2.02.2016 at 16:46 · Pavlofox · 28 110

Leading countries in oil production over the past year

Every day, the world's largest oil producers extract about 100 million barrels of minerals from fields. Russia, Saudi Arabia and the USA are recognized as the leading oil powers. They provide the world market with 39% of black gold.

The TOP 10 included countries leading in oil production over the past year.

10. Venezuela | 2.5 million barrels per day

Opens the top ten largest oil producers in the world. The country's economy as a whole depends on sales of fossil raw materials. 96% of Venezuelan exports consist of oil sales. The country produces about 2.5 million barrels per day. The world share in the production of export raw materials is 3.65%. In terms of world oil reserves, Venezuela ranks first: about 46 billion tons of raw materials are concentrated there.

9. UAE | 2.7 million barrels per day

They are among the top ten oil leaders. Their export share in the world market is 3.81%. The main deposits of useful raw materials are concentrated directly in the emirate of Abu Dhabi and account for 95%, the remaining 5% are in the emirates of Dubai and Sharjah. The country produces approximately 2.7 million barrels daily. The total oil reserves in the emirates amount to 13 billion tons of unused raw materials. The largest consumers of the product from the United Arab Emirates are Japan, Thailand, India, the Republic of Korea, Singapore and China.

8. Kuwait | 2.8 million barrels per day

It has 9% of the world's oil reserves, which is approximately 14 billion tons. Thanks to this, the state has become one of the largest producers. Its share is 3.90% of the total supply of black gold to the world market. The country produces about 2.8 million barrels of raw materials per day. The largest oil field is considered to be Greater Burgan, from where half of the production is extracted. The rest of the product is provided by the southern Minagish and Umm Gudair deposits, as well as the northern Raudheiten and Sabriyah. The country sells the resulting petroleum products to the UAE, Syria, Morocco, Jordan and China.

7. Iraq | 3 million barrels per day

It is one of the most reputable producers of natural raw materials in the world, which has begun to gain momentum recently. And this is no coincidence, because the country’s economy directly depends on oil exports. The total portion of state revenues from the sale of petroleum products is approximately 90%. About 3 million barrels or more are extracted from the fields per day. Iraq's share of the total world share of raw materials produced is 4.24% today. The country's black gold reserves amount to 20 billion tons.

6. Iran | Country Iran

is one of the largest oil powers in the world, which has huge reserves of raw minerals. The bulk of the raw materials are extracted from the Persian Gulf basin. According to researchers, the contents of the known black gold deposits will last the country for about 90 years. In terms of total oil reserves, which amount to 21 billion tons, the country is in third place. Iran extracts over 3 million barrels from its oil reservoirs every day. The country's share of production in the world market segment is 4.25%. The main consumers of the Iranian product are China, Japan, Türkiye, India and South Korea. Almost half of the state's income comes from the export of petroleum products.

5. Canada | 3 million barrels per day

– one of the leading oil producers and exporters. The volume of extracted raw materials per day is more than 3 million barrels. The largest mineral deposit is one of the Canadian provinces - Alberta. The country is considered the main supplier of “black gold” to the United States, where more than 90% of the raw product is sold. The exporter's total global production share is 4.54%. The state has inexhaustible reserves of natural raw materials and is among the three richest countries in terms of oil reserves, which are estimated at 28 billion tons.

4. China | 4 million barrels per day

(PRC) is one of the largest oil producers. The share of the world volume of raw material production is 5.71%. Every day, drilling rigs extract over 4 million barrels from the depths of the earth. The country is not only the largest exporter, but also one of the leaders in consumption of raw materials due to its large population. The state does not have the largest oil reserves, of which there are 2.5 billion tons. Russia is one of the largest oil importers of China.

3. USA | 9 million barrels per day

(11.80%) opens the top three global oil production giants. The United States is engaged not only in exporting, but also in importing raw materials. A huge number of drills extract up to 9 million barrels of fossils every day. As a percentage, the annual production volume is 11.80% in relation to other world oil producers. There are three main states in the country that produce the product: California, Alaska and Texas. The country has reserved a strategic reserve of ferrous raw materials for use in case of unforeseen circumstances.

2. Saudi Arabia | 10 million barrels per day

– one of the world's largest miners of black gold. The entire economy of the Middle Eastern country is based on the export of oil, which it supplies to the countries of East Asia and the United States. The portion of external income received by Saudi Arabia from the sale of precious raw materials is about 90%. Oil fields in the country are controlled by Saudi Aramco. The world share of mineral extraction in the country is 13.23%. Daily work brings in up to 10 million barrels per day. The country's proven mineral reserves amount to 36.7 billion tons.

1. Russia | more than 10 million barrels per day

It is the rightful leader in oil production in the world. And this is no coincidence, since the Russian Federation is considered the richest country in terms of reserves not only of “black gold”, but also of other minerals. It is literally a storehouse of natural gas, non-ferrous metals and coal. Oil is extracted not only for export, but also for the production of fuel material. The total volume of its proven reserves is over 14 billion tons. Over 10 million barrels per day are extracted from the fields every day, and this volume is constantly growing. As a percentage of global oil production, the Russian Federation's share is 13.92%.

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The world's proven oil reserves amount to about 140 billion tons. The largest part of the world's reserves - about 64% - is located in the Near and Middle East. America ranks second, accounting for about 15%.

The richest countries in oil are Saudi Arabia (25% of proven world reserves), Iraq (10.8%), UAE (9.3%), Kuwait (9.2%), Iran (8.6%) and Venezuela ( 7.3%) - all of them are members of OPEC, which accounts for about 78% of world reserves. Proven reserves of the CIS countries, including Russia, are about 6% of the world, the USA - about 3%, Norway - about 1%.

However, it is worth remembering that the figures given relate only to proven oil reserves, and do not include forecast and estimated data on their value. In addition, with the development of oil exploration and oil production technologies, geological exploration makes it possible to provide an increasingly accurate assessment of even the most inaccessible oil deposits, etc. Inventory levels are constantly being adjusted.

