible. The unction will begin now. Let's go.]
Pierre walked through the door, stepping on the soft carpet, and noticed that the adjutant, and the unfamiliar lady, and some other servant, all followed him, as if now there was no need to ask permission to enter this room.

Pierre knew well this large room, divided by columns and an arch, all upholstered in Persian carpets. The part of the room behind the columns, where on one side stood a high mahogany bed under silk curtains, and on the other a huge icon case with images, was red and brightly lit, as churches are lit during evening services. Under the illuminated vestments of the icon case stood a long Voltairean armchair, and on the armchair, covered at the top with snow-white, apparently uncrumpled, pillows, covered to the waist with a bright green blanket, lay the majestic figure of his father, Count Bezukhy, familiar to Pierre, with the same a gray mane of hair, reminiscent of a lion, above a wide forehead and with the same characteristically noble large wrinkles on a beautiful red-yellow face. He lay directly under the images; both of his thick, large hands were pulled out from under the blanket and lay on him. In the right hand, which lay palm down, between the thumb and forefinger, a wax candle was inserted, which, bending over from behind the chair, was held in it by an old servant. Above the chair stood the clergy in their majestic shiny robes, with their long hair hanging out, with lighted candles in their hands, and slowly solemnly served. A little behind them stood two younger princesses, with a scarf in their hands and near their eyes, and in front of them was the eldest, Katish, with an angry and decisive look, never taking her eyes off the icons for a moment, as if she was telling everyone that she was not responsible for herself if will look back. Anna Mikhailovna, with meek sadness and forgiveness on her face, and the unknown lady stood at the door. Prince Vasily stood on the other side of the door, close to the chair, behind a carved velvet chair, which he turned back to himself, and, leaning his left hand with a candle on it, crossed himself with his right, each time raising his eyes upward when he put his fingers to his forehead. His face expressed calm piety and devotion to the will of God. “If you don’t understand these feelings, then so much the worse for you,” his face seemed to say.

Kiselev Anatoly Ivanovich – director of the Machine-Building Plant named after M.V. Khrunichev Ministry of Aviation Industry of the USSR, Moscow.

Born on April 29, 1938 in Moscow. Russian. From a working-class family. During the Great Patriotic War in 1941 - 1944 he was evacuated in Central Asia. He graduated from secondary school No. 590 in Moscow, and then from a vocational school at the aviation plant No. 23 (since 1961 - the M.V. Khrunichev machine-building plant).

Since 1956, he worked at aircraft plant No. 23: assembler, electrician, process engineer. Without interrupting his work, he graduated from the evening department of the Moscow Aviation Technological Institute in 1964, continuing to work at the machine-building plant named after M.V. Khrunicheva: test engineer at the control and testing station (CTS), head of the laboratory, deputy head of the workshop, since February 1968 - deputy director of the plant for operation. In the early years, V.M. designed strategic bombers. Myasishchev, but in 1960 the plant was repurposed for the production of rocket and space technology. He took part in testing the first intercontinental ballistic missiles at Baikonur, and then in placing on combat duty the first regiment of the Strategic Missile Forces near Chita. He took part in the first launch of the Proton rocket in 1965, and in the creation and launch of the first space orbital station Salyut.

From February 1972 to February 1975 - Deputy Head for Production of the 1st Main Directorate of the USSR Ministry of General Engineering.

In February 1975, he was appointed director of the machine-building plant named after M.V. Khrunicheva. On his initiative, a 10-year plan for the technical re-equipment of the plant was developed. Almost in subsequent years, a second plant was built, and this without stopping existing production or stopping development work. In the late 1970s, the plant was developing the second-generation Almaz orbital station, a reusable manned return vehicle. However, in December 1981, all work on the Almaz complex was stopped by a decision of the CPSU Central Committee.

Despite this failure, the enterprise was the flagship manufacturer of manned space technology in the USSR: it manufactured all Russian orbital stations (Salyut and Mir), all heavy modules docked with orbital stations in orbit (Kvant, Kvant- 2", "Crystal"), three-seat return vehicles, transport supply ships of the "Cosmos" series, automatic unmanned orbital stations "Almaz" (the first - "Cosmos-1870" - operated in orbit from July 25, 1987 to July 30, 1989, the second - "Almaz-1" - from March 31, 1991 to October 17, 1992; they produced high-quality radar images of the earth's surface in the interests of defense and the national economy), the astrophysical module "Kvant" (in orbit since March 31, 1987).