Largest oil producers

Norway

Saudi Arabia

In 2000, world oil production amounted to about 3.56 billion tons, which is almost 4% more than the same figure for 1999. The largest increases in production from major oil producing countries were observed in Russia (7.1%), Norway (6.6%), Iraq (6.2%) and Saudi Arabia (7.2%). At the same time, oil production in the United States decreased by 1%.

Iran's proven oil reserves account for about 9% of the world's total, or 12 billion tons. Currently, the country produces about 3.7 million barrels of oil per day with a daily consumption of about 1.1 million barrels. The main importers of Iranian oil are Japan, South Korea, Great Britain and China.

The main oil fields in Iran are Ghajaran, Marun, Awaz Banjistan, Agha Jhari, Raj-e Safid and Pars. About 1 million bpd is extracted from offshore oil fields, the largest of which are Dorud-1, Dorud-2, Salman, Abuzar and Forozan. In the future, the Iranian Ministry of Oil plans large-scale development and development of existing offshore fields.

Iran occupies an exceptionally advantageous position from a geopolitical and strategic point of view for laying out oil transportation routes, which makes it possible to significantly reduce the cost of delivering raw materials to world markets.

The country's oil refining capacity is about 200 thousand tons of oil per day. The main oil refineries are Abadan (65 thousand t/d), Isfahan (34 thousand t/d), Bandar Abbas (30 thousand t/d) and Tehran (29 thousand t/d).

Iran's oil and gas industries are under complete state control. The state oil company - National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC - National Iranian Oil Company) conducts exploration and development of oil and gas fields, processes and transports raw materials and petroleum products. The resolution of petrochemical production issues is entrusted to the National Petrochemical Company (NPC - National Petrochemical Company).

Iraq ranks second in the world in terms of proven oil reserves, second only to Saudi Arabia. The volume of proven oil reserves in Iraq is about 15 billion tons, and predicted - 29.5 billion.

Iraq currently does not have a production quota. Its oil exports are regulated by UN sanctions that were imposed after the Gulf War in 1991. The UN Oil-for-Food program aims to provide the country with food and medicine, as well as pay reparations. Currently, Iraq's oil production is 1.5-2 million bpd. However, if UN sanctions are lifted, it can reach a production level of 3 million bpd within one year, and in 3-5 years - to 3.5 million bpd. The level of daily oil consumption in the country is about 600 thousand bpd. When its pipelines are fully loaded, Iraq is capable of exporting 1.4-2.4 million bpd.

The country's main fields are Majnun with proven reserves of about 2.7 billion tons of oil and West Qurna - 2 billion. The most promising reserves are also found in the East Baghdad (1.5 billion tons) and Kirkuk (1.4 billion tons) fields.

The main oil producing company in the country is the Iraqi State Oil Company (Irag National Oil Company), and autonomously operating companies are subordinate to it:

State Company for Oil Projects (SCOP), responsible for work related to the development of upstream (oil exploration and production) and downstream (transportation, marketing and sales) projects;

Oil Exploration Company (OEC), responsible for exploration and geophysical work;

State Organization for Oil Marketing (SOMO), engaged in oil trading, in particular, responsible for relations with OPEC;

Iragi Oil Tankers Company (IOTC) is a tanker transport company;

Northern (Northern Oil Company - NOC) and Southern (Southern Oil Company - SOC) oil companies.

Mexico is one of the largest oil producers in the world, its proven oil reserves are estimated at 4 billion tons. In terms of production volume, which is now about 3.5 million b/d, Mexico has overtaken Venezuela and rightfully occupies a leading position in Latin America. About half of the country's oil production is exported, primarily to the United States.

More than half of the oil is produced offshore in the Bay of Campeche.

An important achievement of the oil industry was the rapid development of the oil refining and petrochemical industries, which today are the main branches of the Mexican manufacturing industry. The main refineries are located on the Gulf Coast. In recent years, along with the old centers - Reynosa, Ciudad Madero, Poza Rica, Minatitlan - new ones have been put into operation - Monterrey, Salina Cruz, Tula, Cadereyta.

According to the 1993 Foreign Investment Law, exclusive rights to explore and develop oil fields in the country are retained by the state, and primarily by the state-owned company Pemex. Pemex operates the Mexican Petroleum Institute, which conducts research and development work.

Norway

Norway's proven oil reserves are estimated at 1.4 billion tons and are the largest among Western European countries. The daily level of oil production reaches 3.4 million barrels. Of these, about 3 million b/d are exported.

Most of Norway's oil is produced from offshore fields in the North Sea.

The country's largest fields are Statfjord, Oseberg, Galfax and Ekofisk. The last major discoveries by geologists were the Norn field, discovered in 1991 in the Norwegian Sea, and the Donatello field in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea.

The dominant oil company in the country is state-owned Statoil, founded in 1973. In November 1998, Statoil signed a cooperation agreement (NOBALES) with companies such as Saga Petroleum, Elf Aquitaine, Agip, Norsk Hidro and Mobil, providing for joint work in the Barents Sea. In addition, the country has a private oil and gas group, Saga Petroleum, with Saga currently operating in fields such as Snorr, Vigdis, Thordis and Varg. In early September, Saga signed an agreement with the National Iranian Oil Company to conduct exploration work in the northern part of the Persian Gulf. In addition, Saga is working in Libya (Mabrouk field) and Namibia (Lüderitz basin).

The United Arab Emirates' proven oil reserves account for about 10% of the world's - about 13.5 billion tons. Daily oil production exceeds 2.3 million barrels, of which about 2.2 million are exported. The UAE's main oil importers are Southeast Asian countries, with Japan accounting for about 60% of the UAE's oil exports.

Most of the country's reserves are concentrated in the emirate of Abu Dhabi. The main oil fields are: in Abu Dhabi - Asab, Beb, Bu Hasa; to Dubai - Fallah, Fateh, Southwestern Fateh; to Rashid Sharjah - Mubarak. The UAE's oil refining capacity is about 39.3 thousand tons per day. The country's main oil refineries are Ruwayz and Um al-Nar 2.

The UAE oil industry is controlled by the country's government. The state-owned oil company Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) includes oil production, service and transportation companies.

Proven oil reserves in Russia amount to about 6.6 billion tons, or 5% of world reserves.

The volume of oil production in the Russian Federation in 2001 amounted to 348 million tons or 10% of the world production level, of which 147 million tons were exported. It should be noted that now Russia, together with the CIS countries, is restoring oil production volumes to the extent that existed in the former Soviet Union. In 1987, oil production in the USSR reached 12.6 million b/d (about 540 million tons per year), which accounted for almost 20% of world production, with a daily export volume of 3.7 million b/d (159 million . t per year) - 15% of total exports from OPEC. Between 1990 and 1996, oil production in Russia decreased by 40%, and in 1998 it reached its minimum - 6.2 million bpd (266 million tons per year), which amounted to 8.3 % of global production level. Oil exports in 1998 amounted to 2.3 million bpd (about 100 million tons per year) - 7.5% of total exports from OPEC. The restoration of the domestic oil industry began in 1999. As a result of the economic crisis that occurred in Russia in 1998 and the subsequent devaluation of the ruble, oil production costs significantly decreased, which, coupled with high prices on the world oil market, sharply increased the attractiveness of investments in the oil business: only in 2000, the volume of capital investments in the industry amounted to 129.1 billion rubles, which is 2.6 times higher than in 1999. Today, Russia is one of the largest oil producers in the world; in terms of production volumes, it ranks third after Saudi Arabia and the United States. Together with other CIS countries, Russia provides about 10% of the total volume of oil supplies to the world market. However, Russia is still far from reaching the production levels of 1990: it now produces about 7 million bpd versus 10 million bpd in 1990. At the current rate of production growth, by 2005 Russia can increase its level to 8.5 million. b/d, which will amount to 11% of all oil production in the world, and the export volume will be up to 5 million b/d, or 15% of the total supply volume with OPEC countries.

The level of oil consumption in Russia is extremely low: its per capita rate is 1.8 times lower than in the countries of the European Union, 3 times lower than in Canada, and 3.5 times lower than in the United States. In terms of oil consumption, Russia is now at the level of Western Europe in the early 60s or the USA in the 20s. In quantitative terms, oil consumption in Russia is about 2.5 million b/d; by 2005 it may increase to 2.6 million b/d.

About 2,000 oil and oil and gas fields have been discovered on Russian territory, the largest of which are located on the shelf of Sakhalin, Barents, Kara and Caspian seas. Most of the proven oil reserves are concentrated in Western Siberia and the Ural Federal District. There is virtually no oil production in Eastern Siberia and the Far East. The oldest and most depleted oil production areas in Russia are the Ural-Volga region, the North Caucasus and Sakhalin Island. The deposits of Western Siberia and the Timan-Pechora region were discovered relatively recently and are at the very peak of their development. The fields of Eastern Siberia and the Far East (with the exception of Sakhalin Island), as well as the shelves of the Russian seas, are in the initial stages of development. The most promising in terms of production are the Evenki Autonomous Okrug (Yurubcheno-Takhomskaya oil and gas zone), the Republic of Sakha (Sredneobinskoye and Talakanskoye oil and gas fields), the Irkutsk region (Verkhnechonskoye oil and gas field) and the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Total oil production at these facilities by 2020 could reach 60 million tons per year. However, large capital investments are required to develop these resources.

Despite the decline in oil production and refining over the past decade, Russia remains one of the leading exporters of oil and petroleum products. It accounts for about 7% of global oil refining capacity. Unfortunately, this potential is not being fully realized: Russia's share in the volume of refined oil has decreased from 9% of the world volume in 1990 to 5% currently. In terms of the scale of actual oil refining, Russia has moved from second place after the United States to fourth, behind Japan and China. And in terms of consumption of petroleum products per capita, Russia is now in 14th place in the world, behind, in addition to developed countries, countries such as Nigeria. In addition, domestic refineries are very worn out, their equipment is outdated. In terms of wear and tear on fixed assets, oil refining is the leader in the domestic fuel and energy complex, with an average wear rate of 80%.

A significant obstacle for Russia to increasing its share of oil supplies to the world market is limited transportation capacity. The main main pipelines in Russia are focused on old production areas, and the transport scheme connecting new promising fields with consumers is insufficiently provided. However, as a result of the commissioning of two new pipeline systems in 2001 - the Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC) and the Baltic Pipeline System (BPS) - additional export routes will appear across the Baltic and Black Seas.

The Russian oil complex includes 11 large oil companies, which account for 90.8% of the total oil production in the country, and 113 small companies, whose production accounts for 9.2%. Russian oil companies carry out a full range of oil operations - from exploration, production and refining of oil to its transportation and marketing of petroleum products. The largest Russian oil companies are LUKOIL, Yukos, TNK, Surgutneftegaz, Sibneft, Tatneft, Rosneft, Slavneft and Sidanko.

Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia ranks first in the world in terms of oil production, its daily level exceeds 8 million barrels. Saudi Arabia's proven oil reserves are about 35 billion tons, which is almost a quarter of the world's proven oil reserves. At the same time, oil and oil products are the country’s main export item, making it highly dependent on the main consumers (developed countries) and world oil prices. Revenues from oil exports account for about 90% of budget revenues. Saudi Arabia is the main importer of oil to the United States and Japan.

In total, there are about 77 oil and gas fields in Saudi Arabia. The largest fields are Ghawar - the world's largest onshore oil field, with reserves estimated at 9.6 billion tons of oil - and Safaniya - the world's largest offshore field with proven reserves of about 2.6 billion tons. In addition, the country is home to such large deposits as Najd, Berri, Manifa, Zuluf and Shaybakh.

The country has large oil refining capacities - about 300 thousand tons of oil per day. Major oil refineries: Aramco-Ras Tanura (41 thousand t/d), Rabigh (44.5 thousand t/d), Aramco-Mobil-Yanbu (45.5 thousand t/d), and Petromin/Shell- al-Jubail (40 thousand t/s).

The country's oil industry has been nationalized and the oil industry is governed by the Supreme Petroleum Council. The largest oil company is Saudi Arabian Oil Co. (Saudi Aramco), petrochemical - Saudi Basic Industries Corp. (SABIC).