Under his leadership, since 1975, the plant’s staff has achieved great success in solving complex and important tasks in the production of rocket and space technology. For the Energia rocket, critical components for the engine power supply system and fairings were manufactured, and for the Buran orbital ship, command instrument modules and instrument compartments were manufactured. As chairman of the operational technical management for the creation of rocket and space objects, he personally took part in testing at the Baikonur cosmodrome.

Decree of the President of the USSR ("closed") of December 30, 1990 for great services in the creation and testing of the reusable rocket and space system "Energia - Buran" Kiselyov Anatoly Ivanovich awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor with the Order of Lenin and the Hammer and Sickle gold medal.

After the collapse of the USSR, in the most difficult conditions of the collapse of the Russian economy and the almost complete oblivion of the space industry, the country’s leadership made enormous efforts to save it. On his initiative and on the basis of the theoretical developments prepared by him, on June 7, 1993, by order of the President of the Russian Federation on the basis of the machine-building plant named after M.V. Khrunichev and the Salyut design bureau, the Federal State Unitary Enterprise “State Space Research and Production Center named after M.V. Khrunichev" (GKNPTs named after M.V. Khrunichev), then A.I. Kiselyov was appointed its general director. Life has shown the justification of such a decision; it contributed to increasing the efficiency of all activities of the M.V. Khrunichev Space Center and ensured a more active penetration of Russian space technologies into the international market. In 1993, the joint venture “International Launch Systems” was created to launch telecommunications devices of foreign customers using the Khrunichev Proton launch vehicle (member of its Board of Directors from 1993 to 2002). Also, to expand cooperation with European partners, the Russian-German joint venture “Eurockot” was created - launches of spacecraft from the Plesetsk cosmodrome on the Rokot launch vehicle, converted by the Khrunichevites from the SS-19 combat strategic missile.

State Research and Production Space Center named after M.V. Khrunichev is the leading enterprise of the Russian side in the implementation of the International Space Station project. In the 1990s, under the direct leadership of A.I. Kiselyov designed and manufactured the first elements of the ISS - Zarya and Zvezda. Launch vehicles of the heavy (Proton-M) and light (Rokot) classes are being tested, the development and testing of the Breeze-M and Breeze-KM upper stages and the Yacht universal space platform have begun. The creation of the Angara missile system has begun, and the Telecomsvyaz network has been deployed.

In 2001, he was relieved of his position as CEO at his personal request due to his age. Since 2001 - Advisor to the General Director of the State Research and Production Center named after M.V. Khrunichev.

Head of the department at the Moscow Aviation Technology Academy. Honorary Doctor of MATI. Doctor of Technical Sciences. Professor. Academician of the Russian Engineering Academy. Academician of the Academy of Cosmonautics named after K.E. Tsiolkovsky. Honorary Doctor of Engineering from Kingston University (UK).

He was awarded 2 Soviet Orders of Lenin (01/03/1983, 12/30/1990), the Order of the Red Banner of Labor (10/02/1975), the Russian Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 3rd degree (12/24/1996), and medals.

Lenin Prize of the USSR (1978). Prize of the Government of the Russian Federation in the field of science and technology (1996). Winner of the gold medal named after V.F. Utkina.

The first general director of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "GKNPTs named after M.V. Khrunichev" Anatoly Ivanovich Kiselev has passed away. He died on June 9, 2017 at the age of 80. His whole life was devoted to the Khrunichev Center and the production of products of national importance.

Anatoly Ivanovich Kiselev was born on April 29, 1938 in Moscow into a working-class family. After graduating from secondary school No. 590 in Fili, he entered Vocational School No. 2. In 1956, he began working as an electrician at an aircraft plant (later the Khrunichev Machine-Building Plant). Without leaving work in 1964, he graduated from the evening department of the Moscow Aviation Technology Institute (MATI). He worked as a process engineer, test engineer, then as head of the laboratory of a control and testing station, and deputy head of the workshop.

In 1968 he became deputy director of the plant. From 1972 to February 1975, he was deputy head of the 1st Main Directorate of the Ministry of General Engineering.

In February 1975, at the age of 37, Anatoly Ivanovich assumed the position of director of the M.V. Khrunichev Machine-Building Plant.

In 1993, on his initiative, the M.V. Machine-Building Plant was merged. Khrunichev and the Salyut Design Bureau into the unified State Space Research and Production Center named after. M. V. Khrunichev (Khrunichev Center).