The US is the largest consumer of oil in the world. The country's daily oil consumption is about 23 million barrels (or almost a quarter of the global total), with about half of the country's oil consumption coming from motor vehicles.

Over the past 20 years, the level of oil production in the United States has decreased: for example, in 1972 it was 528 million tons, in 1995 - 368 million tons, and in 2000 - only 350 million tons, which is a consequence of increased competition between American producers and importers of cheaper foreign oil. Of the 23 million b/d consumed in the United States, only 8 million b/d are produced, and the rest is imported. At the same time, the United States still ranks second in the world in terms of oil production (after Saudi Arabia). Proven oil reserves of the United States amount to about 4 billion tons (3% of world reserves).

Most of the country's explored deposits are located on the shelf of the Gulf of Mexico, as well as off the Pacific coast (California) and the shores of the Arctic Ocean (Alaska). The main mining areas are Alaska, Texas, California, Louisiana and Oklahoma. Recently, the share of oil produced on the offshore shelf, primarily in the Gulf of Mexico, has increased.

The country's largest oil corporations are Exxon Mobil and Chevron Texaco.

The main importers of oil to the United States are Saudi Arabia, Mexico, Canada, and Venezuela. The United States is highly dependent on the policies of OPEC, and that is why it is interested in an alternative source of oil, which Russia can become for them.

Largest oil consumers

U The level of world oil consumption in 2001 was about 75.8 million bpd, which is only 100 thousand bpd higher than the same figure for 2000. The low growth in consumption is associated with the economic downturn in a number of the most developed countries in the world: the USA, the Eurozone countries and Japan. The growth in consumption in 2002, according to various estimates, will be from 600 to 1,200 thousand b/d, which directly depends on the improvement of the climate in the world economy, and by 2020, according to forecasts of the American Department of Energy, global consumption will increase to 120 million b/d /With.

The main consumers of oil are developed countries, among which the United States is the undisputed leader: they account for about a quarter of world oil consumption or 24 million bpd. The USA is followed by European countries, which account for about 20% or 15.1 million b/d, and countries of the Asia-Pacific region - 11% or 8.7 million b/d. At the same time, the level of consumption in the Asia-Pacific region has grown over the past 14 years by about 3%, and in North America and Europe - by an average of only 1%. The highest consumption growth rates were observed in South Korea, Thailand, China, Indonesia and India.

The share of the countries of the former USSR in world oil consumption has decreased over the past 12 years from 13% in 1988 to 5% currently. At the same time, the former social republics turned out to be the only region of the planet where oil consumption decreased during this period: in general, over the past 12 years, its growth in the world has been recorded by 16%.

The ratio of the level of oil production and consumption in the world is a determining factor for the level of oil prices. Obviously, if oil production (supply) exceeds consumption (demand), oil prices fall, and vice versa: if consumption exceeds production, prices rise.

Below is a chart showing the dynamics of growth in oil consumption and production over the past 12 years.

Oil exporters and importers

The countries on whose territory the largest part of oil reserves are located and which are the main producers of oil (with the exception of the United States) are for the most part underdeveloped, with low levels of energy consumption. That. They can export the surplus of extracted raw materials. Developed countries, whose oil needs significantly exceed its production, are the main importers of oil.

OPEC countries account for about 40% of world supplies to the oil market. The share of CIS countries (including Russia) of the total volume of supplies by independent manufacturers is about 17%. The total volume of oil supplies to the world market is about 1.9 billion tons.

World petroleum products market

The main producers of petroleum products are the USA (about 24% of the total oil refining volume in the world), Japan (6%), China (5.2%) and Russia (4.8%). The global volume of petroleum products produced annually reaches 3.4 billion tons.

The largest exporters of petroleum products are Holland, Russia, Singapore, USA, Saudi Arabia, Korea, Venezuela and Kuwait, and importers are the USA, Japan, Germany, Holland, Singapore and France. The volume of the petroleum products market is about 700 million tons per year.

It is interesting that countries such as the USA, Holland, Singapore and China are both exporters and importers of raw materials: they import products of primary oil refining and then carry out deeper processing, the products of which are exported.

In terms of oil refining capacity, the leaders are the USA (about 2.27 million tons of oil per day), the countries of the former USSR (1.15 million tons/day), Japan (660 thousand tons/day) and China (595 thousand tons/day). With).

Oil cartels

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

The Organization of the petroleum exporting countries (OPEC) was founded in 1960. Currently, 11 countries are members of OPEC: Algeria, Venezuela, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Qatar, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, UAE, Saudi Arabia. OPEC headquarters is Vienna, Austria. OPEC countries supply about 40% of the total global oil supply to the world market. Currently, the post of OPEC President is occupied by the Adviser to the President of Nigeria on energy issues, Rilwanu Lukman, and the post of Secretary General is held by the Minister of Energy and Mining of Venezuela, former OPEC President Ali Rodriguez.

Today's OPEC charter was approved in 1965, and subsequently numerous changes and additions were made to it. The goals declared by OPEC are: coordination and unification of the oil policies of member states, determining the most effective individual and collective means of protecting their interests and ensuring price stability on world oil markets.

Only the founding states and those countries whose applications for admission were approved by OPEC's highest body, the Conference, can be full members of OPEC. Any other country that produces significant amounts of crude oil and has interests fundamentally similar to those of OPEC member countries may become a full member, provided its admission is approved by a three-quarters majority vote.

The structure of OPEC consists of a Conference, committees, a board of governors, a secretariat, a secretary general and an OPEC economic commission. The conference is the highest body of OPEC and consists of delegations representing member states of the cartel. Typically, delegations are led by ministers of oil, mining or energy. Meetings are held twice a year, usually at the headquarters in Vienna. The conference determines the main directions of OPEC policy, makes decisions on the budget and is the electoral body of the organization. To make decisions, they must be approved by all full members. The cartel president is elected annually.

In 1976, OPEC created the OPEC Fund for International Development. It is a multilateral development financial institution that promotes cooperation between OPEC member states and other developing countries. The Fund's assistance can be used by international financial institutions providing assistance to developing countries, and by all non-OPEC developing countries. The OPEC Fund provides loans on concessional terms mainly of three types: for projects, programs and balance of payments support. The Fund's financial resources are generated from voluntary contributions from member states and profits generated through the Fund's lending and investment operations.

Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries

The Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) was formed in 1968 based on an agreement signed between the governments of Kuwait, Libya and Saudi Arabia. Headquarters - Safat, Kuwait. OAPEC includes 11 countries: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Qatar, Kuwait, Libya, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia. Any Arab state whose source of a significant part of its national income is oil can become a member of OAPEC, subject to the consent of 75% of the organization's members, including the three founders of OAPEC. The main goals of OAPEC are cooperation in various types of economic activities in the field of the oil industry, identifying ways and means of protecting the legitimate interests of member states in this industry, both individually and collectively, joining efforts to ensure oil supplies on equal and fair terms, creating a favorable climate for investment in the transfer of technical expertise for the development of the oil industry of member states. The structure of OAPEC includes the Ministerial Council, the Executive Bureau, the Arbitration Court and the Secretariat.

World Petroleum Congress

The World Petroleum Congress is an international organization that unites countries producing and consuming oil and gas. It includes both OPEC member countries and independent oil producers. In total, the organization includes 59 countries.

547.6 ml. tons of “black bit” produced in 2016 by Russian oil producing enterprises put the Russian Federation at the top of the list of largest oil producers. 66.5% of them were produced by three mining companies. Russia's position as the largest exporter of this resource also remained unchanged.

Oil has always served as a source of power for any country, its national wealth. Oil production in Russia has allowed the country to rank among the largest producers of this important fuel resource, and at the end of 2016, even the largest.

Modern Russia is considered one of the world's largest producers of “black gold”. More than 12% of world production is mined here. The main competitor is Saudi Arabia.

In October, Russia surpassed Saudi Arabia's average daily production. On average, our country produced 10.754 million barrels per day. "Russian newspaper"

Sources: Rosstat according to the Federal Customs Service of Russia, BP Statistical Review of World Energy

At the end of 2016, Russia reached a record production level of 547.6 million tons, of which 46.5% was exported to other countries. And during the year, 59,013.8 million US dollars were received into the foreign currency accounts of enterprises and organizations.

The average producer price at the end of 2016 was 12,607 rubles per 1 ton of raw materials, the purchase price was 1.4 times higher, or 18,180 rubles.

Sources: Rosstat

Rosstat provides a comparative assessment of changes in average daily oil production over the past three years in the Russian Federation, OPEC countries and Saudi Arabia.

Source: Rosstat

Russia owes the recognition of the country as an oil power, first of all, to Azerbaijani oil. Huge inexhaustible developed reserves and their development on its territory will appear only later, by the second half of the 20th century.

And it began...

About three centuries ago, Peter the Great ordered “...to go to Baka as quickly as possible and strive to get it with God’s help, of course... This Baka is rich in oil of excellent quality...”. By imperial decree, General Matyushkin captured Baku in 1723, and with it 48 oil wells, from which they pumped black oil and several more with white oil.

Baku acquired a special status; its mayor was appointed personally by the emperor. This was the case under Alexander III and Nicholas II. Russia with Azerbaijani oil by 1901 was the recognized leader in world production, 1.5 million tons against the background of 1 million from the United States inspired respect. The Azerbaijani region remained the main oil production area of ​​the Soviet Union until World War II.

Source: “Collection of statistical data on the mining and metallurgical industry of Russia” (1912)

By 1940, of the 31.1 million tons produced in the USSR, Azerbaijani accounted for 71%; in 1945 it had already dropped to 59% (11.5 million tons out of 19.4).

And 1950 is notable for the fact that the vast Russian territory between the Volga and the Urals, as the main oil-producing region of the country, was called the “second Baku” and included oil production areas in Russia: the richest fields of the Bashkir and Tatar Autonomous Republics. Its production has finally reached pre-war levels. And with the start of industrial exploitation of the West Siberian fields in 1964, constantly increasing volumes, the USSR became the first in the world in oil production.

There were downs and there were ups. The graph clearly demonstrates oil production indicators in Russia by year.

Rice. 2. Oil production (including condensate) in Russia in 1901 - 2016
Source: Rosstat

Oil exports in the Russian Federation

Many industrialized countries are fully self-sufficient in this important fuel resource. Among them is Russia. But none of them export it to such a significant extent. According to operational data from Rosstat, out of 547.6 million tons, 254.8 (which is 47%) were exported to countries near and far abroad. Moreover, this level remains practically unchanged for many years.

Table 4. Changes in the ratio of oil production and exports in the Russian Federation
Millions of tons

	Export of crude oil	Oil production	Ratio of oil production and export, %

Source: Rosstat

Rice. 3. Change in crude oil exports in physical and monetary terms
Source: Rosstat

The share of crude oil exports in the country’s foreign exchange earnings at the end of 2016 was 26%. The decline in export prices had its impact.

The actual average oil export price in December 2016 was US$339.1 per tonne, higher than it was in January (230.2), but never reaching the January 2015 level of 399.9. And the world price for the Urals brand in December already exceeded the level at the beginning of the previous year (340.0 in January 2015, 209.9 in January 2016 and 380.2 dollars per ton in December 2016). The graph will show how both of these prices have changed over the past two years.

Rice. 4. Change in the average actual export price of the Russian Federation and world oil prices in 2015-2016, dollars per ton
Sources: Rosstat, Ministry of Finance of Russia

This state of affairs explains why, with the continued level of supplies of “black gold” abroad, foreign exchange earnings from its sales are declining.

Source: Rosstat

Russian oil is exported mainly to Far Abroad countries. Their share accounted for 90.6% at the end of 2015. The main importer among the CIS countries is Belarus.

Rice. 5. Structure of oil exports from the Russian Federation, in%
Source: Rosstat according to the Federal Customs Service of Russia.

According to Forbes, the largest buyers of Russian raw materials include: China, the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Italy, South Korea, Japan, Finland, and Slovakia.