From 1993 to 2001 Anatoly Ivanovich Kiselyov was the general director of the Khrunichev Center, then until 2014 - advisor to the general director.

From 1993 to January 2002, Anatoly Ivanovich Kiselev was a member of the board of directors of the Russian-American joint venture Lockheed-Khrunichev (since 1994 - International Launch Services).

Anatoly Ivanovich Kiselev - Hero of Socialist Labor (1990), laureate of the Lenin Prize (1978), laureate of the Russian Government Prize in the field of science and technology (1996). Awarded two Orders of Lenin, the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, the Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 3rd degree; Doctor of Technical Sciences, Academician of the Russian Academy of Engineering and the Academy of Cosmonautics named after K.E. Tsiolkovsky. Honorary Doctor of Engineering from Kingston University (UK). Winner of the V.F. Utkin gold medal.

For more than a quarter of a century, Anatoly Ivanovich Kiselev headed the Khrunichev Center. His memory is forever in our hearts.

General designer of launch vehicles and ground-based space infrastructure, first deputy general director of the Khrunichev Center Alexander Medvedev: “Thanks to Anatoly Ivanovich, the M.V. Khrunichev Space Center was created almost a quarter of a century ago. All his work experience, almost 60 years, his whole soul Anatoly Ivanovich devoted his efforts to his native enterprise in Fili. The Plant, and then the Center, are his life and destiny. He was directly involved in the first launch of the Proton launch vehicle in 1965, in the creation and launch of the first space orbital station Salyut. , in placing intercontinental ballistic missiles on combat duty, under the direct leadership of Anatoly Ivanovich Kiselyov, the first elements of the ISS were designed and manufactured, the heavy Proton-M and light Rokot launch vehicles were tested, the development and testing of the Briz-M upper stages began. " and "Briz-KM", the universal space platform "Yakhta", the creation of the RSC "Angara" has begun, the "Telecomsvyaz" network has been deployed. Anatoly Ivanovich possessed not only the worthy qualities of an extraordinary leader, but also the rare qualities of a caring mentor, a devoted friend... The passing of Anatoly Ivanovich is a heavy loss for all of us. We mourn and express our condolences to the family, colleagues, friends...”

Anatoly Kiselev

Photo by FSUE “State Space Research and Production Center named after M.V. Khrunichev”

June 9, 2017 - Former general director of the Khrunichev Center Anatoly Kiselev, who led the enterprise from 1975 to 2001, died in Moscow at the age of 80, a source in the rocket and space industry told TASS.

Anatoly Ivanovich died tonight in one of the Moscow hospitals,” the agency’s interlocutor said.

The Khrunichev Center confirmed information about Kiselev’s death. “The company is organizing funerals,” the press service said.

Information about the date and place of the funeral will be known later, they said.

The message from the Communications Directorate of the Space Center quotes the words of the general designer of launch vehicles and ground-based space infrastructure, first deputy general director of the Khrunichev Center, Alexander Medvedev: “The passing of Anatoly Ivanovich is a heavy loss for all of us. We mourn and condole with the family, associates, and friends.”

Under his direct leadership, the first elements of the ISS - the Zarya and Zvezda modules - were designed and manufactured, heavy (Proton-M) and light (Rokot) class rockets were tested, the development and testing of the Briz-M upper stages began " and "Briz-KM", the universal space platform "Yakhta", the creation of the Angara missile system has begun. He was directly involved in the first launch of the Proton rocket in 1965, the creation and launch of the first space orbital station Salyut, and the placing of intercontinental ballistic missiles on combat duty.

Anatoly Kiselev was born in Moscow in 1938, graduated from a technical school, then from the Russian State Technological University named after K. E. Tsiolkovsky (MATI). He worked at the Khrunichev Machine-Building Plant as an engineer, head of a laboratory, deputy head of a workshop, and deputy director of the plant (since 1968).

In February 1975, at the age of 37, he was appointed director of the Khrunichev Machine-Building Plant. In 1993, on his initiative, the Khrunichev plant and the Salyut Design Bureau were merged into a single State Space Research and Production Center. From 1993 to 2001, Kiselev was the general director of the Khrunichev Center.

Kiselev - Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin Prize, laureate of the Russian Government Prize in the field of science and technology. He was awarded two Orders of Lenin, the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, and the Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 3rd degree. Doctor of Technical Sciences, Academician of the Russian Academy of Engineering and the Tsiolkovsky Academy of Cosmonautics, Honorary Doctor of Engineering Sciences from Kingston University (UK).