Largest oil fields in Russia

Not every fossil deposit is considered a deposit. More often, this is a group of deposits located in a certain territory, the area of ​​which can reach hundreds of kilometers.

By Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation No. 298 dated November 1, 2005. a new “Classification of reserves and forecast resources of oil and combustible gases” has been introduced, according to which all deposits are divided into groups and depend on the amount of deposited minerals (million tons):

• very small - up to 1;
• small - 1-5;
• medium - 5-30;
• large - 30-300;
• unique - 300 or more.

According to the Interfax Agency, Russia has become the first in the world in oil production. This was made possible by the explored reserves of the largest deposits.

Saudi Arabia in December reduced oil production and exports from historical highs recorded in the previous month, according to data from the Joint Organization Data Initiative (JODI). This allowed Russia to take first place in the world in terms of oil production, although it also reduced production.
INTERFAX.RU Moscow. February 20, 2017

Western Siberia, with its Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets districts, remains the central mining areas in Russia. It is on a par with such major oil and gas basins as the Persian and Mexican Gulfs, the Sahara and Alaska. Most of the deposits began to be developed back in Soviet times.

The prospective recoverable reserves of this mineral in the Russian Federation as of January 1, 2015 amounted to 18,340.1 million tons.

Source: State report of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation “On the state and use of mineral resources of the Russian Federation in 2014”

Table 6. Largest oil fields by volume of recoverable reserves

	Millions of tons	Year of start of operation	Where is
Samotlorskoe			Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Romashkinskoe			Tatarstan, Almetyevsk
Priobskoe			Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Arlanskoe			Udmurtia
Vankorskoye			Krasnoyarsk region
			Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Lyantorskoye			Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Tuymazinskoe			Bashkortostan
Fedorovskoe			Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Mamontovskoe			Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug

Sources: vestifinance.ru

At the same time, exploration work continues, new promising places are being developed, including Sakhalin-5, the active development of which dates back to the present century, and oil reserves are estimated at 1.5 billion tons, as well as “Great”, which is on the Arkhangelsk lands with reserves estimated at 300 million tons.

Almost half of all recoverable Russian oil reserves fall on the first five largest fields:

• Samotlor;
• Romashkinskoe;
• Priobskoe;
• Arlanskoe;
• Vankorskoe.

Sources: vestifinance.ru, State report of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation “On the state and use of mineral resources of the Russian Federation in 2014”

Largest companies

For the Russian Federation, which has huge oil reserves, oil producing companies serve as a real source of budget replenishment, which can safely be classified as strategic. The largest oil producers remain profitable even as global prices fall.

Table 7. Changes in oil production volumes by Russian enterprises in 2011-2016 Millions of tons

NK "Rosneft"
PJSC Oil Company LUKOIL
OJSC "Surgutneftegas"
Gazprom Neft
"Tatneft"
JSC NGK Slavneft
"Bashneft"
PJSC NK "RussNeft"
For reference: in the Russian Federation

Russneft in 2013, excluding retired assets of enterprises of the Ural block

Sources: data used for the assessment: RNS news agencies, as well as official websites of companies: Rosneft, Lukoil and others.

Since 2011, more than half of all oil in the country has been produced by three:

1. LUKOIL company;
2. OJSC "Surgutneftegas".

Taking into account the contribution of the Gazprom Neft and Tatneft groups of companies, their share increases and, according to operational data for 2016, reaches 82.2%.

Sources: Official websites of companies, for 2016 - RNS news agency

Sources: Data for Russia - Rosstat, for companies - RNS Information Agency

RBC cites the forecasts of Fitch Ratings experts:

“2016 may be the last year of growth in oil production in Russia... New projects will be slowed down due to a sharp drop in oil prices, and production at developed fields in Western Siberia will continue to fall by 3-4%.”

Results and conclusions

The influence of this resource on the development of the Russian economy will remain decisive for many years to come.

The country remains the undisputed world leader in the production and export of “black gold”.

The West Siberian region and its oil producing companies are a real source of replenishment of the state budget of the Russian Federation.

Venezuela is the richest oil country in the modern world. According to updated statistics, in 2019 its oil reserves amount to more than 297 million barrels, which is about 20% of all world oil reserves. Saudi Arabia is in 2nd place by a slight margin: its reserves account for 18% of the world's total.

The top ten countries with the largest oil reserves today include 4 Persian Gulf countries: , and , 2 representatives - and , as well as and . Russia occupies 8th position in this list.

Oil is a very common mineral resource in nature. Over the past 50 years, geologists have identified about 600 oil and gas basins. According to various estimates, the area with promising oil and gas fields ranges from 15 to 50 million km².

The general geological estimate of the planet’s oil reserves ranges from 250 to 500 billion tons, and if we also take into account heavy oil contained in tar sands and oil shale, the value jumps to 800 billion tons.

The numbers are gigantic, but this does not mean that humanity can sleep peacefully without worrying about tomorrow’s energy resources. The fact is that the development of shale is very expensive and environmentally hazardous, so few people are engaged in its extraction. General geological reserves mean all the oil contained in the bowels of the earth, but most of it, with the current level of technological development, people cannot yet extract. Therefore, along with the concept of general geological reserve, the concept of explored or reliable oil reserve is widely used, i.e. the amount that can be extracted today with the current level of technical progress. And now 800 billion tons smoothly turn into 150 billion tons. It is this figure that is an indicator of reliable oil reserves in the world today. And when it comes to the oil reserves of a country or region, we mean reliable reserves.

However, it should be noted that any indicators related to the extraction of mineral resources, especially fuel, cannot be absolute and accurate.

Geological exploration work on the planet does not stop for a minute. Therefore, despite the fact that humanity increases oil production every year, its reliable reserves are also increasing.

Modern technologies make it possible to explore ever greater continental depths. But the real technological breakthrough was the possibility of developing offshore deposits. It is thanks to offshore development that some European countries, such as Norway and the UK, have become leaders in oil-producing countries. And Venezuela has become the world leader in reliable reserves, overtaking the traditional leaders - the Persian Gulf countries.

How was OPEC formed?

The main feature of the geography of world oil resources is that its main reserves are in developing countries, and the main consumers of oil and petroleum products are highly developed countries.

The problem of shortage of oil resources worsened back in the 70s. last century. It was during these years that the highly developed countries of the world were hit by the first wave of the energy crisis. And this was due to the cessation of the supply of cheap fuel from the Middle East.

Until now, prices for energy resources from the Persian Gulf were so meager that no one would even think of engaging in large-scale exploration of new deposits anywhere else. The sheikhs of Arab countries took advantage of this fact and united to control the world black gold market.

An agreement on combining joint efforts in this direction was signed back in 1960 in the city of Baghdad, but the participating countries gained real strength only a decade later. This is how the organization of oil exporting countries came into being, known as OPEC.

The leaders in oil reserves and production at that time were Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait and, as a result, they also became the leaders of the organization. These Arab countries managed to gain a decisive position in the world oil market due to the fact that 70% of all the world's reserves of this energy resource were concentrated on their territory, and the largest oil fields were located with an initial reserve of more than 1 billion tons.

How and why oil reserves statistics change

The heyday of the world oil era occurred in the 70s and 80s. last century. It was then that large oil fields were discovered in non-OPEC countries, including the Soviet Union. This includes the development of Alaska, the Gulf of Mexico, the shelves of California and the North Sea, Western Siberia, and the Volga-Ural region.

The discovery of new fields has brought new players to the global oil market. Although the newly discovered oil fields were very large, no one could still compete with the countries of the Middle East either in oil reserves or in the level of its production.

Since the late 80s. all the largest and most profitable oil fields were discovered. It was no longer possible to continue to increase raw material reserves at the expense of new deposits. And then a new trend arose: it was to achieve an increase in oil reserves through additional drilling in already existing fields.

This method was primarily used by the top five richest oil powers in the Middle East, which did not want to lose their achieved status. This included Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates. Thanks to the new tactics, these countries held the palm for another 20 years in terms of the number of reliable oil reserves, and at the same time as the largest producers and exporters.

But other countries, rich and not so rich, have also used the method of additional drilling, for example, Canada and Venezuela. The result was not long in coming, and by the second decade of the 21st century. The picture of the countries leading in proven reserves of black gold has changed. Having pushed Saudi Arabia to 2nd place, Venezuela has become the absolute leader in reserves. And Canada confidently took 3rd position, displacing Iran and Iraq.

Since the 90s of the last century, Saudi Arabia, having reached a level of oil reserves of 260 million barrels, continues to remain unchanged at this level. Iran and Iraq at the same time reached the level of 100 million barrels. But Canada and Venezuela have made a sharp leap upward in the last 1.5 decades. Moreover, until the beginning of the 20th century. Canada had meager reserves of approximately 10-20 million barrels.

A sharp increase occurred in 2002-2003, when the development of new fields and the use of new technical means overnight increased the country's reserves to 175 million barrels. And Venezuela, for the same reasons, increased its own from 100 million barrels in 2010 to 297 million in 2013.

Thus, we can summarize. The richest country in oil is a very relative concept. The situation changes from decade to decade, and sometimes can change dramatically within 1-2 years. Exhaustibility of a mineral resource; discovery of new deposits; additional studies of deposits discovered earlier, but at that time considered unprofitable; Improvements in mining technologies that allow us to penetrate to new depths - all this leads to constant changes in statistics.

Middle Eastern countries, albeit slowly, are losing their leadership positions, and they are being replaced by new actors. Today, the top five reserves in 2019-2020 look like this: Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Iran, Iraq. Time will tell what the situation will be tomorrow.

10

• Stocks: 13,986 million barrels
• Production: 2,624 thousand bar/day

Despite its 10th place on our list, Brazil only meets half of its oil needs and is forced to import it. The annual demand for oil is 75 million tons. Brazil's main manufacturing industries are petroleum refining and chemicals. The manufacturing industry accounts for over a quarter of GDP.

9

• Stocks: 104,000 million barrels
• Production: 3,000 thousand bar/day

Kuwait is one of the important oil exporters and is a member of OPEC. On June 19, 1961, Kuwait became an independent state. The code of laws was compiled by an Egyptian lawyer invited by the emir. In the 1970s-1980s, thanks to oil exports, Kuwait became one of the richest countries in the world; the standard of living in this country was one of the highest in the world. According to Kuwait's own estimates, it has large oil reserves - about 104 billion barrels, that is, 6% of the world's oil reserves. Oil provides Kuwait with about 50% of GDP, 95% of export revenues and 95% of government budget revenue. In 2014, Kuwait's GDP was about $172.35 billion, per capita - $43,103.

8 United Arab Emirates

• Stocks: 97,800 million barrels
• Production: 3,188 thousand bar/day

On December 1, 1971, six of the seven emirates of Trucial Oman announced the creation of a federation called the United Arab Emirates. The seventh emirate, Ras al-Khaimah, joined in 1972. The granting of independence coincided with a sharp rise in prices for oil and petroleum products caused by Saudi Arabia's tough energy policy, which made it easier for the new state to take independent steps in the field of economics and foreign policy. Thanks to oil revenues and skillful investment in the development of industry, agriculture, and the formation of numerous free economic zones, the Emirates were able to achieve relative economic prosperity in the shortest possible time. The spheres of tourism and finance have received significant development.

Most of the production takes place in the emirate of Abu Dhabi. Other oil producers in order of importance: Dubai, Sharjah and Ras Al Khaimah.

Recently, the share of revenues from oil production and refining in total GDP has been declining, which is due to government measures to diversify the economy.

7

• Stocks: 173,625-175,200 million barrels
• Production: 3,652 thousand bar/day

Canada is one of the richest countries in the world with a high per capita income and is a member of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the G7. However, due to the very low population density, some countries are classified as developing countries. Canada is the world's largest producer of uranium and is among the largest producers of hydroelectricity, oil, natural gas and coal. In the early 2010s, the majority of Canada's oil is produced in the western provinces of Alberta (68.8%) and Saskatchewan (16.1%). The country has 19 refineries, 16 of which produce a full range of petroleum products.

6

• Stocks: 157,300 million barrels
• Production: 3,920 thousand bar/day

Iran is located in a strategically important region of Eurasia and has large reserves of oil and natural gas, and is an industrial country with a developed oil industry. There are oil refining and petrochemical enterprises. Extraction of oil, coal, gas, copper, iron, manganese and lead-zinc ores. According to the Iranian constitution, the sale of shares in national oil production enterprises or the granting of oil concessions to foreign companies is prohibited. The development of oil fields is carried out by the state-owned Iranian National Oil Company (INNK). Since the late 1990s, however, foreign investors have come to the oil industry (French Total and Elf Aquitaine, Malaysian Petronas, Italian Eni, China National Oil Company, as well as Belarusian Belneftekhim), who, under compensation contracts, receive part of the oil produced, and upon expiration of the contract, the fields are transferred to the control of INNK.

Despite its enormous hydrocarbon reserves, Iran is experiencing a shortage of electricity. Imports of electricity exceed exports by 500 million kilowatt-hours.

5

• Stocks: 25,585 million barrels
• Production: 3,938 thousand bar/day

Oil is an important source of energy resources for China. In terms of oil reserves, China stands out significantly among the countries of Central, East and Southeast Asia. Oil deposits have been discovered in various areas, but they are most significant in Northeast China (Sungari-Nonni Plain), coastal areas and the shelf of Northern China, as well as in some inland areas - the Dzungarian Basin, Sichuan.

The first oil was produced in China in 1949; Since 1960, the development of the Daqing field began. The year 1993 was a turning point for Chinese energy, marking the end of the era of self-sufficiency. China experienced an oil shortage for the first time since 1965. Until 1965, the PRC also experienced a shortage of this type of fuel, importing it from the USSR. However, after the development of large fields in Daqing, China was able to provide oil not only for itself, but also for its neighbors by the early 70s. Subsequently, a number of other deposits were also discovered in the east of the country. Oil exports were also one of the main sources of foreign exchange. Since the beginning of the 1980s, due to a lack of investment in the oil industry, the depletion of old fields and the lack of new ones, the growth rate of oil production has begun to fall. The consequences of the ineffective implementation of the self-sufficiency strategy were manifested in the fact that China, which was not affected by the “oil shocks” of 1973 and 1978, did not, like Western countries, develop energy-saving technologies and focus on problems of energy security, including efficient production while causing minimal harm to the environment. Nevertheless, oil exploration in China was very active - from 1997 to 2006. 230 deposits have been discovered. Proven oil reserves in China at the beginning of 2006 amounted to 18.3 billion barrels. By 2025, this figure will increase by another 19.6 billion barrels. At the same time, undiscovered reserves amount to 14.6 billion barrels.

4

• Stocks: 140,300 million barrels
• Production: 4,415 thousand bar/day

Iraq's main mineral resources are oil and gas, the deposits of which stretch from the northwest to the southeast of the country along the Mesopotamian foredeep and belong to the oil and gas basin of the Persian Gulf. The main branch of the economy is oil production.

Iraqi state-owned companies North Oil Company (NOC) and South Oil Company (SOC) have a monopoly on the development of local oil fields. They report to the Ministry of Oil. Iraq's southern fields, managed by SOC, produce about 1.8 million barrels of oil per day, accounting for almost 90% of all oil produced in Iraq. Iraq's income from oil exports since the beginning of 2009, as of August 1, 2009, amounted to $20 billion. On August 10, 2009, this was announced by the Director General of the Marketing Department at the Ministry of Oil, Jassem al-Mari. Iraq has the world's third-largest proven hydrocarbon reserves. Their exports provide about 98 percent of income to the country's state budget.

3 United States of America

• Stocks: 36,420 million barrels
• Production: 8,744 thousand bar/day

Oil is a key source of energy for the United States. Currently, it provides about 40% of total energy demand. The United States Department of Energy has a mineral energy resource management division that is responsible for critical issues related to oil - preparedness to respond to supply disruptions and maintaining the operation of American fields. In case the United States faces production problems or interruptions in oil supplies, there is a so-called strategic petroleum reserve created after the oil crisis of 1973-1974, which currently stands at approximately 727 million barrels of oil. Currently, the strategic oil reserve supplies enough for 90 days.

The leaders in oil production are Texas, Alaska (Northern Slope), California (San Joaquin River basin), as well as the continental shelf of the Gulf of Mexico. However, oil production from the remaining fields in the United States is becoming increasingly more expensive because most of the inexpensive, readily available oil has already been produced. According to statistics, for every barrel produced in American fields, 2 barrels remain in the ground. These data indicate that it is necessary to develop technologies in drilling, oil production, as well as the search and development of new fields. The use of oil shale and sands and the production of synthetic oil could significantly increase American oil reserves.

2

• Stocks: 80,000 million barrels
• Production: 10,254 thousand bar/day

The Russian Federation ranks eighth in terms of oil reserves. Oil reserves are estimated at 80,000 million barrels. Most of these resources are concentrated in the eastern and northern regions of the country, as well as on the shelves of the Arctic and Far Eastern seas. At the beginning of the 21st century, less than half of the 2,152 oil fields discovered in Russia were involved in development, and the reserves of exploited fields were depleted by an average of 45%. However, the initial potential of Russia's oil resources has been realized by about a third, and in the eastern regions and on the Russian shelf - by no more than 10%, so it is possible to discover new large reserves of liquid hydrocarbons, including in Western Siberia.

1

• Stocks: 268,350 million barrels
• Production: 10,625 thousand bar/day

In March 1938, colossal oil fields were discovered in Saudi Arabia. Due to the outbreak of World War II, their development began only in 1946, and by 1949 the country already had a well-established oil industry. Oil became the source of wealth and prosperity for the state. Today, Saudi Arabia, with its enormous oil reserves, is the main state of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Oil exports account for 95% of exports and 75% of the country's income, helping to support the welfare state. The Saudi Arabian economy is based on the oil industry, which accounts for 45% of the country's gross domestic product. Proven oil reserves amount to 260 billion barrels (24% of proven oil reserves on Earth). Saudi Arabia plays a key role as a “stabilizing producer” in the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, through which it regulates global oil prices.